Structural Engg - Lec - 19 - Introduction To Bridge Engineering

Introduction to Bridge Engineering
Course # CE-5154
03 Credit Hours
Lecture # 02+03
19 & 27-Mar-2011
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering & Technology,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Sequence of Presentation
What is Bridge?
Roles & Responsibilities of a Bridge Engineer
Types of Bridges & Bridge Components
Bridge Failure
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali
Email: ali@civionics.pk
CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.
What is Bridge?
A1.2
Bridge is a structure that has the heaviest responsibility in carrying a free flow of
traffic
Width of the bridge (number of lanes) dictates the traffic volume of a road
segment
The Load Carrying Capacity of a bridge
would dictate the weight of truck allowed
to cross the bridge (load limits can be
posted )
Thus bridge controls both capacities:
The volume and
Weight of the traffic of the transportation system.
Golden Gate Bridge California

20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
What is Bridge?
The most costly component of Transportation network
Cost in Millions
PKR
5,000
Value in Respective Year
4,000
NPV 2011
3,000
2,000
1,000
441
703
1,000
4,419
3,500
1,262
500 631
0
New Khiarabad Indus Brdg M1 Kabul River
Northern
Brdg. (2003)
(2007)
Brdg M1 (2007) Bypass (2007)
Currently ~6,000 bridges on Natl. Highways

~Rs. 400-700 bn asset (NHA bridges only)
NHA budget FY 2009-10 was ~Rs.39.9 bn
(6.2% of PSDP Rs.646 bn) [Min. of Fin. 2009]
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Roles and Responsibilities of a Bridge Engineer

Safe and Economical Design
The bridge engineer is often involved with several or
all aspects of bridge planning, design, & management
This situation is not typical in the building
Architect usually heads a team (architects, civil,
structural, mechanical, & electrical engineers)
In the bridge engineering, the bridge engineer works Sher Shah Bridge Collapse 2007
closely with other civil engineers (roadway alignment Karachi
and design)
After the alignment is determined, the engineer
often controls the bridge type, aesthetics, and
technical details
The bridge engineer has significant control over
The design,
construction, and
maintenance processes
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Hen-Shen Expwy Japan , Kobe EQ

6.9 Mw, 1996

Broad Classification of Bridges
Bridge Classification
Usage
Material
Steel Concrete Wood

Hybrid
Stone/Brick
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Pedestrian Highway,
Railroad, Aircraft
Structural Form
Slab Girder Truss

Arch Suspension
Cable-Stayed
Span
Type Traffic
Highway, Pedestrian,
trains, transit, others
Short , Medium &

Long
Classification According to Traffic
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Classification as per Structural Form
Girder Bridge
Arch Bridge
Truss Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Cable-Stayed Bridges
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Girder Bridge
Most commonly constructed

Usually used for Short and Medium spans (up to 50 m)
Structural Action is to carry load in Shear and Flexural
Economical and long lasting solution for vast majority of bridges
Decks and girder usually act together to support the entire load in highway
bridges
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Girder Bridge
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Lecture # 02
CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 10

Typical Deck Super-structures Table A4.6.2.2.1-1
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Lecture # 02

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Lecture # 02

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Lecture # 02

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Lecture # 02

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Lecture # 02

Span lengths for various types of Super-structures
Ayub Bridge Havalian, KKH
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Arch Bridges
Arch action reduces flexural stresses (that is Tensile Stresses )
Arch is predominantly a compression member. Buckling needs attention.

Can be economical as compared to equivalent straight simply supported girder or
truss bridge
Suitable site would be Valley which has strong foundations on a rocks
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Arch Bridges
Generally conventional curved arch rib has high fabrication & erection costs
Erection easiest for Cantilever Arch and most difficult for Tied Arch
Tied Arch
Bridge in Neelum Valley, AJK

Is it an Arch?
Wooden Arch Bridge, Rocky

Mountains, Colorado, USA
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Arch Bridges
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Truss Bridges
The primary member forces are axial tension or compression
The open web system allows deep girders than for an equivalent solid web girder
This may lead to economy in material and reduced dead weight
The cost of fabrication and maintenance is high
The truss is attractive choice in suspension bridges due to its superior
aerodynamic behavior
Truss results in light structure that can be assembled member by member using
small lifting capacity equipment
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Truss Bridges
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Suspension Bridges
Major element is a flexible cable, that transfers the loads to the towers and
anchorage
This cable is from High Strength wires
The deck is hung from the cable by Hangers also of high strength ropes (in tension)
Suitable for very long spans
Expensive to build and maintain
Thakot Bridge over River Indus

20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Golden Gate Bridge California

Totakan (near Swat)


Cable-Stayed Bridges
In comparison to suspension bridge, the cables are straight rather than curved.
Therefore the stiffness is greater
The cables are anchored to the deck
All individual cables are shorter than full length of the superstructure.
Economical over 100-350m, some bridges are as long as 800m
No such bridge built in Pakistan as yet but one is in construction phase in AJK,
work on one started in Muzaffarabad, AJK
Naluchi, Muzaffarabad, AJk

20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Classification with respect to Span
Small Span Bridges up to 50 feet (15m)
Medium Span Bridges up to 250 feet (75m)
Large Span Bridges 150-500 feet (50-150m)
Extra Large ( Long ) Span Bridges over 500 feet (150m)
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Small Span Bridges up to 50 feet (15m)
Culverts
Slab Bridges 40 ft (12m)

T-Beam Bridge 30-60 ft (10-20m)
Wood Beam Bridge
_________________
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Medium Span Bridges up to 250 feet (75m)
Pre-cast Concrete Box Beam Bridge 30-150 ft (10-50m)
Rolled Steel Beam Bridge up to 100 ft (30 m)

Pre-cast Concrete I-Beam Bridge 30-150 ft (10-50m)
Cast-in-place RC Box Girder Bridge (20-40 m)
Composite Steel Box Girder
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Large Span Bridges 150-500 feet (50-150m)
Composite Steel Plate Girder Bridge
Cast-in-place Post-Tensioned concrete Box Girder
Post-Tensioned Concrete Segmental Construction
Concrete Arch and Steel Arch
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Extra Large ( Long ) Span Bridges over 500 feet (150m)
Cable Stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Structural Arrangement
Bridge types can also be classified according to the location of the main
structure elements relative to the surface on which the user travels:
Main Structure Below the Deck Line
Main Structure Above the Deck Line

Main Structure coincides with the Deck Line
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Structure Below the Deck Line
Arch Bridges
Truss-Arch Bridges
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Structure Above the Deck Line
Suspension Bridges
Cable Stayed Bridges
Through-Truss Bridges
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Structure coincides with the Deck Line
Slab (solid and voided)

T-Beam (cast-in-place)
I-beam (pre-cast or pre-stressed)
Wide-flange beam (composite & non- composite)
Concrete Box (cast-in-place, segmental & pre-stressed)
Steel Plate Girder (straight & haunched)
Steel box (Orthotropic deck)*
*An orthotropic bridge or orthotropic deck is one whose deck typically comprises a structural steel deck plate
stiffened either longitudinally or transversely, or in both directions. This allows the deck both to directly bear vehicular
loads and to contribute to the bridge structure's overall load-bearing behavior. The orthotropic deck may be integral
with or supported on a grid of deck framing members such as floor beams and girders.
The same is also true of the concrete slab in a composite girder bridge, but the steel orthotropic deck is considerably
lighter, and therefore allows longer span bridges to be more efficiently designed.
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Components
Guard Rails
Diaphragms
Girders
Transom / Pier Cap
Pier / column
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Components
Guard Rails
Abutment
Pier / column
Pile Cap
Piles
Abutment
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Components
Piles
Pile Cap
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Components
Bearing Pad
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Main Components
Multi-column Pier
Isolator / Base Isolator
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Bridge Failures
Bridges do Fail!
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Bridge Failures
Bridges do Fail!
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Bridge Failures
Bridges do Fail!
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02
Q&A
Thanks!
20-Mar-2011
Lecture # 02

Structural Engg - Lec - 19 - Introduction To Bridge Engineering

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Introduction to Bridge Engineering

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Golden Gate Bridge California

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Value in Respective Year

Currently ~6,000 bridges on Natl. Highways

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Roles and Responsibilities of a Bridge Engineer

Hen-Shen Expwy Japan , Kobe EQ

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Steel Concrete Wood

Slab Girder Truss

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

Short , Medium &

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Classification According to Traffic

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Most commonly constructed

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg.

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 10

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 11

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 12

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 13

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 14

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 15

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Ayub Bridge Havalian, KKH

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 16

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Arch is predominantly a compression member. Buckling needs attention.

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 17

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Bridge in Neelum Valley, AJK

Wooden Arch Bridge, Rocky

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 18

Types of Bridges & Bridge Components

Dr. Syed Mohammad Ali

CE-5154 Intro. to Bridge Engg. 19