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The tensile properties that can be obtained from the stress-strain curves are
yield strength, tensile strength, fracture strength, percent total elongation,
uniform elongation, strain hardening exponent, modulus of resilience, and
modulus of toughness.
1
Stress-Strain Curves
As we can see, the initial linear part of the stress-strain curve does not start
from the origin. That is caused by the test machines assembly spacing. At
the very beginning of the test, these gaps and spacing goes away until 0.02
strain. So we need to shift the whole curve to the left where the estimated
intersection of the elastic region corresponds to the origin. This way we can
obtain the usual stress-strain curve and make our evaluations with respect to
the modified curve, however one should know that we cannot be 100% sure
of the whole modification steps will give us the exact result.
Ill explain the modifications that Ive done to obtain the expected/usual
engineering stress-strain curve below:
1) Turning travel values into strain.
To do this, we need to divide every travel value to initial length (gage
length) of the specimen.
2) Obtaining stress values.
Given force values are divided into the initial cross sectional area (A0)
3) Shifting the graph to left hand side.
This part is the trickiest part and took me very long time to deal with.
I decided on getting rid of the initial parabolic values of the results and
extending the linear part of the graph to y=0 then finding the x value
when y=0 which will give us the offset value in x direction. When we
subtract this offset from the each strain value, at the end we will get
the graph that starts from the origin.
the
strain
used
above
|37,04-295,2|=258.16
The found value is the,
=E(e+C) =E.e+E.C
E.C part of the equation. When we divide 258.16 to E value we will get
C constant (the amount that the graph is shifted to right hand side)
which is,
C = 0,025816
After this I subtracted this C from all strain values I got before, so I got
the below graphic, which starts from the origin and looks like a proper
stress strain curve.
Plotting true stress strain curve is a lot easier than the other one.
5
Then I plot true stress-true strain values and got this weird graph below.
Added exponential trendline to the graph for the values after the yield stress
to obtain H and n constants for the law of plastic flow. The constants are:
The found values above indicates the experiment is not properly done.
Also the asked values are given below:
Yield point: 190 MPa, e=0.0221 at this point.
UTS: 328.32 MPa (which is the max value of the stress column)
Fracture point: 166.77 MPa, e=0.54 at this point.
Percent elongation: [(50 mm + 26.965 mm)/(50 mm)]x100 = 53.92 %
Percent Reduction of Area: [(18.3 mm2 12.03 mm2)/(18.3)]x100 = 34.78 %
Conclusion
I would like to talk about the exact material but I cannot be sure about it
because of the improper data, but when I take UTS into account as a
characteristic value, the material looks like as it is unhardened 5059 Al alloy
from the tables.
Possible reasons of errors:
Using total travel of the head of the test machine and not using
extensometer,
If the equipment is not robust enough, displacement of the machine
will also affect the elongation values, which may cause vast errors and
change the results completely,
Recording of the small displacements may not be proper due to the
imprecise measuring equipment,
Creep factor may contribute to the strain value,
Uncontrolled temperature of the test lab,
Reading errors (especially for yield strength reading which is done
manually)
Current area readings with a caliper will definitely cause measuring
errors,
Experiment should be repeated at least 3 times and average values
should have been taken.