Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Semester
Recap
AJ
Shackman
08
December
2014
Models
Models
BIS/BAS
(Gray)
Behavioral
InhibiIon
(Kagan/Fox)
Big
3
(Caspi)
Big
5
(OCEAN;
Costa
&
McCrae)
ScienNc Concepts
ScienNc
Concepts
AecIve
chronometry
(e.g.,
Ime-to-peak,
recovery,
etc.)
AppeIIve
moIvaIon
Approach/Withdrawal
Biomarkers,
Endophenotypes
&
Intermediate
Phenotypes
EpigeneIcs
and
Non-genomic
transmission
of
acquired
traits
Fear
vs.
Anxiety
Garbage
In/Garbage
Out
G
*
E
interacIons
Hedonic
hotspots
Heritability
(common
misconcepIons)
IncenIve
sensiIzaIon
model
Liking
vs.
WanIng
Natural
language
hypothesis
Pavlovian
fear
condiIoning
(and
the
condiIoned
emoIonal
response/CER)
ScienIc
skepIcism
Self-sImulaIon
SensiIvity,
Specicity,
and
Reliability
Serotonin
transporter
(5-HTT)
polymorphism
Disorders
Disorders
Anxiety
Depression
Impulse
control
disorders
Substance
abuse
Parkinsons
People
Famous
and
Not-So-Famous
Pa6ents
Famous
and
Not-So-Famous
Scien6sts
Ralph
Adolphs;
Yair
Bar-Haim;
David
Barlow;
Kent
Berridge;
Jenni
Blackford;
Jack
Block;
Ryan
Bogdan;
Turhan
Canli;
Avshalom
Caspi;
Michelle
Craske;
Tony
and
Hannah
Damasio;
Richie
Davidson;
Mike
Davis;
Hans
and
Mike
Eysenck;
Nathan
Fox;
Jerey
Gray;
ChrisIan
Grillon;
Dan
Grupe;
Amad
Hariri;
Jerry
Kagan;
Ken
Kendler;
Carl
Lejuez;
Joe
Ledoux;
Schmuel
Lissek;
Jerry
Kagan;
Ned
Kalin;
Ken
Kendler;
Roman
Kotov;
Seymour
Gig
Levine;
Colin
Macleod;
Michael
Meaney;
Walt
Mischel;
Temi
MoX;
Jack
Nitschke;
Danny
Pine;
Diego
Pizzagalli;
Tony
Rangel
and
Todd
Hare;
Terry
Robinson;
Kerry
Ressler;
Alex
Shackman;
Andy
Tomarken;
Mike
Treadway;
Peter
Visscher;
David
Walker;
David
Watson;
Paul
Whalen;
Tal
Yarkoni;
David
Zald
and
many
others
People
Famous
and
Not-So-Famous
Pa6ents
B-19,
EVR/Eliot,
SM,
and
Phineas
Gage
Famous
and
Not-So-Famous
Scien6sts
Ralph
Adolphs;
Yair
Bar-Haim;
David
Barlow;
Kent
Berridge;
Jenni
Blackford;
Jack
Block;
Ryan
Bogdan;
Turhan
Canli;
Avshalom
Caspi;
Michelle
Craske;
Tony
and
Hannah
Damasio;
Richie
Davidson;
Mike
Davis;
Hans
and
Mike
Eysenck;
Nathan
Fox;
Jerey
Gray;
ChrisIan
Grillon;
Dan
Grupe;
Amad
Hariri;
Jerry
Kagan;
Ken
Kendler;
Carl
Lejuez;
Joe
Ledoux;
Schmuel
Lissek;
Jerry
Kagan;
Ned
Kalin;
Ken
Kendler;
Roman
Kotov;
Seymour
Gig
Levine;
Colin
Macleod;
Michael
Meaney;
Walt
Mischel;
Temi
MoX;
Jack
Nitschke;
Danny
Pine;
Diego
Pizzagalli;
Tony
Rangel
and
Todd
Hare;
Terry
Robinson;
Kerry
Ressler;
Alex
Shackman;
Andy
Tomarken;
Mike
Treadway;
Peter
Visscher;
David
Walker;
David
Watson;
Paul
Whalen;
Tal
Yarkoni;
David
Zald
and
many
others
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zMxatjSLngc
(546
to
7:37)
The
End.
Good
luck
with
your
end
of
term
responsibili6es
and
the
nal
examina6on
and
Have
a
great
summer!
Exam Review
0%
on
se
...
xie
ty
to
te
-re
la
An
xie
ty
Ex
ag
ge
ra
t
ed
an
nx
i
o
f
a
sig
ns
ed
ifi
Am
pl
0%
u
...
et
y
.
..
0%
d
re
sp
0%
0%
C
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
je
ct
s
r
ep
or
Su
t
t
bj
ha
ec
t
i
ts
n
ca
or
n
...
l
e
Su
a
r
bj
n
ec
to
ts
re
w
gu
ho
...
e
xp
er
ie
nc
e.
..
0%
Su
b
0%
0%
C
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
nd
...
iso
Th
r
de
in
gs
rs
a
th
nd
at
...
b
lo
od
re
la
ti v
..
Ps
yc
hi
a
tri
c d
iso
rd
er
s
a
c
d
tri
D.
E.
0%
yc
hi
a
C.
Ps
B.
0%
ity
p
h-
qu
al
Re
ce
ive
h
ig
Fa
i
l t
re
ce
iv
e
h
i
gh
-q
u
al
ha
.
ity
..
...
0%
Ar
e
fi
0%
0%
C
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
t
e
m
er
ge
xe
in
d
m
at
id
a
-li
Ac
re
fe
co
la
tiv
un
el
t
f
y
y
or
co
...
ns
ist
en
cy
a.
.
0%
Fir
s
0%
je
ct
iv
Su
b
ec
ha
ni
sm
/C
a
us
a
tio
e
e
xp
er
ie
nc
e
a
n
n,
as
...
d.
..
0%
in
e
0%
pa
m
D
o
Ye
s!
fo
re
br
ai
al
ed
i
M
Ye
s!
0%
...
s;
o.
..
po
t
ts
ni
c
h
o
H
ed
o
Ye
s!
0%
No
!
0%
n
bu
A. Yes!
Hedonic
hotspots;
opioid
and
endocannabinoid
signaling
B. No!
C. Yes!
Medial
forebrain
bundle
D. Yes!
Dopamine
Orbitofrontal cortex
Ap
p
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
ov
e,
0%
ed
b
...
o
be
re
gu
l
as
h
ea
...
0%
ea
rs
t
ue
,
s
uc
h
ls
va
l
na
Sig
Sig
na
ls
va
l
ue
,
s
uc
h
as
ta
st
...
0%
at
0%
b.
Ex
pe
rie
nc
e
l
es
s
te
ns
in
te
ns
e
.
..
e.
..
0%
Ex
pe
rie
nc
e
m
or
e
i
n
A. Experience
more
intense
food
desires
in
daily
life
and
are
more
likely
to
give
in
to
their
temptaIons
to
eat
B. b.
Experience
less
intense
food
desires
in
daily
life
and
are
less
likely
to
give
in
to
their
temptaIons
to
eat
0%
0%
B
a
nd
0%
nd
0%
sp
ec
f
r
ifi
ew
c
ar
d-
m
ot
i..
.
No
n
ct
ive
o
Pr
ed
i
Hi
gh
l
y
s
p
ec
ifi
c t
o
pa
rti
cu
l
..
0%
A
a
A. Highly
specic
to
parIcular
kinds
of
rewards
B. Nonspecic
C. PredicIve
of
reward-
moIvated
behavior
in
real
life
(sex,
food
consumpIon)
D. A
and
C
E. B
and
C
A. High
N/NE
B. Low
C/SC
C. Both
0%
Bo
t
C
/S
C
0%
Lo
w
Hi
gh
N
/N
E
0%
0%
f
h
s
o
sp
ec
t
a
Ve
ry
fe
w
Ne
ar
ly
ev
er
y
a
sp
ec
t
o
f h
um
...
..
0%
0%
0%
C
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
t
h
t-l
er
ike
ita
p
b.
he
Ca
.
no
nn
ty
ot
pe
b
e
m
th
a.
ar
..
ke
dl
y
a
ffe
...
e
m
os
D.
E.
0%
A
tra
i
C.
g
t
h
B.
Am
on
A.
gin
rin
s
b
Pr
ob
le
m
0%
Bo
t
g
r
eg
ul
n
(..
.
tio
za
iti
e
s
en
s
0%
a.
..
0%
In
ce
nt
iv
A. IncenIve
sensiIzaIon
(permanent
changes)
in
the
mesolimbic
dopamine
system
that
creates
MoIvaIonal
Magnets
B. Problems
bringing
regulatory
circuits
centered
on
the
lateral
prefrontal
cortex
on-
line
(inhibitory
failure);
acIvity
in
this
braking
system
predicts
real
life
impulse
control
problems
(e.g.,
giving
in
to
food
temptaIons)
C. Both
0%
os
t
m
da
y
To
da
y
fe
w
n
eu
ro
sc
n
eu
ro
s
ie
nt
cie
is.
..
nt
...
0%
To
Amygdala
damage/lesions
is
associated
with
A.
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
a.
A
tt e
nu
at
ed
b.
(b
A
ut
p
n
ro
ot
fo
ab
un
...
d
c.
in
El
c
ev
re
at
as
ed
e
i
le
n.
..
ve
ls
of
se
d.
lf-
A
...
ll
o
f
t
he
e.
a
N
bo
on
ve
e
o
f
t
he
a
bo
ve
in
gg
es
t
h,
su
Bo
t
0%
th
e.
..
re
f le
ct
p
...
pe
ar
s
Th
is
ap
m
pu
y
i
sp
la
Di
0%
to
lse
co
nt
ro
l
d
.
..
0%
g
t
ha
t
d
i
xie
ty
De
pr
es
s
o
f
a
n
rie
ty
A
va
0%
0%
0%
so
io
r..
n,
.
m
u
ch
Bo
lik
th
A
e
N
a
/..
nd
.
B
,
p
ro
Ne
vi
di
i th
ng
er
e
A
...
n
or
B
,
s
ug
ge
st
i..
0%
0%
ro
ce
ss
g
p
Fle
et
in
Th
e
d
ev
el
op
m
en
t
o
f
es
th
a
lo
t
r
a.
..
ng
-..
.
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
d.
A
&
B
e.
B
&
C
0%
a.
A
tt e
nu
at
es
b.
th
A
e
m
VS
el
re
io
ra
s..
t
.
es
c.
d
In
ep
cr
ea
re
se
ss
io
s
...
re
st
in
g
m
e.
..
A. Yes
B. No
0%
No
Ye
s
0%
A. The
acIvity
of
isolated
brain
regions
B. The
coordinated
acIvity
of
widely
distributed
brain
circuits
0%
na
e
c
oo
rd
i
Th
Th
e
a
ct
iv
i ty
o
f
i
so
la
te
d
a
te
d
b
ct
ivi
ty
ra
..
..
0%
A. Yes
B. No
0%
No
Ye
s
0%
Sh
o
s
e
nh
an
ce
d
ac
tiv
in
sp
ot
ot
fe
ar
h
at
r..
.
th
e
b
st
e
ra
t
Is
a
o
or
ch
es
t
0%
io
...
0%
at
..
0%
He
lp
s
t
es
w
In
cr
ea
s
es
l
er
A
n
o
B
nd
0%
r
B
0%
h
A
a
Bo
t
g
(
e.
g.
,
.
..
0%
Ne
ith
ik
an
tin
in
g
(
or
o-
fa
c i.
.
0%
In
cr
ea
s
Is Reward
0%
...
in
g
0%
A
se
t
o
f
p
ro
ce
ss
es
t
ha
t n
On
e
th
A. One
thing
B. A
set
of
processes
that
normally
work
together
to
support
adapIve
behavior
(e.g.,
foraging
for
food)
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
ra
l
p
e
lat
e
f
t
h
Re
gi
0%
re
...
t..
fro
n
e
or
bi
f
t
h
on
s
o
0%
to
rc
ui
tr.
..
0%
p
ci
to
Re
gi
ito
ib
In
h
A
w
an
t
in
g/
a
ry
/
s
pp
ro
a
ch
/
g
o
..
.
0%
on
s
o
A
wanIng/approach/go
circuit
centered
on
the
amygdala
B. Inhibitory/stop
circuitry
encompassing
the
right
posterior
parietal
cortex
C. Regions
of
the
orbitofrontal
cortex
(OFC)
that
are
sensiIve
to
overall
value
and
preferences
and
that
integrate
informaIon
about
long-term
health
and
short-term
reward
D. Regions
of
the
lateral
prefrontal
cortex
that
help
to
represent
impulsive
preferences
(yummy!)
E. All
of
the
above
A. Yes
B. No
0%
No
Ye
s
0%
Is Reward
0%
...
in
g
0%
A
se
t
o
f
p
ro
ce
ss
es
t
ha
t n
On
e
th
A. One
thing
B. A
set
of
processes
that
normally
work
together
to
support
adapIve
behavior
(e.g.,
foraging
for
food)
of
t
i..
0%
gg
es
t
ov
e,
su
he
ab
he
V
S
r
es
po
...
0%
Al
l
te
s
t
ia
Po
te
nt
es
m
et
a
bo
lic
ac
io
d
ep
re
ss
es
In
cr
ea
s
ra
t
0%
tiv
it.
..
0%
Am
el
io
A. Ameliorates
depression
B. Increases
metabolic
acIvity
in
the
VS
C. PotenIates
the
VS
response
during
reward
anIcipaIon
D. All
of
the
above,
suggesIng
a
causal
role
for
this
system
in
the
wanIng
component
of
E/
PE/BAS
as
well
as
depression
0%
t
t
ffi
cu
l
re
d
i
ey
a
Th
Th
ey
re
pr
es
en
t
th
o
te
e
s
a
as
m
e.
..
e.
..
0%
A. Increase
willingness
to
work
for
reward
B. Decrease
willingness
to
work
for
reward
0%
ng
illi
se
w
De
cr
ea
In
cr
ea
s
e w
ill
in
gn
es
s
ne
ss
to
to
..
.
o.
.
0%
A. Major
depression
reects
sensiIzaIon
of
the
psychological
funcIon
of
this
circuit
(e.g.
wanIng)
B. Blunted
VS/NAcc
acIvaIon
in
the
face
of
reward
is
a
proximal
cause
of
depression
0%
ed
V
nt
Bl
u
aj
or
d
ep
re
ss
io
n
S/
NA
cc
a
ct
iva
re
fle
ct
s
...
ti o
...
0%
ith
As
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
Is
t
0%
er
0%
Ne
ith
t-l
ra
i
0%
N
/N
E
ike
0%
Bo
t
A. Is
trait-like
B. Associated
with
N/
NE
C. Both
D. Neither
ca
l
0%
0%
C
nd
A
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
le
d
he
do
He
ni
c
h
do
ni
ot
c
h
sp
ot
ot
He
...
sp
do
o
ts
ni
th
c
h
at
ot
re
sp
..
ot
s
t
ha
t
r
el
...
0%
So
0%
Pr
os
0%
...
0%
ti o
ns
o
f
s
...
sy
m
ita
ct
s
s
t
he
li
p
re
di
er
ita
bl
pe
ct
ive
ly
Is
n
op
h
ot
h
en
...
...
st
st
id
at
e
en
d
-re
te
st
te
ca
nd
Is
a
oo
d
s
g
w
Sh
o
0%
0%
Av
oi
d
A. Increases
liking
(facial
expressions)
B. Increases
wanIng
(e.g.,
bar
pressing)
C. Both
0%
0%
tin
an
es
w
In
cr
ea
s
In
cr
ea
s
es
l
ik
in
g
(
fa
cia
Bo
t
l
e
x.
..
g
(
e.
g.
,
.
..
0%
te
d
by
ge
ne
s
th
at
i..
y
.
..
at
ed
b
m
ed
i
ed
ia
M
0%
.
0%
ly
Pr
ox
im
al
d
ec
re
as
ed
ex
pr
es
...
0%
Re
f le
ct
s
Dopamine is
0%
er
...
0%
fo
r
e
xp
er
ie
nc
in
en
t
fic
i
Su
f
Ne
ce
ss
ar
y
f
o
r
e
xp
er
ie
nc
in
...
0%
Ne
ith
A. Necessary
for
experiencing
sensory
pleasure
B. Sucient
for
experiencing
sensory
pleasure
C. Neither
0%
0%
0%
0%
n
ev
id
Is
a
o
n
co
gn
i
ti v
e
a
C
nd
B
a
nd
A
a
nd
en
e
...
ce
Pr
-b
ov
as
id
ed
es
tr
m
e.
ec
..
ha
ni
st
ic
ev
i. .
.
0%
Fo
cu
s
g
(
e.
g.
,
b
e
xp
...
ial
an
t
in
ng
(f
ac
s w
iki
Di
sr
up
t
s
l
sr
up
t
Di
0%
h
0%
a.
..
0%
Bo
t
A. Increases
liking
(facial
expressions)
B. Increases
wanIng
(e.g.,
bar
pressing)
C. Both
0%
0%
tin
an
es
w
In
cr
ea
s
In
cr
ea
s
es
l
ik
in
g
(
fa
cia
Bo
t
l
e
x.
..
g
(
e.
g.
,
.
..
0%
Dopamine is
0%
er
...
0%
fo
r
e
xp
er
ie
nc
in
en
t
fic
i
Su
f
Ne
ce
ss
ar
y
f
o
r
e
xp
er
ie
nc
in
...
0%
Ne
ith
A. Necessary
for
experiencing
sensory
pleasure
B. Sucient
for
experiencing
sensory
pleasure
C. Neither
io
0%
h
..
0%
e
xp
re
ss
ial
es
e
o
ro
-fa
c
Th
Sh
o
si
m
ila
r
e
m
ot
io
na
l
f.
..
0%
Bo
t
re
...
W
he
n
bl
oc
ke
d
(p
ha
ur
al
at
b
y
n
ed
ct
iva
t
Is
a
0%
rm
ac
o.
..
0%
in
in
Re
tra
er
A
n
o
B
Ne
ith
nd
0%
r
B
0%
h
A
a
tte
nt
io
na
ca
...
g
t
he
a
s
m
od
if i
l
b
ia
io
na
At
te
nt
0%
...
0%
Bo
t
0%
0%
C
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
ey
e
xp
re
ss
Th
b
lu
ey
nt
u
ed
nd
li
er
ki.
-in
Th
.
ve
ey
st
a
in
re
m
m
or
e.
e
.
w
ill
in
g
t
o.
..
0%
Th
A. Underlies
hedonic
pleasure
and
consummatory
reward
B. Supports
wanIng
and
appeIIve
behaviors
aimed
at
geOng
rewards
0%
an
s
w
po
rt
Su
p
Un
d
er
lie
s
h
ed
o
tin
g a
ni
c
p
l
nd
ap
ea
s
...
u.
.
0%
A. Supports
robust,
frequent
self-
sImulaIon
in
rodents
and
humans
B. AcIvates
pleasure
centers
in
the
brain
0%
ea
s
p
l
es
at
Ac
tiv
Su
p
po
rt
s
r
ob
us
t
ur
e
c
en
te
,
f
re
qu
en
t
rs
...
..
0%
T&P
predicts:
A. MoIvated
behavior:
Approach
or
avoidance
in
the
absence
of
trait-
relevant
challenges
B. EmoIon
regulaIon
&
recovery
following
challenges
C. AnIcipatory
thoughts
and
feelings
(e.g.,
worry)
before
challenges
D. All
of
the
above
(A-C)
E. None
of
the
above
An
t
ici
pa
to
ry
th
io
pp
...
at
io
r:
A
io
n
re
gu
l
be
ha
v
d
Em
ot
at
e
ot
iv
M
0%
0%
0%
0%
n
&
re
c..
.
ou
gh
Al
ts
an
l
o
f
t
d.
he
..
ab
ov
e
No
(A
ne
-C
)
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
0%
0%
0%
b
Pr
el
om
ie
ve
ot
e
th
ex
..
ce
s
siv
Re
e
du
an
ce
xie
th
t..
e
.
ris
k
o
f
d
ev
el
o.
..
e
th
em
to
Ca
us
Tr
ai
n
th
em
to
in
te
rp
re
t
.
.
0%
FILL
IN
THE
BLANKS:
______s
(or
their
absence)
do
not
hard-wire
people
for
certain
behaviors.
There
is
no
_____
for
understanding
calculus
[or
extraversion
or
neuroIcism
or
self-control]
Specic
behaviors
are
[not
biologically]
hard-wired.
M.I.T.
math
majors
arent
born
doing
calculus
Its
not
just
______s
make
brain
make
behavior.
You
have
___________
too.
A. Experience;
Experience;
Experience;
Gene
B. Gene;
Gene;
Gene;
Experience
en
e;
E
xp
er
...
0%
Ge
ne
;
G
en
e;
G
Ex
pe
rie
nc
e;
E
xp
er
ie
nc
e;
..
.
0%
0%
e
a
b
ov
e
ov
e
e
o
f
t
h
he
ab
...
of
t
to
0%
No
n
ke
ly
t
o
or
e
li
M
0%
ex
pr
es
s
de
-e
sc
al
se
d
..
ke
ly
t
be
ex
po
or
e
li
to
M
el
y
ik
s
l
Le
s
0%
a.
.
0%
Al
l
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
tia
iff
er
en
0%
ov
e
0%
te
d
..
0%
e
n
eu
ra
...
bl
oc
ia
Ar
e
d
iss
Re
f le
ct
d
Ar
e
ch
al
le
ng
in
g
t
o
te
as
e
.
..
0%
lly
re
la
A. Is
a
candidate
endophenotype
for
depression
B. ProspecIvely
predicts
symptoms
&
treatment
response
C. Not
heritable
0%
0%
pe
ct
Pr
os
Is
a
ca
nd
id
bl
h
er
ita
No
t
...
sy
ive
ly
at
e
en
d
p
re
di
ct
s
op
h
en
...
0%
Depressed individuals
g o
ill
kin
te
d
li
un
Ar
e
le
ss
b
l
w
Sh
o
0%
0%
0%
B
&
C
0%
f
p
in
o.
Ar
g
t
..
e
o
m
i
nv
or
es
e
t
e
re
sp
...
on
siv
e
to
..
.
0%
A
&
B
Di
-re
te
No
n
e
o
f
t
h
he
ab
st
of
t
te
0%
0%
ov
e
(A
-C
e
a
)
bo
ve
(A
-C
)
0%
Al
l
ie
nt
uf
fic
y s
sp
la
eq
u
at
e
in
te
rn
al
-..
.
..
tru
e
c
on
s
at
Sh
o
ad
ad
eq
u
bi
t
0%
..
0%
Ex
hi
A. Exhibit
adequate
construct
validity
(sensiIvity
and
specicity)
B. Show
adequate
internal-consistency
reliability
C. Display
sucient
test-
retest
stability
(trait-
like)
D. All
of
the
above
(A-C)
E. None
of
the
above
(A-C)
Ac
tiv
at
io
n
er
A
n
o
nd
h
A
a
Bo
t
0%
r
B
0%
Ne
ith
is
as
so
cia
te
d
w
ar
d.
..
g
r
ew
du
rin
io
n
at
0%
...
0%
Ac
tiv
A. AcIvaIon
during
reward
anIcipaIon
is
trait-like
B. AcIvaIon
is
associated
with
trait-
like
individual
dierences
in
E/PE
and
BAS
C. Both
A
and
B
D. Neither
A
nor
B
0%
ce
o
gg
es
t
in
id
an
Bo
t
h,
su
av
o
ce
d
ha
n
En
th
is.
f
c
...
b.
..
hi
d
in
n
an
ut
io
er
ca
Gr
ea
t
0%
..
0%
g
t
ha
t
0%
nt
ta
be
o
f
s
ub
s
Ca
n
ev
er
o
f
a
n
y p
ial
ra
ct
ica
.
ra
...
..
0%
Ar
e
n
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
c..
an
0%
ov
e
0%
re
en
h
s
a
na
l
es
e
s
ig
Th
CC
u
s
es
p
un
ish
m
en
...
on
gn
iti
d
co
an
0%
en
t
r
e.
..
0%
An
xie
ty
ur
al
at
by
n
0%
0%
B
&
C
0%
A
&
B
0%
...
ap
nd
ed
g
a
tin
ct
iva
t
an
Is
a
s
w
po
rt
Su
p
Un
d
er
lie
s
h
ed
o
ni
c
p
l
ea
s
u.
.
0%
r.
..
A. Underlies
hedonic
pleasure
and
consummatory
reward
("neural
joy
juice")
B. Supports
wanIng
and
appeIIve
behaviors
aimed
at
geOng
rewards
C. Is
acIvated
by
natural
rewards
(food,
sex)
and
all
major
drugs
of
abuse
D. A
&
B
E. B
&
C
0%
pt
da
ala
M
ap
ti v
e
co
pi
n
ive
b
ec
a
us
e
it
g
m
ec
h
..
.
...
0%
An
ad
A. An
adapIve
coping
mechanism
that
reduces
short-term
distress
and
arousal
B. MaladapIve
because
it
prevents
exposure
that
might
contradict
inated
negaIve
expectaIons
(i.e.,
lost
opportunity
for
exIncIon)
Which is FALSE?
er
A
n
o
B
Ne
ith
nd
0%
r
B
0%
h
A
a
y
t
...
0%
re
e
as
s
a
ef
fe
ct
ig
h
b
Su
c
In
d
ivi
du
al
co
m
m
on
ge
ne
t..
0%
Bo
t
A. Individual
common
geneIc
polymorphisms
(the
SNPs
measured
by
SNP
chips)
generally
have
strong
eects
on
brain
funcIon,
behavior,
and
T&P
(e.g.,
50+%)
B. Such
big
eects
are
easy
to
reliably
detect
in
small,
inexpensive
samples
C. Both
A
and
B
D. Neither
A
nor
B
0%
nx
ie
..
a
at
e
te
nu
at
Se
le
ct
ive
ly
d
ec
re
as
e
fe
ar
e
...
0%
Se
le
ct
ive
ly
A. SelecIvely
decrease
fear
elicited
by
clear
and
imminent
danger
B. SelecIvely
aXenuate
anxiety
elicited
by
uncertain
threat
ev
at
at
ed
El
0%
C
0%
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
ed
E/
C/
PE
SC
;
i
nd
ee
d,
Am
...
pl
ifi
ed
N
/N
E
0%
At
te
nu
A. Elevated
E/PE
B. AXenuated
C/SC;
indeed,
low
levels
of
self-reported
ConscienIousness/Self-
Control
is
among
the
strongest
prospecIve
risk
factors
C. Amplied
N/NE
D. A
and
B
E. B
and
C
A. Increase
anxiety,
indexed
by
fear-
potenIated
startle
or
raIngs
B. Decrease
anxiety,
indexed
by
fear-
potenIated
startle
or
raIngs
0%
nx
ie
se
a
De
cr
ea
In
cr
ea
s
e
a
n
xie
ty
,
i
ty
,
i
nd
ex
e.
..
nd
ex
ed
...
0%
De
cr
ea
0%
0%
B
&
C
0%
A
&
C
0%
e
a
m
yg
da
la
se
ac
b
ti v
eh
a.
a
Am
..
vi
or
pl
al
ify
m
am
an
yg
i..
.
da
la
r e
ac
tiv
i..
0%
In
cr
ea
s
A. Increase
amygdala
acIvaIon
in
the
rat
B. Decrease
behavioral
manifestaIons
of
anxiety
in
the
rat
C. Amplify
amygdala
reacIvity
in
humans
D. A
&
C
E. B
&
C
Which
is
true?
A. Anxiety
and
cogniIon
(aXenIon,
inhibiIon,
memory)
are
completely
separable
and
dierent
in
kind
B. Anxiety
and
cogniIon
are
deeply
and
inImately
connected
An
xie
ty
an
d
co
gn
iti
ve
co
n
...
0%
Da
0%
0%
B
&
C
0%
A
&
B
p
re
fe
re
n
ea
rs
t
Ap
p
i ti
ve
to
en
s
0%
o
ce
be
...
re
m
ag
gu
e
la
of
te
te
d
n
..
le
ad
s
t
o
a.
..
0%
Is
s
A. Is
sensiIve
to
preferences
and
value,
such
as
tasIness
and
healthiness
B. Appears
to
be
regulated
by
lateral
prefrontal
cortex
C. Damage
o}en
leads
to
anhedonia
D. A
&
B
E. B
&
C
m
is
is
lis
Dr
.
X
ho
0%
0%
0%
0%
no
t
h
m
er
or
ita
e
Dr
lik
bl
e
.
X
el
y
t
ca
o
n
de
ch
oo
v..
.
se
to
a
bs
ta
i. .
.
Bo
th
A
a
nd
B
Bo
th
B
a
nd
C
0%
Al
co
A. Alcoholism
is
not
heritable
B. Dr.
X
is
more
likely
to
develop
a
substance
use
disorder
(e.g.
alcoholism)
C. Dr.
X
can
choose
to
abstain
from
alcohol
and
eliminate
the
risk
D. Both
A
and
B
E. Both
B
and
C
0%
to
ke
ly
m
or
e
li
lik
el
y
to
gi
gi
ve
in
ve
in
to
to
a
.
..
a.
..
0%
le
ss
Which
is
true?
A.
0%
0%
B
&
C
0%
A
&
C
0%
e
e
rr
or
re
Th
la
te
e
E
d
RN
ne
is
ga
in
tiv
Er
cr
i..
ro
ea
rs
se
(e
d
nd
by
og
cl
...
en
ou
s
n
eg
at
i. .
0%
Th
De
cr
ea
0%
nd
0%
B
a
0%
se
N
/N
E
A
an
d
B
0%
ev
el
...
o
f
d
e
r
isk
e
t
h
In
cr
ea
s
e
in
di
vi
du
a
ls
to
cr
os
s..
.
0%
Ca
us
A. Cause
individuals
to
cross
the
diagnosIc
boundary
and
experience
a
depressive
episode
B. Increase
the
risk
of
developing
a
diagnosable
anxiety
disorder
C. Decrease
N/NE
D. A
and
B
E. B
and
C
0%
in
f
ly
or
m
al
Ab
n
te
ne
d
a
vo
i
da
re
qu
en
t
a.
nc
e
o
f..
.
..
0%
He
igh
A. Heightened
avoidance
of
potenIal
threat
(I
cross
the
street
to
avoid
someone
I
know)
B. Abnormally
infrequent
aXempts
to
control
or
avoid
distress
by
worrying
C.
D.
E.
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
bs
er
ve
d
in
Re
te
tro
en
sp
s
w
ec
ith
tiv
..
Ap
el
.
y
p
pe
ar
re
s
t
di
ct
o
s
t
re
Is
..
fle
se
ct
le
al
ct
te
iv
ra
el
t..
y
a
.
m
pl
if i
ed
b
y
.
Al
..
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
B.
Is
o
A.
Amygdala
damage/lesions
is
associated
with
er
A
n
o
B
nd
h
A
a
0%
r
B
0%
Ne
ith
c ia
l
a
pp
ro
a
ch
tr.
..
ed
so
re
du
ce
d
cr
ea
s
in
og
ic a
lly
th
ol
pa
0%
...
0%
Bo
t
A. pathologically
reduced
trust
and
paranoia
B. increased
social
approach
(i.e.
reduced
social
distancing),
underscoring
that
the
amygdala
does
much
more
than
just
orchestrate
states
of
fear
and
anxiety
C. Both
A
and
B
D. Neither
A
nor
B
0%
ly
or
m
al
Ab
n
In
fla
te
d
es
tim
lo
w
at
es
e
st
im
at
es
o
f
t
hr
ea
.
...
..
0%
0%
nx
ie
ty
to
u
a
Ex
ce
ss
He
igh
te
ne
d
a
nx
ie
ty
(s
ta
nc
er
ta
rtl
..
..
0%
Lo
w
C
/S
C
an
Lo
w
lse
c.
..
0%
d
im
pu
C
/S
C
an
lse
co
...
0%
d
im
pu
lse
co
...
d
im
pu
C.
0%
C
/S
C
an
B.
Lo
w
A.
0%
0%
0%
p
ro
er
du
m
...
or
e,
C
Co
BT
lle
ta
ct
rg
ive
et
i. .
ly,
th
es
e
m
ec
ha
...
ias
Fu
rth
in
in
Re
tra
cli
n
ica
g
t
he
b
lly
e
ffe
ct
ive
,
.
..
0%
is
is
albeit
weakly
B. Retraining
the
bias
produces
a
lasIng
diminuIon
in
anxiety
(e.g.
in
a
public
speaking
task)
C. Furthermore,
CBT
targeIng
excess
anxiety
reduces
the
aXenIonal
bias
(reverse
eect)
D. CollecIvely,
these
mechanisIc
ndings
indicate
a
causal
role
Th
A.
Ar
e
fa
st
er
to
re
sp
on
d
to
...
n
..
nt
io
tte
a
e
ex
ce
ss
ca
t
Al
lo
0%
0%
h
0%
Bo
t
A. Allocate
excess
aXenIon
to
threat
B. Are
faster
to
respond
to
the
dot-
probe
when
it
occurs
at
the
same
locaIon
as
a
negaIve
word
C. Both
0%
ov
e
..
e
a
b
ct
s
t
el
y
ec
tiv
sp
re
tro
e
o
f
t
h
os
a
d
ed
in
0%
No
n
an
xio
an
d
is
in
cr
ea
s
N
/N
E
ct
s
pr
ed
i
0%
e-
de
...
..
0%
pr
ed
i
fr
om
..
di
re
ct
i
ns
0%
0%
.
nf
lu
en
ce
o
f
t
..
Al
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
An
in
t
p
us
Ro
b
Th
e
d
i
re
ct
i
nf
lu
ro
je
ct
io
en
ce
o
f
t
h
...
0%
0%
Sh
o
an
xie
ty
ze
th
at
is
str
ict
nx
ie
ty
to
...
l..
.
0%
Ov
er
ge
ne
ra
li
A. Overgeneralize
anxiety
to
cues
that
resemble
genuine
dangers
(e.g.,
Lisseks
parametric
rings)
B. Show
anxiety
that
is
strictly
limited
to
threat
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
ill
w
w
ho
Al
l
c,.
..
ct
s
p
re
di
An
d
0%
d
e.
..
0%
ro
ni
ch
to
es
is
pr
om
ot
Th
ve
d
if f
icu
lti
es
t
u
ni
ng
t
...
0%
Ha
g p
0%
h
...
0%
ar
tl e
d
ur
in
ed
ev
at
El
Hy
pe
rv
ig
ila
st
nc
e
o
n
th
e
do
...
0%
Bo
t
A. Hypervigilance
on
the
dot-probe
task
B. Elevated
startle
during
periods
of
objecIve
safety
C. Both
Exam
Review:
Material
Covered
During
the
Middle
Third
of
Course
Is
a
id
el
y
0%
of
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Al
l
us
ed
,
v
al
in
g
s
i
...
0%
ur
ed
u
s
be
m
ea
s
Ca
n
Is
p
ot
e
nt
ia
te
d
(in
cr
ea
se
d.
..
0%
en
ce
-..
.
A. Is
potenIated
(increased)
during
periods
of
stress,
fear,
and
anxiety
B. Can
be
measured
using
similar
techniques
in
rodents,
monkeys,
and
humans
C. Is
a
widely
used,
valence-
sensiIve
measure
of
condiIoned
and
uncondiIoned
fear
D. All
of
the
above
Th
n
(th
e.
..
tio
xy
ge
na
od
o
Bl
o
0%
0%
0%
0%
Ne
e
r
ur
el
on
ea
al
se
fir
o
in
f
n
g
eu
ro
tra
n.
FD
..
El
G
ec
m
tri
et
ca
ab
l
a
ol
ct
ism
ivi
ty
ge
ne
ra
t..
0%
Which
is
true?
A. There
is
one
anxiety
disorder
B. There
is
a
whole
family
of
anxiety
disorders
0%
ily
le
fa
m
ho
a
w
er
e
i
s
Th
Th
er
e
i
s
on
e
a
nx
ie
ty
d
iso
...
o
...
0%
So
m
at
Sc
h
izo
ph
re
ni
io
n
0%
of
or
m
0%
a
0%
De
pr
es
s
An
xie
ty
0%
0%
Ea
rly
id
in
li
lif
e
fe
0%
M
La
t
in
lif
e
0%
0%
lif
e
in
e
La
t
id
fe
in
li
rly
Ea
0%
lif
e
0%
ei
m
er
s
0%
Al
zh
er
0%
Ca
nc
0%
CO
PD
0%
ise
as
He
ar
t
D
De
pr
es
s
io
n
0%
0%
Bo
t
rd
er
s
0%
ive
d
iso
De
pr
es
s
An
xie
ty
d
i
so
rd
er
s
0%
0%
t
o
e
t
h
ou
gh
go
ric
a
Sh
o
ul
d
b
te
Ar
e
ca
f a
lly
d
i st
s
.
..
in
r
(
...
ct
o
,
f
a
co
he
re
nt
0%
ct
0%
Fo
rm
a
A. Form
a
coherent,
factor
(internalizing)
B. Are
categorically
disInct
C. Should
be
thought
of
as
natural
kinds,
discrete
enIIes
that
exist
in
nature
waiIng
to
be
discovered
Ar
e
h
igh
ly
co
-m
or
bi
0%
in
g a
tin
gs
Bo
t
h,
su
gg
es
t
se
ra
De
cr
ea
0%
m
..
e.
..
se
)
t
h
(d
ec
re
a
e
ra
t
Am
el
io
0%
o
f
N
/N
E
0%
co
m
A. Ameliorate
(decrease)
the
symptoms
of
other
emoIonal
disorders
B. Decrease
raIngs
of
N/NE
C. Both,
suggesIng
a
common
cause
e
t
h
In
cr
ea
s
e
in
di
vi
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
e
N
/N
E
0%
Al
l
o
f
d
ev
el
...
0%
In
cr
ea
s
du
a
e
r
isk
ls
to
cr
os
s..
.
0%
Ca
us
A. Cause
individuals
to
cross
the
diagnosIc
boundary
and
experience
a
frank
depressive
disorder
B. Increase
the
risk
of
developing
a
diagnosable
anxiety
disorder
C. Increase
N/NE
D. All
of
the
above
to
ge
th
ly
Ar
e
in
he
rit
e
et
e
om
pl
Re
f le
ct
c
0%
er
(.
..
se
pa
r..
.
0%
g
e
vid
...
h,
p
ro
vid
Bo
t
0%
en
ce
..
.
0%
ke
N
/N
E,
is
io
n,
li
De
pr
es
s
A
va
rie
ty
o
f
a
n
xie
ty
d
i
so
r..
.
0%
in
A. A
variety
of
anxiety
disorders,
like
N/NE,
are
associated
with
heightened
amygdala
acIvaIon
to
potenIal
threat
B. Depression,
like
N/NE,
is
associated
with
increased
amygdala
reacIvity
to
aversive
cues
C. Both,
providing
evidence
for
a
common
biology
0%
na
he
r
n
o
te
vu
ln
...
n-
sp
ec
i..
.
0%
N/
NE
a
nd
o
t
in
an
nd
N/
NE
a
nd
di
so
rd
er
-sp
ec
i. .
.
0%
N/
NE
a
A. N/NE
and
a
disorder-specic
learned
vulnerability
(e.g.,
fear
dogs)
B. N/NE
and
an
innate
vulnerability
C. N/NE
and
other
non-specic
risk
factors
N/NE is a
l
d
na
ot
io
Sy
m
pt
f
e
m
e
o
0%
0%
0%
iso
om
r..
.
o
f
e
m
ot
Id
en
io
na
tic
l
d
al
to
...
o
r
s
A
yn
sy
on
m
ym
pt
om
o.
.
o
f
t
oo
m
uc
h
...
0%
Ca
us
A. Cause
of
emoIonal
disorders
B. Symptom
of
emoIonal
disorders
C. IdenIcal
to
or
synonymous
with
the
emoIonal
disorders
D. A
symptom
of
too
much
anxiety
e
q
u
th
dr
aw
to
Be
co
m
ay
in
W
ith
Ce
as
e
p
l
d.
..
vo
i
ne
d
a
te
he
igh
bi
t
0%
0%
0%
ie
e
p
t
ro
xim
it.
Al
..
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
g
0%
Ex
hi
A. Exhibit
heightened
avoidance
and
freezing
B. Cease
playing
C. Become
quiet
D. Withdraw
to
the
proximity
of
their
caregiver
E. All
of
the
above
0%
l
c
ua
e
u
s
th
je
ct
to
Su
b
Bo
t
on
c..
.
...
an
th
tic
al
uc
h
m
or
e
pr
ac
0%
h
0%
BI in toddlers
xio
us
Is
a
Ec
ho
es
t
an
el
s
ra
ll
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
te
he
m
o
ss
pe
re
oc
tic
...
ia
al
Is
te
d
co
d
es
w
ns
cr
i
i..
th
id
.
er
R
Is
ed
so
>
L
m
f.
ew a
fa
..
c
ha
et
o
t
s
f
.
ta
Is
..
bl
he
e
(t
rit
es
ab
t-.
le
(i
.
nh .
e
Al
rit
l
o
ed
f
t
)
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Pa
A. Parallels
anxious
temperament
(AT)
in
young
monkeys
B. Echoes
theoreIcal
descripIons
of
the
BIS
(Jerey
Gray)
C. Is
associated
with
R
>
L
frontal
EEG
asymmetry,
as
in
studies
of
monkeys
and
human
adults
D. Is
considered
a
facet
of
N/NE
E. Is
somewhat
stable
(test-
retest)
F. Is
heritable
(inherited)
G. All
of
the
above
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
o
ut
d
o
ev
h
f
i
el
av
t
o
e
a
p
an
n
ag
..
.
e-
ap
pr
op
r..
.
A
an
d
C
B
an
d
D
Ju
st
Ar
e
li
ke
ly
to
Gr
ow
k w
i th
it
0%
St
ic
A. SIck
with
it
B. Grow
out
of
it
C. Are
likely
to
develop
an
anxiety
disorder
D. Just
have
an
age-
appropriate
fear
of
separaIon
or
strangers
E. A
and
C
F. B
and
D
St
a
bl
e,
h
ig
gh
le
ve
ls
t,
hi
en
i st
0%
h
le
ve
ls
of
B
I,
...
of
..
.
0%
Co
ns
A. Consistent,
high
levels
of
BI,
substance
and
emoIonal
disorders
B. Stable,
high
levels
of
BI,
schizophrenia
and
personality
disorders
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
te
ne
d
Pe
an
rv
xie
as
iv
ty
e
w
a
bo
or
u.
rie
..
s
a
bo
ut
..
.
Av
oi
A
da
di
Hy
nc
sc
e
on
pe
ne
r-a
ct
ro
b
us
et
al
we
en
w
Al
...
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
He
igh
A. Heightened
anxiety
about
people
and
performance
B. Pervasive
worries
about
being
judged
C. Avoidance
D. Hyper-arousal
E. A
disconnect
between
what
paIents
know
to
be
raIonal
vs
what
they
feel
F. All
of
the
above
BI is associated with
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
s
e
ffe
ct
ive
w
W
ay
or
s
o
s
Lo
e
f
i
so
nt
w
c ia
...
er
q
l
o
ua
ut
lit
A
co
y
p
lo
m
ss
ee
es
o
r
r
f
o
el
pp
Ch
at
or
al
io
le
t
ns
un
ng
i
t
es
y
t
fo
o
rg
...
in
g
s
tro
Al
ng
l
o
...
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Le
s
0%
0%
0%
b
Pr
el
om
ie
ve
ot
e
th
ex
..
ce
ss
ive
a
nx
ie
t..
.
Al
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
e
th
em
to
Ca
us
n
th
em
to
in
te
rp
re
t
.
.
0%
Tr
ai
0%
0%
0%
m
oc
ar
ia
ke
l
a
r,
..
em
ot
M
io
na
ar
ke
l
d
r,
is.
ov
..
er
ac
ti v
e
in
su
la
...
yp
e,
s
Bi
o
he
no
t
do
p
En
er
m
ed
ia
te
p
he
no
ty
pe
,..
.
0%
In
t
A. Intermediate
phenotype,
dysthmia,
causaIon
B. Endophenotype,
social
anx
disorder,
causaIon
C. Biomarker,
emoIonal
disorders,
heritability
D. Marker,
overacIve
insula,
heritability
T&P
reect
A. Nature
B. Nurture
C. Both
0%
Bo
t
re
0%
Nu
rtu
Na
t
ur
e
0%
0%
er
.
N
at
Ne
ith
En
vir
o
nm
en
t
s a
ur
e
a
n
d
nu
nd
e
xp
er
i..
rtu
..
0%
Nature
(heritability)
is
A. Fixed
and
immutable
B. PlasIc
and
can
change
in
response
to
growing
autonomy
or
due
to
cumulaIve
impact
0%
d
ca
n
ic
an
as
t
Pl
Fix
ed
an
d
ch
im
m
ut
an
ge
in
...
ab
le
0%
Heritability is
V
=
G
P
V
al
ot
/
T
GV
0%
nd
/
G
V.
ti.
.
ria
n
of
va
or
tio
e
p
ro
p
Th
0%
.
0%
A
a
A. The
proporIon
of
variaIon
in
a
trait,
such
as
C/SC,
that
is
accounted
for
by
the
pedigree
(family
tree)
B. GV
/
Total
PV
=
GV
/
GV
+
EV
C. A
and
B
EsImates of heritability
0%
ci.
.
xe
d
0%
Ca
n
be
in
flu
en
ce
d
by
so
Ar
e
fi
A. Are
xed
B. Can
be
inuenced
by
social
and
environmental
inuences
(e.g.,
living
in
a
conservaIve
religious
community)
that
increase
or
decrease
the
amount
of
variaIon
in
the
trait
(e.g.,
disinhibiIon,
partying,
smoking)
Heritability
A. Is
the
%
of
variaIon
in
a
trait,
such
as
E/
PE,
that
is
passed
down
from
your
parents
B. Reects
the
inheritance
of
genes,
not
phenotypes
or
traits
0%
e
in
he
rit
a
th
Re
f le
ct
s
Is
t
he
%
o
f
v
a
ria
tio
n
in
a
t
nc
e
o
...
...
0%
Heritability describes
ith
in
ty
pi
In
d
ivi
du
als
he
no
o
f
p
e
%
Th
0%
pu
...
c
v
a
s
.
..
t
i
ha
t
t
ra
i
o
f
m
y
t
e
%
Th
0%
ri.
..
0%
p
o
0%
Ca
n
po
t
en
t
ia
Ar
e
o
lly
b
e
p
ur
d
ow
es
t
er
f..
.
in
y
0%
th
e
d
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
isc
ov
...
dr
es
s
Op
en
s
o
ad
oo
r
t
o
d
...
ar
ia
g
v
in
Pr
om
ise
s
t
or
re
lat
es
c
ol
v
0%
W
H.
..
0%
In
v
nd
0%
B
a
th
gg
es
t
lys
es
su
ba
d
M
et
a-
an
a
lle
le
is
0%
..
0%
:
In
d.
..
r..
.
co
ty
is
ivi
e
L
a
Th
D.
re
ac
t
C.
0%
la
B.
A.
Which is false?
Se
ve
ra
l
al
in
...
0%
ps
(e
.g
.,
K
gr
ou
th
e
se
ro
t
th
at
n
to
ed
tio
re
la
In
0%
on
i. .
.
...
0%
..
th
a.
ve
su
gg
es
t
ed
D.
0%
So
m
e
ha
C.
ve
su
gg
es
t
B.
So
m
e
ha
A.
Which is true
0%
oc
a
pp
h
i
HP
A
=
e
H
PA
ax
is
is
in
vo
l
m
pa
l,
pi
ve
d
tu
i. .
.
i..
.
0%
Th
Which
is
false
A.
er
e.
..
0%
,
r
a
ts
ho
w
cr
ea
...
ts
du
l
As
a
Ha
0%
o
in
g
l
ea
ds
t
in
o
ti
gh
t
er
...
0%
nd
l
g
l
ea
ds
t
in
nd
l
Ha
ar
ka
b
le
lif
e-
lo
ng
ch
a.
..
0%
Re
m
itt
i..
ns
m
at
ly
tra
th
ge
ne
tic
al
ge
ne
s
No
t
te
d
by
ed
ia
0%
e.
..
0%
..
0%
so
c ia
l
f
ac
to
a
d
by
te
ed
ia
M
te
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ex
pr
...
0%
Re
la
A. Related
to
increased
expression
of
benzodiazepine
receptors
in
the
amygdala
B. Mediated
by
a
social
factor,
namely,
maternal
style
(LG-
ABN:
licking,
grooming,
and
arched-back
nursing)
C. Mediated
by
genes
that
increase
maternal
LG-ABN
and
decrease
ospring
reacIvity
D. Not
geneIcally
transmiXed
(i.e.,
moms
can
alter
adopted/cross-fostered
pups)
0%
0%
0%
0%
e
n
alt
re
f le
er
at
ct
Ex
...
s
m
pl
et
ain
hy
s
c
la
el
tio
l
d
...
if f
Ca
er
n
en
ne
ti a
ve
tio
r
b
Ca
...
e
he
n
be
rit
h
ab
er
le
ita
(.
..
bl
e,
vi
ol
at
in
...
E.
0%
tr a
it-
lik
D.
Of
te
C.
B.
Re
fe
rs
t
A.
nd
t.
ea
d
ige
ne
tic
ch
Ep
0%
uc
..
..
0%
an
ge
s
l
ige
ne
ti c
ch
Ep
ea
ne
y
s
t
ea
m
sh
ow
ed
t.
..
0%
an
ge
s
i
0%
le
r
a
nd
o
th
er
s
h
av
e
...
No
!
0%
Re
ss
0%
Ye
s!
A. Yes!
B. No!
C. Ressler
and
others
have
provided
tantalizing
evidence
suggesIng
that
this
is
possible,
but
much
remains
unclear
(e.g.,
how
fear
learning
in
the
brain
inuences
epigeneIcs
in
the
sperm/gametes)
0%
0%
0%
0%
e/
DN
A
Ex
Ep
pe
ige
rie
no
nc
m
e/
Ex
e
En
pe
vi
rie
ro
nc
nm
e
in
en
te
t
ra
ct
in
g
w
No
ne
i..
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Ge
no
m
A. Genome/DNA
B. Epigenome
C. Experience/
Environment
D. Experience
interacIng
with
the
genome
and
epigenome
E. None
of
the
above
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
ex
pr
Ne
DN
es
ur
sio
A
oc
m
n
he
et
hy
m
Hi
ic a
la
pp
tio
l
r
oc
ec
n
am
ep
to
pa
r
.
l
s
..
tru
ct
ur
e
Hi
a.
.
st
on
No
e
st
ne
at
o
us
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Pr
ot
ei
n
A. Protein
expression
B. DNA
methylaIon
C. Neurochemical
receptor
expression
and
binding
D. Hippocampal
structure
and
funcIon
E. Histone
status
F. None
of
the
above
A. Changes
in
the
geneIc
code
B. Changes
in
the
epigenome
that
alter
the
expression
of
genes,
leading
to
changes
in
protein
synthesis
and,
ulImately,
acIvity
0%
in
ge
s
Ch
an
Ch
an
ge
s
in
th
th
e
e
pi
g
e
g
en
et
ic
co
en
o.
.
de
0%
0%
ith
t
w
ra
c
in
te
Al
le
le
s
d
o
en
et
ic
va
ria
o
..
...
0%
Al
le
le
s
(
i.e
.,
g
pp
ro
a
Of
te
fo
rc
e
a
e
Br
ut
0%
0%
0%
0%
n
ch
re
to
lie
..
s
o
Su
.
ffe
n
SN
rs
fr
P
om
ch
ip
lo
Op
s
w
en
s
ta
s
t
tis
he
tic
d
a.
oo
..
r
t
o
di
sc
ov
Al
...
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
0%
ts
ha
ng
w
hi
No
t
A
si
ng
l
e,
co
he
re
nt
o
oe
ve
r
w
r
u
n
ith
if.
..
...
0%
Kagans model of BI
0%
n
um
be
r
o
s
a
w
Sh
o
s a
n
um
be
r
o
f
p
a
f
i
m
ra
l
po
...
le
..
0%
Sh
o
A. Shows
a
number
of
parallels
with
N/NE
and
Grays
BIS,
reinforcing
the
idea
that
childhood
temperament
and
adult
personality
are
closely
related
B. Shows
a
number
of
important
dierences
from
N/NE
and
Grays
BIS,
reinforcing
the
idea
that
childhood
temperament
and
adult
personality
are
disInct
kinds
An allele is
Th
e
th
in
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
ive
s
r
ise
...
t
g
ha
g;
t
A
ge
ne
tic
va
ria
m
or
ph
ism
ol
y
0%
nt
0%
A
ge
ne
ti c
p
A. A
geneIc
polymorphism
B. A
geneIc
variant
C. The
thing;
that
gives
rise
to
geneIcally-
determined
individual
dierences
in
trait-
like
phenotypes
D. All
of
the
above
0%
ni
st
sc
ov
e.
..
l
na
ec
ha
io
Pr
ov
id
e
a
to
ol
fo
Co
rr
el
at
0%
ic
0%
r
d
i
A. CorrelaIonal
B. MechanisIc
C. Provide
a
tool
for
discovering
the
molecular
substrates
of
T&P
er
ita
b
l
oo
Ar
e
h
at
Th
in
gs
th
tri
yc
hi
a
Ps
0%
tiv
e.
..
bl
e
0%
c d
iso
rd
er
s,
lik
e.
..
0%
d
re
la
A. Psychiatric
disorders,
like
T&P,
aggregate
in
families
B. Are
heritable
C. Things
that
blood
relaIves
share
(e.g.,
SES,
toxin
exposure,
stress,
habits)
are
important
determinants
of
psychopathology
Which
is
true
A.
Th
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
n
eu
...
0%
Al
l
ns
fo
rm
re
o
rg
a
ni
z.
0%
es
e
p
ro
t
om
es
a
Ch
ro
m
os
In
hu
m
an
s,
DN
A
is
or
ga
ni
...
0%
ei
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Re
de
fin
e
Ac
di
ce
ag
le
no
ra
t
e
t stic
Id
ca
en
he
ti f
t
d
y
a
e v e...
e
Pr
t-r
ed
isk lopm
ict
in
e.
tr
di
.
En
e
v
at
id
ha
m
ua
nc
en
l. .
e
.
t
r
pr
Pr
e
o
s
gn
ov
po
os
id
...
e
a
is:
Y
n
ov
ou
el
..
d
isc .
ov
Al
l
o
er
...
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
A.
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Ar
e
m
or
Ar
e
e
lik
m
el
or
y
e
Ar
lik
to
de
e
el
sh
ve
y
y
a
to
l..
d
M
nd
e
ay
ve
sh
r et
ice lo..
ow
.
Sh
nt
in
ow
ele
va
th
a
te
...
R
d
>
Sh
l
L
p
ev
ow
el
at
h
s..
te
ei
.
rn
gh
o
te
f
f
ne
..
d
am .
Al
yg
l
o
da
f
t
..
he
ab
ov
e
0%
No
Ye
s
0%
0%
d
D
0%
C
an
te
o
f..
.
s
o
as
w
It
d
0%
n
Cu
th
e
rr
na
en
tu
t
e
re
vid
..
en
ce
su
gg
es
..
0%
ep
en
d
le
!
W
ha
t a
Aw
es
o
m
e!
0%
Te
rri
b
A. Awesome!
B. Terrible!
What
a
waste
of
taxpayer
money!
C. It
depends
on
the
nature
of
the
linkages,
which
we
do
not
yet
know
D. Current
evidence
suggests
somewhere
in
between
awesome
and
terrible,
but
we
do
not
yet
know
E. C
and
D
Which
is
true
A.
0%
0%
0%
0%
m
on
ge
ne
Su
tic
ch
p
sm
ol
ym
al
o.
l
e
Su
..
ffe
ch
c
ts
sm
a
re
al
sm
l
e
ffe
a.
Su
ct
.
ch
s
h
sm
av
e
al
le
l
e
...
ffe
ct
s
h
av
e
Al
l..
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Co
m
Which is true
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
..
ov
e
0%
re
cu
s
a
id
s
k
h
of
D
r.
S
Bo
t
ica
h
is
an
1
8
m
.o
.
g
i
oy
a
6
y.
o.
b
h
is
nn
a
0%
rl
0%
Ha
A. Hannah
is
a
6
y.o.
boy
B. Micah
is
an
18
m.o.
girl
C. Both
of
Dr.
Ss
kids
are
cute
as
all
get
out
D. All
of
the
above
e
bl
90
%
h
er
ita
bl
45
%
h
er
ita
bl
h
er
ita
10
%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Th
e
d
i
sc
ov
er
ie
s
a
re
tr
ul
y
.
f
t
h
o
at
e
e
to
d
e
e
xp
en
s
..
..
0%
lim
...
g;
a
Th
is-
le
ad
in
m
l
is
C.
0%
al
B.
Sm
A.
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
s..
yp
es
,
he
no
t
ike
p
t-l
Tr
ai
0%
.
Ge
ne
s
0%
Heritability
reects
A. The
%
of
between-
individual
variaIon
predictable
from
pedigree
B. The
%
of
a
trait
within
an
individual
(you!)
that
is
inherited
from
your
forebears
0%
it
tr
a
o
f
a
e
%
Th
Th
e %
o
f
b
et
we
en
-in
wi
th
di
in
vid
an
...
...
0%
0%
0%
0%
er
ge
ne
tic
p
Co
re
m
di
pe
sp
ns
os
at
...
e
fo
r
o
En
ha
r
r
eg
nc
ul
e
or
a.
.
ac
ce
nt
ua
te
g.
..
Al
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Tr
igg
A. Trigger
geneIc
predisposiIons
(e.g.,
to
high
levels
of
N/NE)
B. Compensate
for
or
regulate
the
expression
of
geneIc
predisposiIons
C. Enhance
or
accentuate
geneIc
predisposiIons
D. All
of
the
above
Heritability
A. Is
probabilisIc
and
predicIve
of
average
outcomes
B. Is
determinisIc
if
you
know
the
parents,
you
know
exactly
what
to
expect
of
the
ospring
regardless
of
environment
or
experience
0%
et
e
Is
d
Is
p
ro
ba
bi
rm
in
lis
ist
tic
an
ic
if
yo
u
d
pr
ed
i
..
.
c..
.
0%
0%
d
an
or
bi
Of
te
n
co
-m
go
ric
a
lly
d
d
sh
o.
..
iff
er
en
0%
Ca
te
A. Categorically
dierent
B. O}en
co-morbid
and
show
a
number
of
other
similariIes,
in
terms
of
therapeuIc
response,
heritability,
and
do
on,
suggesIng
that
they
are
closely
related
to
one
another
and
form
a
spectrum
in
0%
0%
C
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
flu
en
Se
ce
le
N
ct
ive
/N
E
a
ly
in
...
flu
en
On
ce
ly
th
h
el
e
p
...
so
m
e
pa
tie
nt
s
0%
Te
nd
to
A. Tend
to
inuence
N/
NE
as
well
as
depression
B. SelecIvely
inuence
the
targeted
disorder
C. Only
help
some
paIents
D. A
and
C
E. B
and
C
0%
0%
su
bs
tra
te
s
(
Bo
t
e.
g.
,..
.
Ge
ne
s
0%
Ne
ur
al
A. Genes
B. Neural
substrates
(e.g.,
amygdala
hyper-reacIvity)
C. Both
nt
...
0%
r
t
he
re
te
ir e
d
fo
No
t
r e
qu
i
re
d
0%
Is
re
qu
ir e
d
fo
r
t
he
n
or
m
a.
..
0%
Is
re
qu
Elevated N/NE
xie
t..
.
am
on
g
an
Is
co
m
m
on
on
g
am
Is
co
m
m
on
0%
h
0%
d
ep
re
...
0%
Bo
t
A. Is
common
among
anxiety
paIents
B. Is
common
among
depression
paIents
C. Both
0%
ts
ct
e
ffe
c
in
ve
d
ist
Ha
Ex
er
t
s
im
ila
r
e
ffe
ct
s
o
n
o
n
..
.
...
0%
...
ly
an
e
s
t
lif
W
as
co
m
pl
et
e
i th
d
w
ra
ct
e
te
in
d
ut
re
ss
io
d
de
pr
es
s
ct
e
0%
te
...
0%
0%
pr
ed
i
A. predicted
depression
B. interacted
with
life
stress
to
predict
depression,
providing
evidence
of
a
G
x
E
interacIon
and
suggesIng
a
neurochemical
substrate
for
psychiatric
risk
C. Was
completely
and
uXerly
unrelated
to
depression
0%
e
a
at
In
n
Th
e
a
cq
u
i si
tio
n
nx
ie
ty
a
of
n
bo
ut
ew
sn
ak
c.
..
es
0%
Height is
0%
Ca
n
ed
..
be
m
ar
ke
dl
y a
t
h
er
it
e
m
os
g
t
h
ffe
ct
ab
t-l
Tr
ai
0%
le
...
ike
0%
Am
on
A. Trait-like
B. Among
the
most
heritable
traits,
although
ospring
will
show
considerable
variaIon
C. Can
be
markedly
aected
by
intervenIons
(diet,
nutriIon,
and
healthcare
access)
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
W
or
ry
Di
So
sr
es
c ia
s
l
r
et
ice
nc
e
Sh
yn
es
s
er
-re
ac
ala
tiv
da
e
a
pt
m
ive
yg
co
da
gn
la
iti
ve
co
...
0%
An
o
v
A. An
over-reacIve
amygdala
B. MaladapIve
cogniIve
coping
mechanisms
C. Worry
D. Disress
E. Social
reIcence
F. Shyness
The
administraIon
of
a
benzodiazepine
(anI-anxiety
medicaIon)
A. Causes
a
dose-
dependent
reducIon
in
amygdala
acIvaIon
B. Causes
a
dose-
dependent
increase
in
amygdala
acIvaIon
0%
d
o
es
a
Ca
us
Ca
us
es
a
d
o
se
-d
ep
en
d
se
-d
ep
en
d
en
t
en
t
...
...
0%
0%
su
ty
(
ffi
ci
he
igh
...
en
t..
.
0%
Bo
t
h,
n
ei
th
er
is
ili
ne
ra
b
Co
re
vu
l
g a
nd
e
xp
er
ie
nc
e
0%
Le
ar
ni
n
nt
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
o
f
t
im
e
h
i
di
od
...
Th
e
a
m
ou
ge
t
t
he
fo
en
ce
to
0%
ov
e
0%
n.
..
0%
Re
tic
Heritability
A. Is
informaIve
about
the
nature
and
plasIcity
of
group
dierences
(men/
women,
black/white)
in
traits
B. Is
not
informaIve
about
such
mean
dierences
0%
nf
o
ot
i
Is
n
Is
i
nf
or
m
at
ive
a
rm
at
bo
u
ive
a
t t
bo
u
he
..
.
t..
.
0%
Amygdala
damage
A. Increases
raIngs
of
trust
and
approachability
to
faces
that
are
normally
deemed
untrustworthy
B. Has
no
consequence
of
social
interacIons
or
social
cogniIon
0%
o
co
n
s
n
Ha
In
cr
ea
s
es
ra
t
in
gs
o
f
t
ru
s
se
qu
en
ce
o
f
s
o
t..
...
0%
N/NE
is
A. A
specic
risk
factor
for
anxiety
disorders
B. A
nonspecic
risk
factor
for
a
broad
range
of
psychiatric
disease
0%
ec
ifi
sp
A
no
n
A
sp
ec
ifi
c
ris
k
fa
c
c
r
i sk
fa
to
r
f
o
ct
o
r a
...
r
f
..
0%
0%
0%
n
ew
r e
...
tu
rn
ed
to
th
e
...
ick
ly
Is
u
na
b
le
to
cq
ui
re
e
ha
u
...
0%
th
o
fe
ar
in
s
n
w
Sh
o
Pi
ck
s
u
p
sn
ak
es
a
nd
sp
id
e.
..
0%
Qu
0%
No
Ye
s
0%
0%
lly
d
ist
ca
in
us
e
ct
0%
Ar
e
ca
te
m
m
on
co
Re
f le
ct
a
Ar
e
fu
nd
am
en
ta
lly
d
i
ffe
re
nt
0%
go
ric
a
A. Are
fundamentally
dierent
B. Reect
a
common
cause
C. Are
categorically
disInct
Exam
Review:
Material
Covered
During
the
First
Third
of
Course
0%
0%
0%
a
r
RI
..
eg
.
re
re
ss
ct
io
ly
n
m
(co
an
...
ip
ul
at
e
th
e
...
Al
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
d
fM
an
its
Di
pu
t
tra
Co
m
Co
rr
el
at
Fo
rg
e
a
lin
k b
et
w
ee
n
in
di
...
0%
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
ist
ic
0%
m
pl
o
si
To
o
c le
a.
..
0%
Al
l
ur
a
nd
er
s
o
Hi
ixe
s
d
ist
in
bi
lit
y t
ct
p
ro
ce
ss
es
0%
A. Mixes
disInct
processes
B. Hinders
our
ability
to
clearly
resolve
the
underlying
substrates
C. Too
simplisIc
D. All
of
the
above
0%
nd
0%
A
a
0%
Se
ar
Gi
ch
ve
fo
u
r
e
p
nd
op
he
no
ty
pe
s
se
th
em
in
to
si
...
0%
De
co
m
po
A. Decompose
them
into
simpler,
more
manageable
intermediate
phenotypes
B. Give
up
C. Search
for
endophenotypes
D. A
and
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
y
o
rn
C/
f
g
-ta
SC
ra
ki
t
ng
ifi
Hy
a
ca
pe
nd
tio
r-s
e
n
m
en
o
sit
tio
ivi
na
ty
...
to
re
wa
...
C
an
d
E
Tu
De
la
i-s
oc
ia
l b
eh
a
vio
0%
An
t
AnI-social
behavior
C/SC
Delay
of
graIcaIon
Turn-taking
and
emoIonal
irritability
E. Hyper-sensiIvity
to
reward-related
cues
F. C
and
E
0%
do
p
th
he
no
t
e
t
ra
..
yp
e
0%
ar
o
f
r
sc
ar
ke
r
o
M
No
n
ca
u
sa
l s
ym
pt
om
/m
ar
...
0%
En
A. Noncausal
symptom/
marker
of
the
process
that
causes
the
trait
or
phenotype
B. Marker
or
scar
of
the
trait
or
the
organisms
response
to
the
trait
C. Endophenotype
0%
0%
es
te
gr
eg
a
Ag
gr
eg
a
te
in
in
fa
fa
m
ili
m
ili
bl
e
es
0%
He
rit
a
Ca
us
al
0%
Co
-se
A. Causal
B. Heritable
C. Aggregate
in
families
D. Co-segregate
in
families
Endophenotypes are
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
He
rit
a
ee
n
th
ge
b
et
w
A
br
id
0%
bl
e
0%
e
ge
...
Ca
us
...
it
on
e
t
ra
n
th
ha
pl
er
t
0%
al
0%
Sim
Which is true
te
p
he
no
M
er
m
ed
ia
0%
0%
C
nd
B
a
nd
0%
A
a
0%
ar
ke
ty
rs
pe
ca
s..
En
us
.
do
e
t
ph
ra
its
en
,
i
ot
n.
yp
..
es
ca
us
e
t
r..
.
0%
In
t
A. Intermediate
phenotypes
cause
traits,
markers
do
not
B. Markers
cause
traits,
intermediate
phenotypes
do
not
C. Endophenotypes
cause
traits,
biomarkers
do
not
D. A
and
C
E. B
and
C
Remarkably
...
h in
not
ne
xt
t
o
ab
o..
ow
bit
e
k
n
te a
qu
i
ow
We
kn
ow
qu
i
te a
bit
ab
ou.
..
0% 0% 0%
e
k
n
EEG/ERP
aords
A. Exquisite
spaIal
resoluIon
B. Exquisite
temporal
resoluIon
C. Neither
D. Both
e te
uis
it
Exq
Exq
uis
it
e s
pat
ial
Bot
h
er
Ne
ith
res
ol
utio
n
mp
ora
l
re
sol
...
0% 0% 0% 0%
Bl
o
od
o
al
fir
i
ng
0%
Ne
ur
on
xy
ge
na
tio
n
le
ve
ls
0%
A. CompuIng
the
average
response
evoked
by
a
parIcular
condiIon
or
kind
of
event
B. CompuIng
the
cross-correlaIon
among
sensors
0%
in
pu
t
Co
m
Co
m
pu
t
in
g
t
he
a
g
t
he
cr
os
s-c
ve
ra
g
or
r..
.
e
.
..
0%
Which is true
el
y
ex
pe
ns
iv
...
ch
ea
p,
t
iv
el
y
fM
RI
is
re
lat
tiv
re
la
G
is
EE
0%
h
0%
..
0%
Bo
t
0%
..
e
l
o
e m
na
io
Co
rr
el
at
ic
(li
k
ni
st
ec
ha
M
ng
it.
pu
an
i
ud
i
n
st
ike
le
sio
(l
al
Ca
us
0%
...
es
)
0%
l
(
lik
Th
e
s
it
ua
ti o
n,
b
ec
au
0%
h
0%
Bo
t
se
..
.
0%
T&
P
A. The
situaIon,
because
T&P
at
most
predict
outcomes
r
=
.30
(9%
variance)
B. T&P
C. Both
A. The
situaIon
B. T&P
C. Both
Th
e
s
it
0%
h
T&
P
0%
Bo
t
ua
tio
n
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Ac
ad
em
ic
pe
rfo
M
ar
rm
ita
an
l
s
ce
ta
(.
b
..
M
ili
t
en
y
&
ta
sa
l
&
tis
p
fa
hy
...
sic
al
h
ea
lth
De
...
at
h
(m
or
ta
lit
Al
y)
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
A. Academic
performance
(above
&
beyond
IQ)
B. Marital
stability
&
saIsfacIon
C. Mental
&
physical
health
and
wellbeing
(morbidity)
D. Death
(mortality)
E. All
of
the
above
.7
07
1
=
7
0%
0%
Sq
rt(
.5
0)
=
1
=
10
0%
0%
0.
50
/
0.
50
=
0.
50
=
.2
5
=
2
5%
0%
0.
50
*
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
ti o
n,
...
0%
us
a
p
ro
ve
ca
no
t
ly
,
a
n
d
tim
...
0%
Ca
n
pl
ex
,
c
os
t
Co
m
e
s
t
ro
n
g
e
vid
en
ce
t.
..
0%
Pr
ov
id
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
in
gs
b
Pr
y
t
ef
he
er
b
o
oo
rd
k;
er
f.
an
..
Pl
d
an
n
ea
Ab
fu
tn
l;
le
no
es
to
s
t
i
d
m
el
pu
ay
Fo
lsi
gr
cu
ve
at
se
ifi
d;
ca
n
tio
ot
e
n.
as
..
i ly
d
i st
Al
r..
l
o
.
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Do
th
ti v
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
el
y
hi
g
h
p
re
va
l
n
.
oo
d
Th
e
r
el
a
ur
e
(fa
s
ex
po
s
0%
...
..
0%
t f
Lo
n
ge
vit
y
0%
Ri
sk
A. Longevity
B. Risk
exposure
(fast
food
naIon)
C. The
relaIvely
high
prevalance
of
psychiatric
disorders,
such
as
depression,
anxiety,
and
substance
abuse
D. All
of
the
above
Co
m
po
s
i te
m
ea
s
po
s
0%
0%
0%
ur
e
o
f
h
ite
e.
m
..
ea
su
In
re
ca
o
rc
f
p
er
e.
at
..
io
n,
cr
im
in
al
co
...
Al
l
o
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Co
m
A. Composite
measure
of
health
B. Composite
measure
of
personal
wealth
C. IncarceraIon,
criminal
convicIon
and
other
indices
of
public
safety
D. All
of
the
above
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
pa
rt
..
ly
ar
es
ar
e
o
n
ain
th
e
...
0%
Te
en
sn
ar
es
e
xp
l
Te
en
sn
ds
i th
lo
C
/S
C
a
re
..
.
0%
Ki
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Ex
Be
Sm
ce
co
ss
ok
m
iv
i
in
e
v
g
a ng
id
p
eo
Vi
ga are n
ol
t
m
Hi
en
e
gh
ce
p
la
-ca
i
...
ffe n
th
e
in
m
e
e
ed
ne
ia
rg
y
d
r in
ks
A
&
B
C
&
D
A. Smoking
B. Becoming
a
parent
C. Excessive
video
game
playing
D. Violence
in
the
media
E. High-caeine
energy
drinks
F. A
&
B
G. C
&
D
.7
07
1
=
7
0%
0%
Sq
rt(
.5
0)
=
1
=
10
0%
0%
0.
50
/
0.
50
=
0.
50
=
.2
5
=
2
5%
0%
0.
50
*
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
t
e
m
er
ge
in
ea
ue
rly
t
o
Ac
in
ev
co
lif
ol
un
v
e
e
t
f
fo
or
r
m
co
...
ns
Ca
ist
n
en
be
Ca
cy
r
e
n
i..
l
a
be
tiv
.
co
el
y
s
m
pl
im
ex
pl
a
e
nd
m
ul
Al
t..
l
o
.
f
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
Co
nt
Fir
s
A. Biological
B. EmoIonal
C. CogniIve
D. Somewhat
heritable
E. All
of
the
above
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
bl
ov
e
0%
er
ita
t
h
Co
gn
iti
ve
0%
So
m
ew
ha
0%
io
na
Em
ot
Bi
o
lo
gic
a
0%
0%
C
0%
A,
B
,
a
nd
0%
nd
E
0%
A,
C
,
a
0%
C/
SC
0%
S/
RE
P/
TA
N/
NE
0%
E/
PE
A. N/NE
B. P/TA
C. E/PE
D. S/RE
E. C/SC
F. A,
C,
and
E
G. A,
B,
and
C
A. Distress
(fear/
anxiety)
and
IrritaIon
(anger)
B. Guilt
and
Shame
0%
Di
st
re
ss
Sh
a
an
d
ilt
Gu
(f
ea
r/
an
xie
ty
)
a
n
d.
..
m
e
0%
A. Students
t
test
B. ANOVA
C. CorrelaIon
St
u
io
0%
Co
rr
el
at
0%
AN
OV
de
nt
s
t
te
st
0%
T&P is
0%
d
...
as
bl
Co
m
pl
et
el
y
p
l
ta
y
s
el
od
er
at
M
ti c
an
e
(
R
=
m
ut
im
an
d
0%
0.
...
ab
le
0%
Fix
ed
A. Fixed
and
immutable
B. Moderately
stable
(R
=
0.4
to
0.6
over
periods
of
one
to
several
years)
C. Completely
plasIc
and
malleable
ti v
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
el
y
hi
g
h
p
re
va
l
n
.
oo
d
Th
e
r
el
a
ur
e
(fa
s
ex
po
s
0%
...
..
0%
t f
Lo
n
ge
vit
y
0%
Ri
sk
A. Longevity
B. Risk
exposure
(fast
food
naIon)
C. The
relaIvely
high
prevalance
of
psychiatric
disorders,
such
as
depression,
anxiety,
and
substance
abuse
D. All
of
the
above
No
gu
ar
an
te
e
th
at
w
.
o
f
.
.
ec
ts
sp
ng
fu
l
a
ea
ni
0%
h
0%
or
ds
...
0%
Bo
t
ne
d
ju
ra
i
Un
t
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
dg
es
a
rs
m
te
ne
d
ra
ra
i
Un
t
0%
re
m
or
e.
..
ay
n
ot
y..
.
pp
ar
e
s
lo
ua
ls
0%
...
0%
vid
D.
di
C.
in
B.
La
y
A.
0%
0%
lid
d
Va
e
a
n
bl
Re
lia
ow
e:
Sh
bl
Re
lia
Re
lia
bl
e:
Sh
ow
ad
ad
eq
ua
t
eq
ua
t
...
...
0%
0%
Se
ns
it
iv
e
a
n
d
Sp
s
(
...
ec
ifi
c
0%
m
e
p
ro
ce
s
to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c
iv
e
t
o
so
m
e
p
ro
ce
ss
...
0%
Se
ns
it
A. SensiNve
to
some
process,
such
as
fear
B. Specic
to
some
process
(fear
&
no
other
process)
C. SensiNve
and
Specic
Cr
ea
t
ov
e
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
ire
s
0%
nn
a
es
t
io
sm
...
q
u
in
g
n
ew
g d
re
la
sin
ify
in
g
a
pr
es
Id
en
t
0%
tiv
el
y
at
i..
na
l
io
Co
m
m
en
s
e
d
i
g
t
h
cin
0%
a
0%
Re
du
A. Reducing
the
dimensionality
of
a
dataset
B. Compressing
data
C. IdenIfying
a
relaIvely
small
number
of
factors
that
describe
a
dataset
D. CreaIng
new
quesIonnaires
E. All
of
the
above
A. Yes
B. No
0%
No
Ye
s
0%
0%
o
...
bo
...
ys
na
l
he
a
ire
s
t
je
ct
iv
Re
qu
e
d
ec
is
io
n
t t
s a
ge
O
ut
rb
a
Su
b
rb
ag
e
I
n
Ga
0%
..
0%
/G
a
0%
as
th
e
b
on
se
le
ct
ed
at
ive
o
f
t
he
En
is
of
p
...
gl.
..
0%
re
pr
es
en
t
A. representaIve
of
the
English
language
B. selected
on
the
basis
of
preconceived
noIons
about
the
importance
and
understandability
of
parIcular
words?
A. replicable,
objecIve,
and
atheoreIcal
B. subjecIve,
idiosyncraIc,
and
theoreIcally
biased?
0%
yn
cr
at
os
di
bj
ec
tiv
e,
i
su
re
pl
ica
bl
e,
o
bj
ec
t
ive
,
a
ic,
..
.
nd
...
0%
Is
a
..
0%
an
sh
or
t-h
co
nv
e
fu
th
Re
f le
ct
s
en
ie
nt
nd
am
en
t
al
o
f
h
oo
nc
h
b
u
0%
...
ey
0%
Is
a
A. Is
a
bunch
of
hooey
B. Reects
the
fundamental
nature
of
T&P
C. Is
a
convenient
short-hand,
a
someImes
useful
cIon
that
begs
for
addiIonal
research
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
pa
rt.
..
ly
ar
es
ar
e
o
n
ain
th
e
...
0%
Te
en
sn
ar
es
e
xp
l
Te
en
sn
ds
i th
lo
C
/S
C
a
re
..
.
0%
Ki
0%
Se
ns
it
iv
e
a
n
d
Sp
s
(
...
ec
ifi
c
0%
m
e
p
ro
ce
s
to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c
iv
e
t
o
so
m
e
p
ro
ce
ss
...
0%
Se
ns
it
A. SensiNve
to
some
process,
such
as
fear
B. Specic
to
some
process
(fear
&
no
other
process)
C. SensiNve
and
Specic
Bo
t
bi
le
(u
lly
la
io
na
Em
ot
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
ns
ta
he
bl
re
e)
d
by
ch
Pr
an
on
ge
e
to
sa
Pr
dn
on
es
e
s
to
an
Bl
ue
xie
o
ty
r
d
ep
re
ss
ed
Pu
nc
tu
al
0%
0%
ov
e
of
t
(e
.g.
.
or
tio
i st
c
d
on
i
ne
m
M
ns
ge
rin
in
ok
i. .
ng
o
r
m
al
Ly
i
(l
o
ty
es
ira
bi
li
d
ial
So
c
0%
he
ab
0%
g
0%
Al
l
A. Social
desirability
(looking
good)
B. Lying
or
malingering
C. Mnemonic
distorIons
(e.g.,
peak-end
rule)
D. All
of
the
above
Behavior is guided by
0%
co
...
an
an
us
ts
Bo
t
h
co
ns
cio
bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t
d
un
d
im
pl
p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio
0%
...
es
0%
Co
ns
A. Conscious
processes
B. AutomaIc
habits
and
implicit
aOtudes
that
lie
outside
of
awareness
and
which
opaque
to
introspecIon,
hence
not
measureable
using
standard
paper-and-
pencil
measures
of
T&P
C. Both
conscious
and
unconscious
processes
Behavior is guided by
0%
co
...
an
an
us
ts
Bo
t
h
co
ns
cio
bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t
d
un
d
im
pl
p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio
0%
...
es
0%
Co
ns
A. Conscious
processes
B. AutomaIc
habits
and
implicit
aOtudes
that
lie
outside
of
awareness
and
which
opaque
to
introspecIon,
hence
not
measureable
using
standard
paper-and-
pencil
measures
of
T&P
C. Both
conscious
and
unconscious
processes
Which is true?
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
tio
ss
le
d
i
ou
b
is
d
0%
n.
..
..
0%
ur
se
lv.
e
T
el
l
O
Th
e
S
t
Th
Am
yg
da
la
or
y
W
le
sio
ns
b
l
oc
k
t
h.
..
0%
oc
ia
ov
e
0%
he
ab
in
t
r
at
of
t
Al
l
r..
su
,
e
xp
l
W
he
re
as
0%
gs
..
0%
ud
es
(m
ea
t it
at
it
pl
ic
Im
Im
pl
ic
it
&
ex
pl
ic i
t a
tti
tu
d.
.
0%
ici
There
is
considerable
evidence
that
0%
E/
PE
p
re
di
he
ab
Al
l
ct
s
p
os
ffe
ct
ct
s
re
di
re
s
p
of
t
el
..
t..
.
.
n
T.
Tr
ai
t m
ea
su
iff
er
en
ce
s
i
ike
d
t-l
0%
ov
e
0%
0%
Tr
ai
A. Trait-like
dierences
in
T&P
interact
with
trait-
relevant
cues
to
produce
states
B. Trait
measures
predict
state
raIngs
C. E/PE
predicts
pos
aect
elicited
by
humorous
lm
clips;
N/NE
predicts
fear
and
anxiety
elicited
by
aversive
lm
clips
D. All
of
the
above
Traits predict
0%
0%
h
ei
g
is
re
f le
ct
s
Th
or
e
in
te
ns
e
st
at
es
ht
e
in
Bo
t
th
...
ne
d
...
0%
ov
e;
t
he
co
...
nd
s
a
he
ab
ou
Al
l
of
t
to
ry
th
pa
ici
An
t
0%
...
0%
gh
t
n
&
re
c..
.
0%
io
re
gu
l
io
n
at
e
d
Em
ot
at
be
ha
v
io
r:
A
pp
...
0%
ot
iv
A. The
situaIon
B. T&P
C. Both
Th
e
s
it
0%
h
T&
P
0%
Bo
t
ua
tio
n
0%
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
ti o
n,
...
0%
us
a
p
ro
ve
ca
no
t
ly
,
a
n
d
tim
...
0%
Ca
n
pl
ex
,
c
os
t
Co
m
e
s
t
ro
n
g
e
vid
en
ce
t.
..
0%
Pr
ov
id
Is
a
..
0%
an
sh
or
t-h
co
nv
e
fu
th
Re
f le
ct
s
en
ie
nt
nd
am
en
t
al
o
f
h
oo
nc
h
b
u
0%
...
ey
0%
Is
a
A. Is
a
bunch
of
hooey
B. Reects
the
fundamental
nature
of
T&P
C. Is
a
convenient
short-hand,
a
someImes
useful
cIon
that
begs
for
addiIonal
research
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
at
w
ar
an
te
No
gu
Ke
y
a
sp
ec
ts
o
f
T
&P
m
ig
ht
..
o
f
T
ec
ts
sp
ng
fu
l
a
ea
ni
0%
or
ds
...
0%
..
0%
e
th
0%
el
ev
du
als
w
ith
Ye
s,
ind
i vi
s
i
n
te
ra
c
t
w
ith
tr
ait
-r.
..
at
ed
.. .
0%
ait
B.
No
,
tr
A.
0%
No
,
n
ot
ne
c
es
s
ar
il
y.
M
ly
lyi
ng
in
an
y
f
ea
t..
.
th
e..
.
0%
're
qu
iet
B.
A.
0%
se
ar
ch
us
ing
EE
G,
PE
T,
a..
Ye
s,
re
s
i
n
te
ra
c
t
w
ith
tr
ait
-r.
..
0%
ait
B.
No
,
tr
A.
0%
0%
mp
ri s
es
.. .
co
on
ly
B.
Ye
s.
Yes.
No
,
a
lth
ou
gh
it
A.
ng
0%
Lo
0%
Sh
or
t
A.
B.
0%
Ele
v
ate
d
a
c
tiv
i
ala
re
ac
ti
ty
(p
er
fu
sio
n)
in
...
vi t
y
t
o.
..
0%
ate
d
a
my
gd
B.
Ele
v
A.
0%
ffe
re
nc
n
a
cti
vit
es
...
..
0%
lik
e
d
i
s i
ng
tr
ait
-
As
se
ssi
re
nc
e
B.
ng
di
ffe
As
se
ssi
A.
he
su
s
m
ac
0%
Bo
th
an
ad
ult
s
0%
Hu
m
aq
ue
m
on
ke
y
0%
Yo
un
g
r
A.
B.
C.
m
et
ab
...
0%
Re
gio
ns
t
ha
t
w
er
e
m
or
e
.
T
he
re
f. .
.
0%
d
b
ra
in
B.
Th
e
a
ne
sth
et
ize
A.
..
0%
eg
ion
s
t
ha
t
w
er
e
m
or
e
or
l
es
s.
.
T
he
re
f. .
.
0%
d
b
ra
in
B.
A.
...
ien
tio
us
ne
ss/
tio
n
S
ys
te
m
0%
l...
0%
Co
ns
c
tio
n.
..
Ac
tiv
a
ConscienIousness/Self-Control
(C/SC)
io r
al
C.
Be
ha
v
be
ha
vi o
ra
l
in
hib
i
B.
0%
Se
lf-
Ch
ild
ho
od
A.
u l
Bo
th
st
re
ssf
se
c
0%
cu
re
co
nt
. ..
an
d
s
e
(h
om
e..
.
0%
ur
e
c
on
te
xts
n
t
..
alo
ne
i
ts
(
In
mo
re
C.
0%
on
te
x
sfu
l
c
B.
re
s
In
st
A.
True
False
True
but
incomplete
0%
Tr
ue
bu
t
in
co
mp
let
0%
Fa
lse
0%
Tr
ue
A.
B.
C.
0%
Bo
th
0%
at
ed
m
et
...
el
ev
ac
t io
ns
to
th
r..
.
Sh
ow
ch
ro
nic
all
y
C.
0%
at
ed
re
B.
Sh
ow
el
ev
A.
C.
The
amygdala
The
amygdala
and
other
regions
(e.g.,
the
bed
nucleus
of
the
stria
terminalis
(BNST),
hippocampus,
and
periaqueductal
gray
(PAG)).
Elevated
metabolism
in
the
amygdala
and
other
regions
(e.g.,
the
bed
nucleus
of
the
stria
terminalis
(BNST),
hippocampus,
and
periaqueductal
gray
(PAG))
as
well
as
altered
funcIonal
connecIvity
between
the
amygdala
and
prefrontal
cortex
(PFC).
0%
0%
0%
Th
Th
e
a
e
a
my
my
gd
gd
ala
ala
an
d
o
th
er
Ele
re
va
gio
te
ns
d
m
...
et
ab
oli
sm
in
th
e
a
...
A.
B.
0%
Di
ffe
re
nc
es
i
n
t
he
t
hr
es
ho
ld,
ri.
sp
on
s..
.
0%
n
t
he
pe
ak
re
nc
es
i
B.
ffe
re
Di
A.
ien
ce
le
Ex
pe
r
0%
ss
an
ge
r
w
he
n
t
h..
.
n
.
..
0%
d
t
o
e
ng
ag
e
i
do
m.
..
dis
po
se
Ar
e
p
re
C.
0%
cia
ble
,
s
oc
ial
ly
B.
Be
m
or
e
s
o
A.
0%
al
sta
te
...
...
0%
"L
iki
ng
"
r
e
lat
ed
em
ot
ion
lat
ed
em
ot
ion
al
s
g"
re
B.
an
tin
"W
A.
me
try
an
d
L
...
0%
Rig
ht
<<
Le
ft
as
ym
me
try
an
d
L
...
0%
ht
>>
Le
ft
as
ym
B.
Rig
A.
0%
ha
nis
ms
th
at
u.
..
l
m
ec
Th
e
n
eu
ra
0%
ha
nis
ms
th
at
u.
..
l
m
ec
C.
0%
Th
e
n
eu
ra
ha
nis
ms
th
at
u.
..
B.
l
m
ec
Th
e
n
eu
ra
A.
Nico;ne-deprived smokers
an;cipa;ng a pu and infants
an;cipa;ng a reunion with their
mother both show
ym
me
t
EE
G
as
L
<
<
R
fro
nt
al
EE
G
as
ym
me
t
ry,
. ..
0%
ry,
. ..
0%
nt
al
fro
B.
>
R
L >
A.
ex
nt
ial
ffe
re
Di
0%
Bo
th
a..
.
0%
po
su
re
to
m
ot
iv
y
t
o
m
ot
iv.
..
ac
tiv
it
re
nt
ial
C.
0%
ffe
re
B.
DierenIal
reacIvity
to
moIvaIonally-signicant
daily
events
DierenIal
exposure
to
moIvaIonally-signicant
daily
events
Both
Di
A.
cti
0%
Bo
th
ve
l...
0%
re
a
nt
cu
es
a
bs
en
t
.
..
it-
re
lev
a
re
a
Tr
a
nt
cu
es
a
C.
it-
re
lev
a
B.
0%
A.
A.
ed
,
s
ug
ge
s
&
C
A,
B
A
&
B
tin
g
d
Be
is.
di
..
G
s ru
uid
pt
e
be
ed
by
ha
vi o
ci
rcu
r
ms
cri
be
d..
.
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Be
un
co
rre
lat
Be
uncorrelated,
suggesIng
disInct
neural
circuits
B. Guide
behavior
C. Be
disrupted
by
circumscribed
hippocampal
and
orbitofrontal
lesions,
respecIvely
D. A
&
B
E. A,
B
&
C
C.
Is
valence-sensiIve:
maximal
when
one
is
experiencing
a
negaIve
emoIonal
state,
intermediate
for
neutral
states,
and
lowest
for
posiIve
states
--
just
like
the
startle
reex.
D.
A & B
E.
B & C
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
B
&
C
A
&
B
B.
cts
ch
an
Is
ge
a
m
s
i
n
t
ea
he
su
sk
re
in'
of
Is
s
r
ar
va
. ..
le n
ou
s
ce
a
l
-se
an
ns
d
c
iti
an
ve
...
:
m
ax
im
al
...
Re
fle
A.
Extra Slides
Is T&P Impacnul?
Spectrums or Types?
Spectrums
or
Types?
No
compelling
evidence
for
types
(e.g.,
Type
A),
Jerry
Kagan
notwithstanding
Data
indicates
conInuous
individual
dierences
or
spectra
lacking
discernible
zones
of
disconInuity
(gaps
or
clusters)
Fixed or PlasNc?
Fixed
or
PlasNc?
T&P
traits
are
characterized
by
both
conInuity
(25%
variance)
and
plasIcity
If
anything,
more
plasIcity
Social
relaIonships,
reinforcements
&
roles
have
a
strong
inuence
on
the
conInuity
of
T&P
Individuals
are
not
passive;
they
acIvely
select
and
shape
their
environment
in
ways
that
reinforce
conInuity
Your
nature
at
birth
is
not
your
desIny,
there
is
plenty
of
room
for
intervenIon
(Hope!)
Nature or Nurture?
Nature
or
Nurture?
T&P
reect
the
inuence
of
both
nature
(genes;
<50%)
and
nurture
(the
environment;
>50%)
Again,
more
plasIc
than
was
once
thought
However,
in
many
cases,
environmental
inuences
on
T&P
in
fact
reect
the
distal
consequences
of
T&P
on
physical
(nighborhood,
job)
and
social
context
(peers,
spouse)
as
well
as
life
events
(e.g.,
divorce);
niche
building
/
G-E
correlaIons
Nature
and
nurture
should
not
be
thought
of
as
mutually
exclusive
forces,
as
they
o}en
work
together
to
inuence
traits
(G*E;
G-E).
Genes
can
get
out
of
the
skin;
Environment
can
get
under
the
skin
(epigeneIcs)
Causal
pathways
can
be
complex
and
recursive
Is NeurogeneNcs a Panacea?
Threshold
Peak Amplitude
An
integraNve,
mulN-disciplinary
perspecNve
on
the
science
of
T&P
When
a
scien*st
doesnt
know
the
answer
to
a
problem,
he
is
ignorant.
When
he
has
a
hunch
as
to
what
the
result
is,
he
is
uncertain.
And
when
he
is
pre;y
damn
sure
of
what
the
result
is
going
to
be,
he
is
s*ll
in
some
doubt
Scien*c
knowledge
is
a
body
of
statements
of
varying
degrees
of
certaintysome
most
unsure,
some
nearly
sure,
but
none
absolutely
certain.
Richard
Feynman
(1955),
Nobel
Laureate
An
integraNve,
mulN-disciplinary
perspecNve
on
the
science
of
T&P
Science
is
not
a
body
of
facts
established
by
experts,
but
a
set
of
methods
for
esImaIng
and
reducing
uncertainty;
It
is
a
process,
at
Imes
messy
or
tedious,
of
grappling
with
nature
and
our
preconceived
noIons
about
how
it
works.
There
are
many,
many
fundamental
quesIons
about
T&P
that
remain
unresolved.
Thats
one
of
the
things
that
make
this
class
so
fun!
We
havent
gured
it
out
and
there
are
many
challenges
that
remain
for
future
research.