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PSYC 210:

How are traits (T&P)
and states related, 2?

AJ Shackman
19 February 2015

Todays Conceptual Roadmap

Todays Conceptual Roadmap

Can we discern temperament & personality when
rewards and punishments are absent (at rest)?
Are trait-like dierences in T&P embodied in the
on-going, spontaneous acCvity of the brain?
Is the brain ever really at rest?

Todays Conceptual Roadmap

Can we discern temperament & personality when
rewards and punishments are absent (at rest)?
Is the brain ever really at rest?
Are trait-like dierences in T&P embodied in the
on-going, spontaneous acCvity
of the brain?

Todays Conceptual Roadmap

Can we discern temperament & personality when
rewards and punishments are absent (at rest)?
Is the brain ever really at rest?
Or, are trait-like dierences in T&P embodied in
the on-going, spontaneous
acCvity of the resCng brain?

Can we discern T&P when rewards

and punishments are absent?

Yes?

Watson & Clark Psychol Bull 1984

Yes?

Watson & Clark Psychol Bull 1984

Behavioral evidence

What are some key limita@ons

of this body of evidence?
A. CompleCng back-to-back
measures of emoConal states
(How do you feel now) and
emoConal traits (How do you
feel in general); carry-over
eects; not really
independent, just an arCfact of
[jargon alert!] shared
measurement variance
B. There are no limitaCons,
youre trying to trick us,
Shackman

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Self-Report (and Clinician RaCngs)

The link between traits and baseline
states is enCrely dependent on
subjecCve raCngs of emoConal states

But what if this simply reects
response biases, trait-like dierences in
the way that people think about, rate,
appraise, or label their moods and
emoCons, rather than true dierences
in emoConal states?
What if high-N/NE individuals are
simply more disclosing of distress,
more self-criCcal, more dissaCsed,
and more focused on the negaCve?

Watson & Clark Psychol Bull 1984

Self-Report (and Clinician RaCngs)

The link between traits and baseline
states is enCrely dependent on
subjecCve raCngs of emoConal states

But what if this simply reects
response biases, trait-like dierences in
the way that people think about, rate,
appraise, or label their moods and
emoCons, rather than true dierences
in emoConal states?
What if high-N/NE individuals are
simply more disclosing of distress,
more self-criCcal, more dissaCsed,
and more focused on the negaCve?

Watson & Clark Psychol Bull 1984

Self-Report (and Clinician RaCngs)

The link between traits and baseline
states is enCrely dependent on
subjecCve raCngs of emoConal states

But what if this simply reects
response biases, trait-like dierences in
the way that people think about, rate,
appraise, or label their moods and
emoCons, rather than true dierences
in emoConal states?
What if high-N/NE individuals are
simply more disclosing of distress,
more self-criCcal, more dissaCsed,
and dwell more on failures,
shortcomings, and other negaCves?
Watson & Clark Psychol Bull 1984

Whats a way to move past this

stumbling block?
A. Measure
physiological
measures of emoCon
(ideally ones with
high construct
validity) at rest
B. Have a well-trained
clinical psychologist
or psychiatrist
perform a detailed
interview

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Measure the brain at rest.

Is the brain ever really at rest?

TradiConal view of the resCng brain

Raichle Sci American 2010

Modern View: Brain is @ny

2% Mass

Brain
Everything Else

Raichle & Gusnard PNAS 2002

But VERY ac@ve at rest

20% ResCng Metabolism (Energy ConsumpCon)

Brain consumes 10 Cmes more energy than expected by weight

AcCvaCon only bumps this up a Cny bitthe vast majority is constant

Key substrate for trait-like dierences in T&P!

Raichle & Gusnard PNAS 2002

But VERY ac@ve at rest

20% ResCng Metabolism (Energy ConsumpCon)

Brain consumes 10x more energy than expected by weight

AcCvaCon only bumps this up a Cny bitthe vast majority is constant

Your brain is an exceedingly acCve organ (even at rest)

Raichle & Gusnard PNAS 2002

This suggests that key features of T&P

should be discernible in the ac@vity of
the res@ng brain (i.e., in the absence
of stressors, rewards, or other trait-
relevant challenges)

Turhan & Ian The Cat Canli

PNAS 2006

A Brief Aside on NeurogeneCcs

Because gene5cs was not the
mo5va5on for assigning the paper, I
do not expect you to remember the
details on the next few slides

But this material will foreshadow later
lectures on the gene5cs of T&P

5-HTTLPR
- Threat-evoked amygdala acCvity has been linked to variaCon in the
serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the
SLC6A4 gene
- S allele is bad: Individuals with the less transcripConally-ecient
short allele (fewer transporter proteins available to clear serotonin
from the synapse) show heightened threat-related amygdala
reacCvity relaCve to individuals with the long allele
- Gene Amygdala: Meta-analyses suggest that the 5-HTTLPR
genotype accounts for 2-5 of the variance in amygdala reacCvity
- Gene Amygdala MDD: Evidence that these geneCcally
conferred dierences in amygdala reacCvity mediate some of the
associaCon between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and depression

5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala acCvity has been linked to variaCon in the serotonin-
transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4
gene
- S allele is bad: Individuals with the less transcripConally-ecient
short allele (fewer transporter proteins available to clear serotonin
from the synapse) show heightened threat-related amygdala
reacCvity relaCve to individuals with the long allele
- Gene Amygdala: Meta-analyses suggest that the 5-HTTLPR
genotype accounts for 2-5 of the variance in amygdala reacCvity
- Gene Amygdala MDD: Evidence that these geneCcally
conferred dierences in amygdala reacCvity mediate some of the
associaCon between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and depression

5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala acCvity has been linked to variaCon in the serotonin-
transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4
gene
- S allele is bad: Individuals with the less transcripConally-ecient
short allele (fewer transporter proteins available to clear serotonin
from the synapse) show heightened threat-related amygdala
reacCvity relaCve to individuals with the long allele
- Gene Amygdala: Meta-analyses suggest that the 5-HTTLPR
genotype accounts for 2-5 of the variance in amygdala reacCvity
- Gene Amygdala MDD: Evidence that these geneCcally
conferred dierences in amygdala reacCvity mediate some of the
associaCon between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and depression

5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala acCvity has been linked to variaCon in the serotonin-
transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4
gene
- S allele is bad: Individuals with the short allele show heightened
N/NE
- S allele has been associated with negaCve emoConal traits such as
neuroCcism and harm avoidancehigher scores in these traits are
associated with [the short allele]Two metaanalyses have
concluded that presence of the short [allele] is associated with
higher levels of [N/NE]
- For todays purpose, I will treat S as synonymous with High N/
NE

5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala reacCvity is correlated with variaCon in the serotonin-
transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4
gene
- S allele is bad: Individuals with the short allele show heightened
N/NE
- S allele has been associated with negaCve emoConal traits such as
neuroCcism and harm avoidancehigher scores in these traits are
associated with [the short allele]Two meta-analyses have
concluded that presence of the short [allele] is associated with
higher levels of [N/NE]
- For todays purposes, I will treat S as synonymous with High N/
NE

Key Aim: Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Phasic Model
The standard (or phasic acCvaCon) model represents the view that presence of the short
variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal sCmuli.











Tonic AcCvaCon Model
We have proposed an alternaCve (or tonic acCvaCon) model, which posits that presence of
the short variantenhances amygdala acCvaCon at rest.

PNAS 2006

Key Aim: Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Phasic or ReacCve Model
The short variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal
sCmuli.











Tonic AcCvaCon Model
We have proposed an alternaCve (or tonic acCvaCon) model, which posits that presence of
the short variantenhances amygdala acCvaCon at rest.

PNAS 2006

Key Aim: Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Phasic or ReacCve Model
The short variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal
sCmuli.











Tonic AcCvaCon Model
We have proposed an alternaCve (or tonic acCvaCon) model, which posits that presence of
the short variantenhances amygdala acCvaCon at rest.

PNAS 2006

Key Aim: Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Phasic or ReacCve Model
The short variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal
sCmuli.











Tonic AcCvaCon Model
The short variantenhances amygdala acCvaCon at rest.

PNAS 2006

Sound familiar?

Students

How does Canli go about tes@ng this
hypothesis?

What tools does he employ?

Hypothesis Testing:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

How Does MRI Work?

You will not be
responsible for the details

fMRI Intro Video, Version #1 (7 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmQR57V5TVU

The Goal: Use fMRI to Test the Tonic Model

Phasic Model
The standard (or phasic acCvaCon) model represents the view that presence of the short
variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal sCmuli.











Tonic AcCvaCon Model
Short allele = enhanced amygdala ac@va@on at rest.

Assessing Tonic Ac@vity Requires

a Special Kind of fMRI (ASL)

fMRI: ConvenConal Echoplanar Imaging (EPI fMRI) vs.

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL or perfusion fMRI)

Phasic: ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g.,
Neg vs. Neu), measured in arbitrary units

ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner

(or very slow changes that EPI cant see)

Because ASL MRI provides absolute quanCcaCon of CBF [that is, in
real physical units like PET]it can also be used to measure resCng brain
funcCon independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogniCve task
[unlike convenConal EPI fMRI].


Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does
not vary with exogenous sCmuli [tasks], but rather reects state or
trait funcCons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.

Arbitrary Units

Detre et al J MagneCc Resonance Imaging 2012

fMRI: ConvenConal Echoplanar Imaging (EPI fMRI) vs.

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL or perfusion fMRI)

ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g., Neg vs.
Neu), measured in arbitrary units; good for tesCng phasic acCvaCon

ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner

(or very slow changes that EPI cant see)

Because ASL MRI provides absolute quanCcaCon of CBF [that is, in
real physical units like PET]it can also be used to measure resCng brain
funcCon independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogniCve task
[unlike convenConal EPI fMRI].


Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does
not vary with exogenous sCmuli [tasks], but rather reects state or
trait funcCons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.

Arbitrary Units

Detre et al J MagneCc Resonance Imaging 2012

fMRI: ConvenConal Echoplanar Imaging (EPI fMRI) vs.

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL or perfusion fMRI)

ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g., Neg vs.
Neu), measured in arbitrary units; good for tesCng phasic acCvaCon

ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner, calibrated to
real physical units, possible to assess tonic dierences in acCvity
50 C


Because ASL MRI provides absolute quanCcaCon of CBF [that is, in
real physical units like PET]it can also be used to measure resCng brain
funcCon independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogniCve task
[unlike convenConal EPI fMRI].


Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does
not vary with exogenous sCmuli [tasks], but rather reects state or
trait funcCons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.

Physical Units

Detre et al J MagneCc Resonance Imaging 2012

fMRI: ConvenConal Echoplanar Imaging (EPI fMRI) vs.

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL or perfusion fMRI)

ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g., Neg vs.
Neu), measured in arbitrary units; good for tesCng phasic acCvaCon

ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner, calibrated to
real physical units, possible to assess tonic dierences in acCvity
50 C


Because ASL MRI provides absolute quan5ca5on of CBF [that is, in real
physical units]it can also be used to measure res5ng brain func5on
independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogni5ve task [unlike
conven5onal EPI fMRI].


Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does
not vary with exogenous s5muli [tasks], but rather reectstrait
func5ons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.

Physical Units

Detre et al J MagneCc Resonance Imaging 2012

Canlis Analyses of ASL fMRI Revealed

Canlis Analyses of ASL fMRI Revealed

Canlis Analyses of ASL fMRI Revealed

Consistent with the Tonic Model

Specic to ASL?

Specic to Bad Allele or
other features of Canlis subjects
and study procedures?

Or might the tonic ac@vity
model be more general?

Convergent Evidence
from ResCng PET

Amygdala

Abercrombie et al Neuroreport 1998

Convergent Evidence
from ResCng PET

Amygdala

Abercrombie et al Neuroreport 1998

Convergent Evidence
from ResCng PET

Amygdala

Abercrombie et al Neuroreport 1998

R = .41

Convergent Evidence
from ResCng PET

R = .41

R = .56
Amygdala
Individuals with higher levels of N/NE are
characterized by elevated metabolic ac@vity
in the amygdala at rest
Abercrombie et al Neuroreport 1998

Students: Poten@al limita@ons?

Students: Poten@al limita@ons?

Scanner session is not an emoConally-neutral baseline,

in fact, it has many potenCally anxiety-provoking features

If Only We Could Measure Brain Ac@vity at Home

Young monkeys and children respond

similarly to unfamiliar human intruders

Kalin & Shelton Science 1989


QuanCfying individual dierences in N/NE

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010


QuanCfying individual dierences in N/NE

The composite phenotype

Stable over Cme (trait-like)

Heritable

Parallels behavioral inhibiCon in children,
a key risk factor for anxiety disorders

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010


QuanCfying individual dierences in N/NE

The composite phenotype

Stable over Cme (trait-like)

Heritable

Parallels behavioral inhibiCon in children,
a key risk factor for anxiety disorders


A key advantage of this model is that it aords an
opportunity to obtain concurrent measures of
naturalis@c emo@onal behavior and brain ac@vity

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

Measuring the neural response to

the human intruder using FDG-PET

Monkey PET Scanner

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

Measuring the neural response to

the human intruder using FDG-PET

Monkey PET Scanner

18-FDG

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review.; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

Important Point

Although the monkey is anesthe5zed in the
PET scanner, the signal that is measured reects
what the brain was doing during the preceding
behavioral challenge, when the monkey was freely
behaving in the test cage

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

Using these procedures, we can assess

Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Phasic Model
Anxious temperament will only be predicted by threat-related amygdala metabolism (intruder)

Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Tonic AcCvaCon Model
Anxious temperament will also be predicted by amygdala metabolism in the absence of explicit
threat -- at home

SystemaCcally Varied Threat (Trait-Relevant Challenge)

SystemaCcally Varied Threat (Trait-Relevant Challenge)

Manifest Threat / Intruder
(Stress)

Novelty / Like Canli ASL expt

(Stress)

Hey, wheres Jimmy?

(Secure)

Normal daily living

(Secure)

What did Fox learn?

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An
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A. Anxious temperament
(N/NE) is predicted by
acCvity during the
stressful condiCons (e.g.
intruder)
B. Anxious temperament
(N/NE) is predicted by
acCvity during the
secure condiCons (e.g.
home alone)
C. Both

More Stressful Environment

Less Stressful Environment

It aint just threat

Students

Poten@al concerns or limita@ons?

Is home cage tes@ng really a secure,
relaxed environment?


Measuring the neural response at home

Monkey PET Scanner

18-FDG

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review.; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

What if we sedated the subjects?

Using mulCmodal imaging to assess

the Ce funcConal network

N = 89 / 238 animals

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013
Oler et al. Nature 2010

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

Using mulCmodal imaging to assess

the Ce funcConal network

N = 89 / 238 animals

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013
Oler et al. Nature 2010

Important Note!

In contrast to FDG-PET, when you collect
fMRI under anesthesia, you are altering the
on-going acCvity of the brain what you are measuring.

Everybody clear on this dierence across modaliCes?

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

Using mulCmodal imaging to assess

the Ce funcConal network

N = 89 / 238 animals

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013
Oler et al. Nature 2010

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

Using mulCmodal imaging to assess

the Ce funcConal network

N = 89 / 238 animals

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013
Oler et al. Nature 2010

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

Stronger Ce-PFC connecCvity predicts reduced

metabolism in the Ce
mPFC

dlPFC

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

The central
Stronger
nucleus
Ce-PFC
(Ce) cis
onnecCvity
more funcConally

autonomous
predicts din
ecreased
anxious aindividuals
nxiety

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

RelaCons between funcConal connecCvity

and anxiety are mediated by Ce metabolism

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

RelaCons between funcConal connecCvity

and anxiety are mediated by Ce metabolism

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

N = 28 (14 PaCents), 8 12 years, 79% GAD or Social Phobia

Children with anxiety disorders show

reduced Ce-dlPFC funcConal connecCvity

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

Extreme early-life anxiety reects an

evoluConarily-conserved neural circuit

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b

Key Take Home Points

Key Take Home Points for Todays MeeCng

1. Young rhesus macaques are a useful nonhuman animal model of childhood
anxiety and behavioral inhibiCon (BI)
2. Individual dierences in AT are predicted by amygdala metabolism in stressful
(alone/novelty, human intruder threat) as well as secure contexts (home
alone and home with cage-mate) [Canli; Abercrombie; Fox]
3. Individuals who are more anxious show chronically elevated amygdala acCvity
* its not just in response to threat or novelty
* therefore, the Trait x Context = State model is true but incomplete
4. DisposiConal anxiety is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co-
acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia

5. Not just amygdala! e.g., PAG, BNST

6. T&P is embodied in the spontaneous, on-going acCvity of the brain, which
may help to explain some of the other features of T&P
eg distress in the absence of threat

Key Take Home Points for Todays MeeCng

1. Young rhesus macaques are a useful nonhuman animal model of childhood
anxiety and behavioral inhibiCon (BI)
2. Individual dierences in anxious temperament (N/NE) are predicted by
amygdala metabolism in stressful (alone/novelty, human intruder threat) as
well as secure contexts (home alone and home with cage-mate)
3. Individuals who are more anxious show chronically elevated amygdala acCvity
* its not just in response to threat or novelty
* therefore, the Trait x Context = State model is true but incomplete
4. DisposiConal anxiety is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co-
acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia

5. Not just amygdala! e.g., PAG, BNST

6. T&P is embodied in the spontaneous, on-going acCvity of the brain, which
may help to explain some of the other features of T&P
eg distress in the absence of threat

Key Take Home Points for Todays MeeCng

1. Young rhesus macaques are a useful nonhuman animal model of childhood
anxiety and behavioral inhibiCon (BI)
2. Individual dierences in anxious temperament (N/NE) are predicted by
amygdala metabolism in stressful (alone/novelty, human intruder threat) as
well as secure contexts (home alone and home with cage-mate)
3. Individuals who are more anxious show chronically elevated amygdala acCvity
* its not just in response to threat or novelty
* therefore, the Trait x Context = State model is true but incomplete
4. DisposiConal anxiety is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co-
acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia

5. Not just amygdala! e.g., PAG, BNST

6. T&P is embodied in the spontaneous, on-going acCvity of the brain, which
may help to explain some of the other features of T&P
eg distress in the absence of threat

Key Take Home Points for Todays MeeCng

1. Young rhesus macaques are a useful nonhuman animal model of childhood
anxiety and behavioral inhibiCon (BI)
2. Individual dierences in anxious temperament (N/NE) are predicted by
amygdala metabolism in stressful (alone/novelty, human intruder threat) as
well as secure contexts (home alone and home with cage-mate)
3. Individuals who are more anxious show chronically elevated amygdala acCvity
* its not just in response to threat or novelty
* therefore, the Trait x Context = State model is true but incomplete
4. T&P is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co-
acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia

5. Not just amygdala! e.g., PAG, BNST

6. T&P is embodied in the spontaneous, on-going acCvity of the brain, which
may help to explain some of the other features of T&P
eg distress in the absence of threat

Key Take Home Points for Todays MeeCng

1. Young rhesus macaques are a useful nonhuman animal model of childhood
anxiety and behavioral inhibiCon (BI)
2. Individual dierences in anxious temperament (N/NE) are predicted by
amygdala metabolism in stressful (alone/novelty, human intruder threat) as
well as secure contexts (home alone and home with cage-mate)
3. Individuals who are more anxious show chronically elevated amygdala acCvity
* its not just in response to threat or novelty
* therefore, the Trait x Context = State model is true but incomplete
4. T&P is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co-
acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia

5. T&P is embodied in the spontaneous, on-going acCvity of the brain, which
may help to explain some of other key features of T&P
eg distress, avoidance, vigilance in the absence of threat

CriCcal Thinking QuesCons

CriCcal Thinking QuesCons

1. Where do dierences in res5ng or baseline
ac5vity come from?
- Molecular processes? Subtle psychological processes
(interac5ons between traits and trait relevant cues)?
Something else?

CriCcal Thinking QuesCons

2. Today we talked about some of the limita5ons of
res5ng measures of brain ac5vity.

What do you think?

What is another approach to tes5ng the hypothesis
that traits are always on?

The End

Check @me

If there is @me, talk about
unconscious material from Module 4

Behavior is normally guided by both

conscious and pre-conscious
processes (lie outside of awareness)

Example #1: AutomaCc aKtudes and
marriage

Behavior is normally guided by both

conscious and pre-conscious
processes (lie outside of awareness)

Example #1: AutomaCc aKtudes and
marriage

For decades, social psychological theories

have posited that the automaCc processes
captured by implicit measures have
implicaCons for social outcomes. Yet few
studies have demonstrated any long-term
implicaCons of automaCc processes, and
some scholars have begun to quesCon the
relevance and even the validity of these
theories.





135 newlywed couplescompleted an
Explicit measure of their conscious
autudes toward their relaConship and an
Implicit measure of their automaCc
autudes toward their partner. They then
reported their marital saCsfacCon
every 6 months for the next 4 years.

For decades, social psychological theories

have posited that the automaCc processes
captured by implicit measures have
implicaCons for social outcomes. Yet few
studies have demonstrated any long-term
implicaCons of automaCc processes, and
some scholars have begun to quesCon the
relevance and even the validity of these
theories.





135 newlywed couplescompleted an
Explicit measure of their conscious
autudes toward their relaConship and an
Implicit measure of their automaCc
autudes toward their partner. They then
reported their marital saCsfacCon
every 6 months for the next 4 years.

Measuring Implicit AKtudes

Indicate as quickly as possible the
valence of posiCve & negaCve words aver
seeing photographs of their partner

An index of spouses automaCc autudes
was formed by subtracCng RT for posiCve
words from RT for negaCve words

Higher scores = more posiCve autudes

Measuring Implicit AKtudes

Indicate as quickly as possible the
valence of posiCve & negaCve words aver
seeing photographs of their partner

An index of spouses automaCc autudes
was formed by subtracCng RT for posiCve
words from RT for negaCve words

Higher scores = more posiCve autudes

evil

awesome

Measuring Implicit AKtudes

Indicate as quickly as possible the
valence of posiCve & negaCve words aver
seeing photographs of their partner

An index of spouses automaCc autudes
was formed by subtracCng RT for posiCve
words from RT for negaCve words

Higher scores = more posiCve autudes

evil

awesome
Evil

Awesome

Implicit
Autude
Toward
Spouse

Lovers

Slow/500

Fast/200

300

Haters

Fast/200

Slow/500

-300

We found no correlaCon between spouses

automaCc and conscious autudes
Ss were unaware of their automaCc
autudes.

Further, spouses automaCc autudes, not
their conscious ones, predicted changes
in their marital saCsfacCon

spouses with more posiCve automaCc
autudes were less likely to experience
declines in marital saCsfacCon over Cme.

Awesome!

We found no correlaCon between spouses

automaCc and conscious autudes
Ss were unaware of their automaCc
autudes.

Further, spouses automaCc autudes, not
their conscious ones, predicted changes
in their marital saCsfacCon

spouses with more posi5ve automa@c
a_tudes were less likely to experience
declines in marital sa5sfac5on over 5me.

Behavior is normally guided by both

conscious and pre-conscious
processes (lie outside of awareness)

Example #2: Lesions can dissociate
these 2 kinds of processes

Behavior is normally guided by both

conscious and pre-conscious
processes (lie outside of awareness)

Example #2: Lesions can dissociate
these 2 kinds of processes

Safety (CS-)

Danger (CS+)

Assessed EmoConal Learning (SCR) and CogniCve Learning (conCgency awareness)

Safety (CS-)

Danger (CS+)

Assessed EmoConal Learning (SCR) and CogniCve Learning (conCgency awareness)

Skin Conductance (aka SCR, GSR, EDA)

Skin Conductance (aka SCR, GSR, EDA)

Maryland Neuroimaging Center

Phils SCR to an
electric shock

Measure of the skins electrical conductance

Varies depending on the amount of moisture

Sweat! Controlled by the SNS

IndicaCon of psychological or physiological
arousal

Widely used measure of emoConal arousal

CondiConable

Skin Conductance (aka SCR, GSR, EDA)

Maryland Neuroimaging Center

Phils SCR to an
electric shock

Measure of the skins electrical conductance

Varies depending on the amount of moisture

Sweat! Controlled by the SNS

IndicaCon of psychological or physiological
arousal

Widely used measure of emoConal arousal

CondiConable (learned emoConal reacCon)

Results

Amygdala Lesions
- block the emoConal component of fear



learning (SCR), but not conCngency


awareness
Hippocampal Lesions
- Opposite paxern
ImplicaCon
- Conscious and pre-conscious processes are
independent and reect disCnct neural circuitry

Results

Amygdala Lesions
- block the emoConal component of fear



learning (SCR), but not conCngency


awareness
Hippocampal Lesions
- Opposite paxern
ImplicaCon
- Conscious and pre-conscious processes are
independent and reect disCnct neural circuitry

Results

Amygdala Lesions
- block the emoConal component of fear



learning (SCR), but not conCngency


awareness
Hippocampal Lesions
- Opposite paxerni.e., a double dissociaCon
ImplicaCon
- Conscious and pre-conscious processes are
independent and reect disCnct neural circuitry

Results

Amygdala Lesions
- block the emoConal component of fear



learning (SCR), but not conCngency


awareness
Hippocampal Lesions
- Opposite paxerni.e., a double dissociaCon
ImplicaCon
- Conscious and pre-conscious processes are
independent and reect disCnct neural circuitry

ImplicaCon
Behavior is normally guided by both
conscious and pre-conscious processes
(lie outside of awareness)

Understanding aspects of T&P
that lie outside of conscious awareness
mandates the use of implicit behavioral
or physiological measures (e.g. SCR/GSR)

End of 2 Examples Material

Time-PermiKng
Review QuesCons

What's the problem with reducing a

complex, broad-band trait to a single
number?

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

ist

ic

0%

m
pl
o
si

To

o
c le
a.
..

0%

Al
l

ur
a

nd
er
s o
Hi

ixe
s d

ist

in

bi
lit

y t

ct
p

ro
ce
ss

es

0%

A. Mixes disCnct
processes
B. Hinders our ability
to clearly resolve
the underlying
substrates
C. Too simplisCc
D. All of the above

Mox et al PNAS: Key results: Which is true?

0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

ov
e

0%

pa
rt.
..
ly

ar
es
ar
e o
n

ain

th
e
...

0%

Te
en
sn

ar
es
e
xp
l

Te
en
sn

ds

i th

lo

C
/S
C
a

re
..
.

0%

Ki

A. Kids with low C/SC are

prone to smoke, become
parents, and drop out of
school as teens
B. Teen snares explain the
negaCve adult outcomes
(reduced health, wealth,
public safety)
experienced by many kids
with low C/SC
C. Teen snares are only part
of the story.
D. All of the above

Establishing the construct validity

of a measure requires that we
demonstrate that it is

0%

Se
ns
it

iv

e a
n

d
Sp

s (
...

ec
ifi
c

0%

m
e p
ro
ce
s

to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c

iv

e t
o

so

m
e
p

ro
ce
ss

...

0%

Se
ns
it

A. SensiCve to some
process, such as fear
B. Specic to some
process (fear & no
other process)
C. SensiCve and
Specic

Which item would NOT be found on a

paper-and-pencil measure of N/NE?
A. EmoConally labile
(unstable)
B. Bothered by change
C. Prone to sadness
D. Prone to anxiety
E. Blue or depressed
F. Punctual

Bo
t

bi
le
(u
lly
la
io
na
Em
ot

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

ns
ta
he
bl
re
e)
d
by
ch
Pr
an
on
ge
e
to
sa
Pr
dn
on
es
e
s
to
an
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ue
xie
o
ty
r d
ep
re
ss
ed
Pu
nc
tu
al

0%

While they tend to show good internal-consistency reliability and test-retest

stability, self-report measures of T&P can be limited by biases and arCfacts,
including

0%
ov
e

of
t

(e
.g.
.
or
tio

i st
c d

on
i
ne
m
M

ns

ge
rin
in

ok
i. .

ng
o
r m
al

Ly
i

(l
o
ty
es
ira
bi
li
d
ial
So
c

0%

he
ab

0%
g

0%

Al
l

A. Social desirability
(looking good)
B. Lying or malingering
C. Mnemonic
distorCons (e.g.,
peak-end rule)
D. All of the above

In terms of discovery, potenCal

limitaCons of factor analysis include

0%
o
...

bo

...

ys
na
l
he
a
ire
s t

je
ct
iv

Re
qu

e d
ec
is

io
n

t t

s a

ge
O
ut
rb
a
Su
b

rb
ag
e I
n

Ga

0%
..

0%

/G
a

A. Garbage In/Garbage Out;

Dependent on the kinds of inputs;
Cant idenCfy factors that are not
sampled or represented in the
data
B. SubjecCve decisions about the
number of factors to retain
(degree of acceptable
lossiness); Splixer or lumper
C. Requires the analyst to decide at
the outset whether dimensions
are independent or correlated
(i.e., needs to pick the rotaCon
technique)

T&P are not dierent in kind (according to Shackman)

because they are both

A. Biological
B. EmoConal
C. CogniCve
D. Somewhat heritable
E. All of the above
0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

bl

ov
e

0%

er
ita
t h

Co
gn

iti

ve

0%

So
m
ew
ha

0%

io
na
Em
ot

Bi
o

lo

gic
a

0%

Behavior is guided by

0%

co
...
an

an

us

ts
Bo
t

h
co
ns

cio

bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t

d
un

d
im
pl

p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio

0%

...

es

0%

Co
ns

A. Conscious processes
B. AutomaCc habits and
implicit autudes that lie
outside of awareness
and which opaque to
introspecCon, hence not
measureable using
standard paper-and-
pencil measures of T&P
C. Both conscious and
unconscious processes

Behavior is guided by

0%

co
...
an

an

us

ts
Bo
t

h
co
ns

cio

bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t

d
un

d
im
pl

p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio

0%

...

es

0%

Co
ns

A. Conscious processes
B. AutomaCc habits and
implicit autudes that lie
outside of awareness
and which opaque to
introspecCon, hence not
measureable using
standard paper-and-
pencil measures of T&P
C. Both conscious and
unconscious processes

Which is true?

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

tio
ss

le
d
i
ou
b

is
d

0%
n.
..

..

0%

ur
se
lv.

e T
el
l O
Th

e S
t
Th

Am
yg
da

la

or
y W

le
sio

ns

b
l

oc
k t

h.
..

0%

oc
ia

A. Amygdala lesions block the condiConed

fear response (SCR)
B. The Story We Tell Ourselves:
Hippocampal lesions block self-reported
conCngency learning
C. This double dissociaCon provides
direct evidence for separable substrates
and indicates the need for using both
raCngs and other kinds of measures
(e.g., physiological)
D. All of the above

Tomarken argued that biological

measures of T&P need to be
A. Reliable: Show adequate
internal consistency
reliability
B. Reliable: Show adequate
test-retest stability (trait-
like)
C. Reliable and Valid

0%

0%
lid
d
Va
e a
n

bl
Re
lia

ow
e:
Sh
bl
Re
lia

Re
lia

bl

e:
Sh

ow

ad

ad

eq
ua
t

eq
ua
t

...

...

0%

Establishing the construct validity

of a measure requires that we
demonstrate that it is

0%

Se
ns
it

iv

e a
n

d
Sp

s (
...

ec
ifi
c

0%

m
e p
ro
ce
s

to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c

iv

e t
o

so

m
e
p

ro
ce
ss

...

0%

Se
ns
it

A. SensiCve to some
process, such as fear
B. Specic to some
process (fear & no
other process)
C. SensiCve and
Specic

In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, Walt Mischel argued

that the primary determinant of moods, thoughts, and behavior is

Th

e s
it

ua

ti o
n,
b

ec
au

0%
h

0%

Bo
t

se
..
.

0%

T&
P

A. The situaCon,
because T&P at
most predict
outcomes r = .30
(9% variance)
B. T&P
C. Both

But contemporary science suggests that moods, thoughts, and

behavior are determined by

A. The situaCon
B. T&P
C. Both

Th

e s
it

0%
h

T&
P

0%

Bo
t

ua

tio
n

0%

 McNulty provided evidence that

A.

ov
e

0%

he
ab

in
t r
at

of
t
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l

r..
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, e
xp
l

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he
re
as

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gs
..

0%

ud
es
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ea

t it
at
it

pl
ic
Im

Im

pl
ic

it

&
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pl
ic i

t a

tti

tu

d.
.

0%

ici

Implicit & explicit autudes

toward spouses are
uncorrelated, suggesCng that
they reect disCnct neural
circuitry
B. Implicit autudes (measured
behaviorally) predicted marital
saCsfacCon 4 years later
C. Whereas, explicit raCngs of
autudes toward ones spouse
did not
D. All of the above

There is considerable
evidence that

0%

E/
PE

p
re
di

he
ab

Al
l

ct
s

p
os

ffe
ct

ct
s
re
di

re
s p

of
t

el
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t..
.

.
n
T.
Tr
ai

t m

ea
su

iff
er
en
ce
s i
ike
d
t-l

0%
ov
e

0%

0%

Tr
ai

A. Trait-like dierences in
T&P interact with trait-
relevant cues to
produce states
B. Trait measures predict
state raCngs
C. E/PE predicts pos aect
elicited by humorous
lm clips; N/NE predicts
fear and anxiety elicited
by aversive lm clips
D. All of the above

Traits predict

0%

0%

h
ei
g
is
re
f le
ct
s
Th

or
e
in

te

ns
e
st

at

es

ht
e

in

Bo
t

th

...

ne
d
...

0%

A. More intense states

in the presence of
relevant cues
B. This reects
heightened peak
acCvaCon in the
underlying neural
systems
C. Both

But, T&P also predicts

ov
e;
t

he
co

...

nd
s a
he
ab

ou
Al
l

of
t

to
ry
th
pa

ici
An
t

0%

...

0%

gh
t

n
&
re
c..
.

0%

io

re
gu
l
io
n

at
e

d
Em
ot

at

be
ha
v

io
r:
A

pp
...

0%

ot
iv

A. MoCvated behavior: Approach

or avoid
B. EmoCon regulaCon & recovery
following challenges
C. AnCcipatory thoughts and
feelings (e.g., worry) before
challenges
D. All of the above; the common
denominator is the ABSENCE of
trait-relevant cues in the
immediate environment;
therefore, the T&P x Context =
States model is true but
incomplete

Longitudinal research studies

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

ti o

n,
...

0%

us
a

p
ro
ve
ca

no
t

ly

, a
n

d
tim
...

0%

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n

pl
ex
, c
os
t

Co
m

e s
t

ro
n

g e
vid

en
ce
t.
..

0%

Pr
ov
id

A. Provide strong evidence that

antecedants (childhood) predict
consequences (adulthood), a
precondiCon for establishing
causaCon
B. Complex, costly, and Cme-
consuming
C. Can not prove causaCon,
because they do not
manipulate the putaCve cause
of the outcome
D. All of the above

The End

Things to Consider Adding

Future take home quesCon

Alex add this here

XXXXX
ALEX

SEE ALSO

69. Sakai, Y. et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism associated with a fear network in panic
disorder.
Neuroreport 16, 927931 (2005).
70. Semple, W. E. et al. Higher brain blood ow at amygdala and lower frontal cortex blood
ow in PTSD paCents with comorbid cocaine and alcohol abuse compared with normals.
Psychiatry 63, 6574 (2000).
71. Chung, Y. A. et al. AlteraCons in cerebral perfusion in posuraumaCc stress disorder
paCents without re-exposure to accident-related sCmuli. Clin.
Neurophysiol. 117, 637642 (2006).
72. Bremner, J. D. et al. Neural correlates of declaraCve
memory for emoConally valenced words in women
with posuraumaCc stress disorder related to early
childhood sexual abuse. Biol. Psychiatry 53,
879889 (2003).
73. Shin, L. M. et al. ResCng metabolic acCvity in the
cingulate cortex and vulnerability to posuraumaCc
stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66,

Note the Cme-scale!! Wang et al PNAS 2005