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PSYC
210:
How
are
traits
(T&P)
and
states
related,
2?
AJ
Shackman
19
February
2015
Yes?
Yes?
Behavioral evidence
0%
m
ita
o
li
er
e
a
re
n
Th
Co
m
pl
et
in
g b
ac
k-
to
-b
ac
ti o
ns
k..
.
,..
.
0%
0%
w
ve
a
Ha
ea
su
re
p
hy
s
io
el
l-t
ra
lo
gi
ca
l
in
ed
cl
in
...
ic.
.
0%
Brain
Everything
Else
PNAS 2006
5-HTTLPR
- Threat-evoked
amygdala
acCvity
has
been
linked
to
variaCon
in
the
serotonin-transporter
linked
polymorphic
region
(5-HTTLPR)
on
the
SLC6A4
gene
- S
allele
is
bad:
Individuals
with
the
less
transcripConally-ecient
short
allele
(fewer
transporter
proteins
available
to
clear
serotonin
from
the
synapse)
show
heightened
threat-related
amygdala
reacCvity
relaCve
to
individuals
with
the
long
allele
- Gene
Amygdala:
Meta-analyses
suggest
that
the
5-HTTLPR
genotype
accounts
for
2-5
of
the
variance
in
amygdala
reacCvity
- Gene
Amygdala
MDD:
Evidence
that
these
geneCcally
conferred
dierences
in
amygdala
reacCvity
mediate
some
of
the
associaCon
between
the
5-HTTLPR
polymorphism
and
depression
5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala
acCvity
has
been
linked
to
variaCon
in
the
serotonin-
transporter
linked
polymorphic
region
(5-HTTLPR)
on
the
SLC6A4
gene
- S
allele
is
bad:
Individuals
with
the
less
transcripConally-ecient
short
allele
(fewer
transporter
proteins
available
to
clear
serotonin
from
the
synapse)
show
heightened
threat-related
amygdala
reacCvity
relaCve
to
individuals
with
the
long
allele
- Gene
Amygdala:
Meta-analyses
suggest
that
the
5-HTTLPR
genotype
accounts
for
2-5
of
the
variance
in
amygdala
reacCvity
- Gene
Amygdala
MDD:
Evidence
that
these
geneCcally
conferred
dierences
in
amygdala
reacCvity
mediate
some
of
the
associaCon
between
the
5-HTTLPR
polymorphism
and
depression
5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala
acCvity
has
been
linked
to
variaCon
in
the
serotonin-
transporter
linked
polymorphic
region
(5-HTTLPR)
on
the
SLC6A4
gene
- S
allele
is
bad:
Individuals
with
the
less
transcripConally-ecient
short
allele
(fewer
transporter
proteins
available
to
clear
serotonin
from
the
synapse)
show
heightened
threat-related
amygdala
reacCvity
relaCve
to
individuals
with
the
long
allele
- Gene
Amygdala:
Meta-analyses
suggest
that
the
5-HTTLPR
genotype
accounts
for
2-5
of
the
variance
in
amygdala
reacCvity
- Gene
Amygdala
MDD:
Evidence
that
these
geneCcally
conferred
dierences
in
amygdala
reacCvity
mediate
some
of
the
associaCon
between
the
5-HTTLPR
polymorphism
and
depression
5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala
acCvity
has
been
linked
to
variaCon
in
the
serotonin-
transporter
linked
polymorphic
region
(5-HTTLPR)
on
the
SLC6A4
gene
- S
allele
is
bad:
Individuals
with
the
short
allele
show
heightened
N/NE
- S
allele
has
been
associated
with
negaCve
emoConal
traits
such
as
neuroCcism
and
harm
avoidancehigher
scores
in
these
traits
are
associated
with
[the
short
allele]Two
metaanalyses
have
concluded
that
presence
of
the
short
[allele]
is
associated
with
higher
levels
of
[N/NE]
- For
todays
purpose,
I
will
treat
S
as
synonymous
with
High
N/
NE
5-HTTLPR
- Amygdala
reacCvity
is
correlated
with
variaCon
in
the
serotonin-
transporter
linked
polymorphic
region
(5-HTTLPR)
on
the
SLC6A4
gene
- S
allele
is
bad:
Individuals
with
the
short
allele
show
heightened
N/NE
- S
allele
has
been
associated
with
negaCve
emoConal
traits
such
as
neuroCcism
and
harm
avoidancehigher
scores
in
these
traits
are
associated
with
[the
short
allele]Two
meta-analyses
have
concluded
that
presence
of
the
short
[allele]
is
associated
with
higher
levels
of
[N/NE]
- For
todays
purposes,
I
will
treat
S
as
synonymous
with
High
N/
NE
PNAS 2006
PNAS 2006
PNAS 2006
PNAS 2006
Sound familiar?
Students
How
does
Canli
go
about
tes@ng
this
hypothesis?
What
tools
does
he
employ?
Hypothesis Testing:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Specic
to
ASL?
Specic
to
Bad
Allele
or
other
features
of
Canlis
subjects
and
study
procedures?
Or
might
the
tonic
ac@vity
model
be
more
general?
Convergent
Evidence
from
ResCng
PET
Amygdala
Convergent
Evidence
from
ResCng
PET
Amygdala
Convergent
Evidence
from
ResCng
PET
Amygdala
R = .41
Convergent
Evidence
from
ResCng
PET
R = .41
R
=
.56
Amygdala
Individuals
with
higher
levels
of
N/NE
are
characterized
by
elevated
metabolic
ac@vity
in
the
amygdala
at
rest
Abercrombie
et
al
Neuroreport
1998
QuanCfying
individual
dierences
in
N/NE
Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010
QuanCfying
individual
dierences
in
N/NE
The
composite
phenotype
Heritable
Parallels
behavioral
inhibiCon
in
children,
a
key
risk
factor
for
anxiety
disorders
Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010
QuanCfying
individual
dierences
in
N/NE
The
composite
phenotype
Heritable
Parallels
behavioral
inhibiCon
in
children,
a
key
risk
factor
for
anxiety
disorders
A
key
advantage
of
this
model
is
that
it
aords
an
opportunity
to
obtain
concurrent
measures
of
naturalis@c
emo@onal
behavior
and
brain
ac@vity
Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010
Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010
18-FDG
Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review.; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010
Important
Point
Although
the
monkey
is
anesthe5zed
in
the
PET
scanner,
the
signal
that
is
measured
reects
what
the
brain
was
doing
during
the
preceding
behavioral
challenge,
when
the
monkey
was
freely
behaving
in
the
test
cage
Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010
0%
0%
Bo
t
(.
..
te
m
pe
ra
m
en
t
us
An
xio
us
te
m
pe
ra
m
en
t
(.
..
0%
An
xio
A. Anxious
temperament
(N/NE)
is
predicted
by
acCvity
during
the
stressful
condiCons
(e.g.
intruder)
B. Anxious
temperament
(N/NE)
is
predicted
by
acCvity
during
the
secure
condiCons
(e.g.
home
alone)
C. Both
Students
Poten@al
concerns
or
limita@ons?
Is
home
cage
tes@ng
really
a
secure,
relaxed
environment?
Measuring
the
neural
response
at
home
18-FDG
Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review.; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010
N
=
89
/
238
animals
Shackman
et
al.
PNAS
2013
Oler
et
al.
Nature
2010
N
=
89
/
238
animals
Shackman
et
al.
PNAS
2013
Oler
et
al.
Nature
2010
Important
Note!
In
contrast
to
FDG-PET,
when
you
collect
fMRI
under
anesthesia,
you
are
altering
the
on-going
acCvity
of
the
brain
what
you
are
measuring.
Everybody
clear
on
this
dierence
across
modaliCes?
N
=
89
/
238
animals
Shackman
et
al.
PNAS
2013
Oler
et
al.
Nature
2010
N
=
89
/
238
animals
Shackman
et
al.
PNAS
2013
Oler
et
al.
Nature
2010
dlPFC
The
central
Stronger
nucleus
Ce-PFC
(Ce)
cis
onnecCvity
more
funcConally
autonomous
predicts
din
ecreased
anxious
aindividuals
nxiety
The
End
Check
@me
If
there
is
@me,
talk
about
unconscious
material
from
Module
4
evil
awesome
evil
awesome
Evil
Awesome
Implicit
Autude
Toward
Spouse
Lovers
Slow/500
Fast/200
300
Haters
Fast/200
Slow/500
-300
Awesome!
Safety (CS-)
Danger (CS+)
Safety (CS-)
Danger (CS+)
Phils
SCR
to
an
electric
shock
Phils
SCR
to
an
electric
shock
Results
Amygdala
Lesions
-
block
the
emoConal
component
of
fear
learning
(SCR),
but
not
conCngency
awareness
Hippocampal
Lesions
-
Opposite
paxern
ImplicaCon
-
Conscious
and
pre-conscious
processes
are
independent
and
reect
disCnct
neural
circuitry
Results
Amygdala
Lesions
-
block
the
emoConal
component
of
fear
learning
(SCR),
but
not
conCngency
awareness
Hippocampal
Lesions
-
Opposite
paxern
ImplicaCon
-
Conscious
and
pre-conscious
processes
are
independent
and
reect
disCnct
neural
circuitry
Results
Amygdala
Lesions
-
block
the
emoConal
component
of
fear
learning
(SCR),
but
not
conCngency
awareness
Hippocampal
Lesions
-
Opposite
paxerni.e.,
a
double
dissociaCon
ImplicaCon
-
Conscious
and
pre-conscious
processes
are
independent
and
reect
disCnct
neural
circuitry
Results
Amygdala
Lesions
-
block
the
emoConal
component
of
fear
learning
(SCR),
but
not
conCngency
awareness
Hippocampal
Lesions
-
Opposite
paxerni.e.,
a
double
dissociaCon
ImplicaCon
-
Conscious
and
pre-conscious
processes
are
independent
and
reect
disCnct
neural
circuitry
ImplicaCon
Behavior
is
normally
guided
by
both
conscious
and
pre-conscious
processes
(lie
outside
of
awareness)
Understanding
aspects
of
T&P
that
lie
outside
of
conscious
awareness
mandates
the
use
of
implicit
behavioral
or
physiological
measures
(e.g.
SCR/GSR)
Time-PermiKng
Review
QuesCons
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
ist
ic
0%
m
pl
o
si
To
o
c le
a.
..
0%
Al
l
ur
a
nd
er
s
o
Hi
ixe
s
d
ist
in
bi
lit
y t
ct
p
ro
ce
ss
es
0%
A. Mixes
disCnct
processes
B. Hinders
our
ability
to
clearly
resolve
the
underlying
substrates
C. Too
simplisCc
D. All
of
the
above
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
ov
e
0%
pa
rt.
..
ly
ar
es
ar
e
o
n
ain
th
e
...
0%
Te
en
sn
ar
es
e
xp
l
Te
en
sn
ds
i th
lo
C
/S
C
a
re
..
.
0%
Ki
0%
Se
ns
it
iv
e
a
n
d
Sp
s
(
...
ec
ifi
c
0%
m
e
p
ro
ce
s
to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c
iv
e
t
o
so
m
e
p
ro
ce
ss
...
0%
Se
ns
it
A. SensiCve
to
some
process,
such
as
fear
B. Specic
to
some
process
(fear
&
no
other
process)
C. SensiCve
and
Specic
Bo
t
bi
le
(u
lly
la
io
na
Em
ot
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
ns
ta
he
bl
re
e)
d
by
ch
Pr
an
on
ge
e
to
sa
Pr
dn
on
es
e
s
to
an
Bl
ue
xie
o
ty
r
d
ep
re
ss
ed
Pu
nc
tu
al
0%
0%
ov
e
of
t
(e
.g.
.
or
tio
i st
c
d
on
i
ne
m
M
ns
ge
rin
in
ok
i. .
ng
o
r
m
al
Ly
i
(l
o
ty
es
ira
bi
li
d
ial
So
c
0%
he
ab
0%
g
0%
Al
l
A. Social
desirability
(looking
good)
B. Lying
or
malingering
C. Mnemonic
distorCons
(e.g.,
peak-end
rule)
D. All
of
the
above
0%
o
...
bo
...
ys
na
l
he
a
ire
s
t
je
ct
iv
Re
qu
e
d
ec
is
io
n
t t
s a
ge
O
ut
rb
a
Su
b
rb
ag
e
I
n
Ga
0%
..
0%
/G
a
A. Biological
B. EmoConal
C. CogniCve
D. Somewhat
heritable
E. All
of
the
above
0%
Al
l
of
t
he
ab
bl
ov
e
0%
er
ita
t
h
Co
gn
iti
ve
0%
So
m
ew
ha
0%
io
na
Em
ot
Bi
o
lo
gic
a
0%
Behavior is guided by
0%
co
...
an
an
us
ts
Bo
t
h
co
ns
cio
bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t
d
un
d
im
pl
p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio
0%
...
es
0%
Co
ns
A. Conscious
processes
B. AutomaCc
habits
and
implicit
autudes
that
lie
outside
of
awareness
and
which
opaque
to
introspecCon,
hence
not
measureable
using
standard
paper-and-
pencil
measures
of
T&P
C. Both
conscious
and
unconscious
processes
Behavior is guided by
0%
co
...
an
an
us
ts
Bo
t
h
co
ns
cio
bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t
d
un
d
im
pl
p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio
0%
...
es
0%
Co
ns
A. Conscious
processes
B. AutomaCc
habits
and
implicit
autudes
that
lie
outside
of
awareness
and
which
opaque
to
introspecCon,
hence
not
measureable
using
standard
paper-and-
pencil
measures
of
T&P
C. Both
conscious
and
unconscious
processes
Which is true?
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
tio
ss
le
d
i
ou
b
is
d
0%
n.
..
..
0%
ur
se
lv.
e
T
el
l
O
Th
e
S
t
Th
Am
yg
da
la
or
y
W
le
sio
ns
b
l
oc
k
t
h.
..
0%
oc
ia
0%
0%
lid
d
Va
e
a
n
bl
Re
lia
ow
e:
Sh
bl
Re
lia
Re
lia
bl
e:
Sh
ow
ad
ad
eq
ua
t
eq
ua
t
...
...
0%
0%
Se
ns
it
iv
e
a
n
d
Sp
s
(
...
ec
ifi
c
0%
m
e
p
ro
ce
s
to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c
iv
e
t
o
so
m
e
p
ro
ce
ss
...
0%
Se
ns
it
A. SensiCve
to
some
process,
such
as
fear
B. Specic
to
some
process
(fear
&
no
other
process)
C. SensiCve
and
Specic
Th
e
s
it
ua
ti o
n,
b
ec
au
0%
h
0%
Bo
t
se
..
.
0%
T&
P
A. The
situaCon,
because
T&P
at
most
predict
outcomes
r
=
.30
(9%
variance)
B. T&P
C. Both
A. The
situaCon
B. T&P
C. Both
Th
e
s
it
0%
h
T&
P
0%
Bo
t
ua
tio
n
0%
ov
e
0%
he
ab
in
t
r
at
of
t
Al
l
r..
su
,
e
xp
l
W
he
re
as
0%
gs
..
0%
ud
es
(m
ea
t it
at
it
pl
ic
Im
Im
pl
ic
it
&
ex
pl
ic i
t a
tti
tu
d.
.
0%
ici
There
is
considerable
evidence
that
0%
E/
PE
p
re
di
he
ab
Al
l
ct
s
p
os
ffe
ct
ct
s
re
di
re
s
p
of
t
el
..
t..
.
.
n
T.
Tr
ai
t m
ea
su
iff
er
en
ce
s
i
ike
d
t-l
0%
ov
e
0%
0%
Tr
ai
A. Trait-like
dierences
in
T&P
interact
with
trait-
relevant
cues
to
produce
states
B. Trait
measures
predict
state
raCngs
C. E/PE
predicts
pos
aect
elicited
by
humorous
lm
clips;
N/NE
predicts
fear
and
anxiety
elicited
by
aversive
lm
clips
D. All
of
the
above
Traits predict
0%
0%
h
ei
g
is
re
f le
ct
s
Th
or
e
in
te
ns
e
st
at
es
ht
e
in
Bo
t
th
...
ne
d
...
0%
ov
e;
t
he
co
...
nd
s
a
he
ab
ou
Al
l
of
t
to
ry
th
pa
ici
An
t
0%
...
0%
gh
t
n
&
re
c..
.
0%
io
re
gu
l
io
n
at
e
d
Em
ot
at
be
ha
v
io
r:
A
pp
...
0%
ot
iv
ov
e
0%
he
ab
of
t
Al
l
ti o
n,
...
0%
us
a
p
ro
ve
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