Lecture #11

Anchors, Dewatering,
Protection of adjacvent buildings, Monitoring

Ground anchors - terms

Ground anchor : A structural element
which transfers forces from the
supported structure to tghe ground
_____________________________________

Anchor head : transferring load to the

structure (fixing, pre-stressing))
Free section : Connection between
fixed section and anchor head
Fixed section : load transfer to soil
(behind slip surface, overall
stability!)
_____________________________________

HIGH RISK STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

!!!!
Can cause progressive failure

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Typical applications

Support of retaining structures

Tunnel lining
Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Typical applications - EXAMPLE

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Typical applications

Bridge abutment taking the horizontal forces

Protection against uplift
Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Typical applications - EXAMPLE

Sheet piling temporary working platform

anchoring concreting (under water level)
pre-stressing

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Typical applications

Ensuring the stability of high structures

Protection against forces caused by flowing water

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Typical applications

slope protection (e.g. rock slopes)

Harbor
Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Ground anchor classification

- temporary , T 2 years (e.g. deep excav.)
- permanent (e.g. bridge abutment)
corrosion! (soil conditions + life span)
Type of fixed section: - grouted (load transfer by shear stress)
- mechanuical (e.g. umbrella)
- expanded body
Cast:
- precast
- cast in place (temporary only !)

based on life span:

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Grouted anchors

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

Fixed section is the

grouted part
(prestressing)
load transfer by shear
stresses
Advantegous in dense (e
0,6) granular
materialand stiff calys
(Ic > 1,0)
Most typical in Hungary

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Mechanical anchors
Fixed section
provided by a
mechanical structure
installation by
driving
pulling out causes the
opening of the wings
Resisance is caused
by the passive
resistance of the soil
Larger movements at
prestressing (special
machine)
temporary, small
forces
Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Expanded anchors

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

An expanded body
is driven in the soil
Inflating the body
Resisance is caused
by the passive
resistance of the
soil
Advantageous in
soft soils

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Expanded
anchor

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Expanded anchor

Fixed section
different stages

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Grouted anchor

grouting tubes outside

Anchor head
Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Grouted anchors
Elements:
steel bar, threaded
Head : plate + screw nut
Conical tip
Ribbed PVC tube (fixed)
Smooth PVC tube (free)
Inner and oter grouting
tubes
Spacer

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Geometry
Anchor head above groundwater
level (if possible)
Inclination between 15-30
Fixed section in good bearing
capacity soil behind active slip
surface
Internal stability (stability of the
soil wedge)
SOIL EXPLORATION

Length of fixed section

(experience), generally 6,o-8,o m

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Construction

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Horgony frsa friszappal (talajvz felett)

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Horgony frsa friszappal (talajvz felett)

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Talajvz alatti horgony pakker , vzelzrs

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Horgony ellenrz fesztse

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Horgony ellenrz fesztse

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Elkszlt fesztett blokkolt horgony

Talajhorgonyzs (Meszlnyi Zs.)

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Dewatering > Goals of dewatering

1. To keep the excavation

bottom dry
2. To prevent leakage of
groundwater or soils
3. To avoid sand boiling
4. To avoid upheaval failure
5. to keep the basement floor
from floating

http://www.dewateringconsultants.com/

Dewatering > Goals of dewatering

> keeping the excavation bottom dry

Required depth of water table (below excavation bottom)

0.5 m if no heavy machines are present
1.0 m if heavy machines are working at the bottom of the
excavations

Dewatering > Goals of dewatering

> preventing leakage
When using not perfectly water tight
structure (e.g. bored piles, sheet piles)
in sandy-gravelly soils with high
groundwater level, the defection of the
retaining wall may result in leaking of
water and/or soil to the excavation

Dewatering > Goals of dewatering

> to avoide sand boiling
As the water level is lowered at the excavation bottom, a permanent potential
difference is caused and a permanent seepage is generated.
At the bottom the flow
direction is vertical (upward).
If the critical hydraulic gradient
is reached quick condition or
sand boiling occurs
(the seepage force equals
the weight of the soil).
Protection:
- increasing the flow path,
- decreasing the pressure difference

Dewatering > Goals of dewatering

> to avoide upheaval failure
If the excavation is performed in low permeability (e.g. clay) layer underlain by a
large permeability (e.g. sand or gravel) layer, the excavation bottom can be
subjected to a significant water pressure.
If the water pressure is larger than the weight of the soil, upheaval failure occurs.

Dewatering > Goals of dewatering

> to avoide basement floating

Dewatering > Methods

> Open sump method

Dewatering > Methods

> Open sump method

- Commonly used

- Very economical
- In high permeability soils large influence zone significant amount of
water
- In low permeability soils local effect closer ditch spacing

Dewatering > Methods

> Deep wells

Dewatering > Methods

> Deep wells

Dewatering > Methods

> Deep wells

- Tyical diameter: 120-200 mm

- Wells are to be located in the vicinity of the excavation

- In high to moderate permeability soils large influence zone significant
amount of water
- In low permeability soils local effect closer ditch spacing (often well
point is more economical)

Dewatering > Methods

> (Vacuum) Well point

Dewatering > Methods

> Well point

Dewatering > Methods

> Well point

Dewatering > Methods

> Well points

- Forced draining

- Wells are to be located in the vicinity of the excavation

- Can be used effectively in the case of low permeability soils

Dewatering > Methods

> Well point

 2008 PJ

Field determination of k
Pumping test test
r

r1

q = Av

r2

dh
q = [2 r h ] k
dr

dh
dr
h

Impervious layer

h2

h1

dr 2 k 1
r r = q h h dh
2
2
r1

r1
ln
r2
q

k= 2
h1 h 22

 2008 PJ

Field determination of k
Pumping test test
ASSUMPTIONS:
The groundwater is infinite in horizontal direction
The soil layer is homogeneous horizontal, has a constant thickness
The groundwater supply is ensured
The well is deepened to and impervios layer
The coeeficient of permeability is the same in each direction .

 2008 PJ

Field determination of k
Pumping test test
t
q

2r

r y
40
k=

y y t
L

20 + 2
L
r

Dewatering > Appropiate dewatering method

Dewatering > Influence range

Dewatering > Influence range

Dewatering > Influence range

Protection of adjacent buildings

Monitoring

Allowable settlements > Deformation types

Allowable settlements
> Limiting values of deformation

Deep excavation Theory and practice

Allowable settlements
> Limiting values of deformation

Deep excavation Theory and practice (Yen and Chang, 1991)

Allowable settlements
> Decreasing movements
Soil improvement
chemical grouting, jet grouting
deep mixing
micropiles
Taking into account the characteristics of excavation induced defromation
reducing the unsupported length
decreasing the influence of creeping (reducing construction time)
corner effect
Increasing the stiffnes of strut-retaining structure system
increasing strut stiffness
increasing wall stiffness
cross or counterfort walls

Allowable settlements
> Movements caused by construction defects
Leakage

Removal of
sheet piles

Dewatering

Monitoring

Monitoring
> Strain gauges > basic principle

Monitoring > Measurement of movements

> retaining wall deformation (inclinometer)

Monitoring > Measurement of movements

> retaining wall deformation (inclinometer)

Monitoring > Measurement of movements

> retaining wall deformation (inclinometer)

Monitoring > Measurement of movements

> retaining wall deformation (inclinometer)

Monitoring > Measurement of movements

> Building settlement

Monitoring > Measurement of stresses

> Earth pressure

Monitoring > Measurement of stresses

> Water pressure