Handouts

Term is a word or group of words which, by convention signifies an idea in the mind and the object it
represents.
Twofold elements of Terms
1. Comprehension

Example
Bachelor is an unmarried man.

a.

Univocal

b.

Equivocal

c.

Analogous

Tree. Whether applied to narra, mahogany, maple

or coconut means the same thing.
Star. Means a celestial body when applied to the
Sun. But when applied to Nora Aunor means
actress.
Head. When used as head of the man and the
father is head of the family, has commonality
and distinction.

2. Extension
a. Singular
b.

Particular

c.

Universal

The Classifications of Terms

Pope Francis is the new pope.

This examination is easy.
Some Filipinos are persons with dual citizenship.
Few soldiers are mutineers.
A lion is a circus animal.
All students are learners.
No Christian are muslims.
Every man is a mortal being.
Examples

1. Opposition of Terms
a.

Contradictory Terms

Black and non-black.

Living and non-living.

b.

Contrary Terms

Black and White, and between them there can

be other colors.
Tall and short.
Pretty and ugly.

2.
a.
b.

Composition of Terms
Simple Terms
Compound Terms

3.

Interdependence of Terms

a. Absolute Terms
b. Relative Terms
4.
a.
b.

Objects of Terms
Concrete Terms
Abstract Terms

dog, man, house, paper, table, etc.

Human beings, beautiful women, the peoples
champion.
trees, roads, cities, etc.
Teacher-student, master-servant, king-subjects,
husband-wife
car, desk, ball, dress, etc.
beauty, love, truth, justice, etc.

Categorical Proposition
Definition of Proposition. A proposition is traditionally define as a statement of fact which is either
true or false.
2 Attributes of a Proposition

Example

1.
2.

A proposition as a statement of fact.

A proposition is either true or false.

The Philippines was a colony of Spain.

No cars are carabaos. (true)
All cars are carabaos. (false)

Types of Proposition.
1. Categorical Propositions
2.

Example
Earth is a planet.
Man is a creature.
John is handsome and a good student.

Hypothetical Propositions

Standard Categorical Propositions. A standard form categorical proposition consist of these four
elements: 1. quantifier. 2. subject term. 3. copula. 4. Predicate term.
Example:
Affirmative

Quantifier
All

Subject
Doctors

Copula
Are

Predicate
Professionals

Negative

Some

Doctors

Are not

Women

Three standard quantifiers:

a. All for universal propositions.
b. Some for particular propositions.
c. No for universal-negative propositions.
Quality of Proposition:
a. Affirmative Proposition. An Affirmative proposition uses the copula is or are.
b. Negative Proposition. A negative proposition uses the copula is not or are not.
Examples: i. That horse is the winner.
ii. That horse is not the winner.
The Four Standard-Form Categorical Propositions.
Letter Symbol

Logical
Structure

Quality of the
Proposition

Quantity of
the Subject
Term

Quantity of
the Predicate
Term

Example

All S is P.

Affirmative

Universal

Particular

All artworks
are creations
of man.

No S is P.

Negative

Universal

Universal

No Christmas
season is a
Lenten
season

Some S is P.

Affirmative

Particular

Particular

Some
graduates are
honor
students.

Some S is not
P.

Negative

Particular

Universal

Some springs
are not
tourist spots