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Applications of Vectors
m 2 5 52 1 122 2 2(5)(12) cos 135
2 !2
5 25 1 144 2 120a
b
2
5 169 1 84.85
5 253.85
800
m 5 "253.85
8 15.93 units
122 5 15.932 1 52 2 2(15.93)(5) cos u
144 5 253.76 1 25 2 159.3 cos u
2134.76 5 2159.3 cos u
134.76
cos u 5
159.3
134.76
u 5 cos21 a
b
159.3
8 32.2
So the displacement is 15.93 units, W 32.2 N.
3.
z
C(2, 0, 1)
B(3, 2, 0)
y
A(0, 1, 0)
tan u 5
u 5 tan
100
800
21
100
a
b
800
u 8 7.1
The velocity of the airplane relative to the ground is
about 806 km> h N 7.1 E.
2.
displacement
12
u
5
D(0, 2, 3)
4. a. (3, 22, 7)
l 5 magnitude
5 "32 1 (22)2 1 72
5 "9 1 4 1 49
5 "62
8 7.87
b. (29, 3, 14)
l 5 magnitude
5 "(29)2 1 32 1 142
5 !81 1 9 1 196
5 !286
8 16.91
7-1
c. (1, 1, 0)
l 5 magnitude
5 "12 1 12 1 02
5 "2
8 1.41
d. (2, 0, 29)
l 5 magnitude
5 "22 1 02 1 (29)2
5 "4 1 0 1 81
5 "85
8 9.22
5. a. A(x, y, 0)
In the xy-plane at the point (x, y).
b. B(x, 0, z)
In the xz-plane at the point (x, z).
c. C(0, y, z)
In the yz-plane at the point (y, z).
6. a. (26, 0) 1 7(1, 21)
>
>
>
>
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 7(i 2 j )
>
>
>
>
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j )
>
>
5 i 2 7j
b. (4, 21, 3) 2 (22, 1, 3)
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 (22i 1 j 1 3k )
>
>
5 6i 2 2j
c. 2(21, 1, 3) 1 3(22, 3, 21)
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 2(2i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3(22i 1 3j 2 k )
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (22i 1 2j 1 6k ) 1 (26i 1 9j 2 3k )
>
>
>
5 28i 1 11j 1 3k
1
3
d. 2 (4, 26, 8) 1 (4, 26, 8)
2
2
>
>
>
>
3 >
1 >
5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k )
2 >
2>
>
>
>
>
5 (22i 1 3j 2 4k ) 1 (6i 2 9j 1 12k )
>
>
>
5 4i 2 6j 1 8k
>
>
7. a. a> 1 b >
>
>
>
5 (3i
1
2j
2
k
)
1
(22i
1
j
)
>
>
>
5 i 1 3j 2 k
>
>
b. a 2> b >
>
>
>
1
j
)
5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 (22i
>
>
5 (3i
1
2j
2
k
)
1
(2i
2
j
)
>
>
>
5 5i 1 j 2 k
>
>
c. 2a 2> 3b >
>
>
>
1 2j
2 k>) 2 3(22i
1> j )
5 2(3i
>
>
>
5 (6i> 1 4j
2 2k
) 1 (6i 2 3j )
>
>
5 12i 1 j 2 2k
7-2
b. 180
3.
10 N
20 N
equilibrant
f2
resultant
f1
r 5 "148
8 12.17 N
Using the sine law, the resultants angle, u, can be
found by
sin u
sin 120
5
8
12.17
@ f2 @ (1.035) 5 10
1
5 62 1 82 2 2(6)(8)a2 b
2
5 36 1 64 1 48
5 148
sin u 5 8
"3
2
12.17
u 5 sin21 8
"3
2
12.17
8 34.7 from the 6 N force toward the 8 N
force. The equilibrant, then, would be 12.17 N at
180 2 34.7 5 145.3 from the 6 N force away
from the 8 N force.
9.
10 N
f1
f2
x2 5 @ f2 @ sin 75
x1 1 x2 5 10
>
So @ f1 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
>
Substituting then solving for f2 yields
> cos 75
>
@ f2 @
sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
cos 15
> cos 75
@ f2 @ a
sin 15 1 sin 75b 5 10
cos 15
>
>
>
@ f2 @ 5 9.66 N
>
Now we solve for f1 :
>
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
cos 75
cos 15
>
cos 75
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)
cos 15
>
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)(0.268)
>
>
@ f1 @ 5 2.59 N
So the force 15 from the 10 N force is 9.66 N and
the force perpendicular to it is 2.59 N.
10. The force of the block is
(10 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 98 N. The component of this
force parallel to the ramp is
(98) sin 30 5 (98)A 12 B 5 49 N, directed down the
ramp. So the force preventing this block from
moving would be 49 N directed up the ramp.
11. a.
>
7N
13 N
>
8N
f1 = 24 N
@ fr @ 5
>
resultant = 25 N
equlibrant
f2
1N
60
60
1N
"2 b
2
200 2 200a
"2
b
2
8 7.65 N
Since our net forces are equal at 10 N, the angle of
the resultant is directed halfway
between
the two, or
>
>
1
at 2 (135) 5 67.5 from f2 toward f3.
16.
T2
T1
20 kg
T2 (1.12) 5 196
T2 8 175.73 N
cos 45
T1 5 (175.73)
cos 30
8 143.48 N
Thus the tension in the 45 rope is 175.73 N and the
tension in the 30 rope is 143.48 N.
17.
40 cm
24 cm
35
2x
32 cm
5 kg
N
W
E
S
7-5
19.
u10N 5 cos21 a
5N
8N
10N
7-6
10
b
213.75
8 136.7
20. We know that the resultant of these two forces is
equal in magnitude and angle to the> diagonal
line
>
of the parallelogram formed with f1 and f2 as legs
>
>
and has diagonal length @ f1 1 f2 @ . We also know
from the cosine law that
>
>
>
>
>
>
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
where f is the supplement to u in our parallelogram.
Since we know f 5 180 2 u, then
cos f 5 cos (180 2 u) 5 2cos u.
Thus
we> have >
>
>
>
>
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
>
>
>
>
5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
>
>
>
>
>
>
11.
h
m/
5k
20 30
u
212 km/h
> >
> >
>
1. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 0. This means 0 a 0 5 0,
>
or @ b @ 5 0, or cos u 5 0. To be guaranteed that the
two vectors are perpendicular, the vectors must be
nonzero.
> >
2. a ? b is a scalar, and
a dot product is only defined
> >
>
for vectors, so (a ? b ) ? c is meaningless.
> >
> >
>
>
3. Answers
may vary. Let a 5 i, b 5 j, c 5 2i.
>
>
>
>
>
>
a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2c .
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
4. a ? b 5 b ? a 5 b ? c because c 5 a
>
>
>
>
5. Since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 @ b @ 5 1 and
since they are pointing in opposite directions
then
> >
u 5 180 so cos u 5 21. Therefore a ? b 5 21.
> >
> >
6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
5 (4)(8) cos (60)
5 (32)(.5)
5 16
> >
> >
b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
5 (2)(4) cos (150)
"3
5 (8)a2
b
2
8 26.93
> >
> >
c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5 (0)(8) cos (100)
50
> >
> >
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
5 (1)(1) cos (180)
5 (1)(21)
5 21
> >
> >
e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
5 (2)(5) cos (90)
5 (10)(0)
50
> >
> >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
5 (4)(8) cos 145
8 226.2
> >
> >
7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u
"3
5 cos u
2
u 5 30
> >
> >
b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
(6) 5 (6)(6) cos u
1
5 cos u
6
u 8 80
> >
> >
c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
3 5 (5)(1) cos u
3
5 cos u
5
u 8 53
> >
> >
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
23 5 (5)(1) cos u
3
2 5 cos u
5
u 8 127>
> >
>
e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
10.5 5 (7)(3) cos u
1
5 cos u
2
u 5 60
> >
> >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
250 5 (10)(10) cos u
1
2 5 cos u
2
u 5 120>
> >
>
8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5 (7.5)(6) cos (180 2 120)
1
5 (45)a b
2
5 22.5
Note: u is the angle between the two vectors when
they are tail to> tail, so u 2> 120.
>
>
>
>
>
>
9. a. (a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b
>
>
>
>
1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b
>2
5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2
> >
> >
2 3a ? b 1 10a
?b
>
>
2
@
@
5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15
b
> >
1 7a ? b
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b. 3x ? (x 2 3y ) 2 (x 2 3y ) ? (23x 1 y )
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
5 3 0 x 0 2 2 3x ? 3y 1 3 0 x 0 2 2 x ? y 2 (23y ? 23x )
>2
1 30 y 0
>
> >
> >
> >
>
5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2
>2
> >
>2
5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 30 y 0
>
10. @ 0 @ 5 0 so the dot product of any vector with
>
0 is 0.
7-9
>
>
> >
>
>
>
>
11. (a 2 5b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90)
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0
>
>
> >
0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b
>
> > 1 >
a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2)
6
5
1
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
12. a. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b ) 5 a ? >a 1 a ? b
>
>
>
1 b ? a 1 b> ? b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b
>
1 @b@ 2
>
>2
> >
@
@2
1
2a
1
b
5
0
a
0
?
b
>
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
>
b. (a 1 b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a
>
>
2b?b
>
>
> >
> >
5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2
>
>
5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2
>
> >
13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ?> a
>
>
>
5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2
>
>
>
>
b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (90) 5 0
>
>
>
Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2.
This is just what the Pythagorean theorem says,
>
>
where b and c are the legs of the right triangle.
>
>
>
>
>
>
14. (u 1 v 1 w ) ? (u 1 v 1 w )
> >
> >
>
>
> >
> >
5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v
>
>
> >
> >
>
>
1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w
>2
>2
>2
> >
5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0cos (90)
> >
> >
1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0cos (90) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0cos (90)
5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2
5 14
>
>
>
>
15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v )
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2
>
>
5 20 u 0 2 1 2 0 v 0 2
>
>
>
>
>
16. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
>
>
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> >
> >
5 1 1 20 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0cos (60) 1 1
> >
1 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (120)
1
1
1
5 2 1 2a b 1 2
2
2
2
53
>
>
>
>
17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
1 c ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 5 0
>
>
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
>
> >
>
>
1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
7-10
>
> >
> >
>
1 1 4 1 9 1 2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0
>
>
>
> >
>
2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 214
>
>
>
> >
>
a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27
>
>
>
18. d> 5 b> 2 c
>
b 5 d 1> c
> >
> >
>
c ? a 5 ((b ? a ) a ) ? a
>
>
> >
> > >
>
c ? a 5 (b ? a )(a ? a ) because b ? a is a scalar
>
> >
> >
c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2
>
> >
>
>
>
c ? a 5 (d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1
>
> >
>
> >
c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a
>
d?a50
> >
a?b
c. cos u 5 > >
0 a 0 @b@
(2)(2) 1 (2)(1) 1 (1)(22)
5
"4 1 4 1 1"4 1 1 1 4
4
5
(3)(3)
4
5
9
u 8 64 >
>
a?b
d. cos u 5 > >
0 a 0 @b@
(2)(25) 1 (3)(0) 1 (26)(12)
5
"4 1 9 1 36"25 1 144
282
5
(7)(13)
282
5
91
u 8 154
> >
> >
7. a.
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> >
(21)(26k) 1 (2)(21) 1 (23)(k) 5 0 a 0 @ b @
cos (90)
6k 2 2 2 3k 5 0
3k 5 2
2
k5
3
> >
> >
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
b.
(1)(0) 1 (1)(k) 5 "1 1 1"k 2 cos (45)
1
k 5 "2 0 k 0
"2
k 5 0k0
k$0
8. a.
y
2
(0, 1)
1
(1, 0) x
2 1 0 1 2
1
2
b.
y
2
(0, 1)
1
(1, 0) x
0
2 1
1 2
1
2
7-11
3"2
"8"3
"3
5
2
u 5 30
>
>
10. a. i. a 5 kb
8 5 12k
2
k5
3
2
p 5 4a b
3
8
p5
3
2
25 q
3
q53
ii. Answers may
vary. For example:
> >
a?b50
2q 1 4p 1 96 5 0
q 5 22p 2 48
Let p 5 1
q 5 250
b. In part a., the values are unique because both
vectors have their third component specified, and >
the ratios must be the same for each component b.
In part b. the values are not unique; any value of
p could have been chosen, each resulting in a
different value of q.
7-12
>
>
>
2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
y5z
Let y 5 1.
(1, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 3, 24) and
(21, 22, 3).
14. (p, p, 1) ? (p, 22, 23) 5 0
p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0
2 6 "22 2 4(23)
2
p5162
p 5 3 or 21
15. a. (23, p, 21) ? (1, 24, q) 5 0
23 2 4p 2 q 5 0
3 1 4p 1 q 5 0
b. 3 1 4p 2 3 5 0
p50
16. Answers may vary. For example: Note that
>
>
s 5 22r , so they are collinear. Therefore any
>
vector that is perpendicular to s is also
>
perpendicular to r .
(x, y, z) ? (1, 2, 21) 5 0
x 1 2y 2 z 5 0
Let x 5 z 5 1.
(1, 0, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 2, 21) and
(22, 24, 2).
Let x 5 y 5 1.
(1, 1, 3) is perpendicular to (1, 2 2 1) and
(22, 24, 2).
> >
> >
17. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
(24, p, 22) ? (22, 3, 6)
p5
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 )a
4 2
b
21
320
16
1 p2
9
9
65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5
p5
p 5 4 or 2
44
65
> >
18. a. a ? b 5 23 1 3
50
Therefore, since the two diagonals are perpendicular,
all the sides must be the same length.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
>
>
1 >
b. AB 5 (a 1 b )
2
5 (1, 2, 21)
>
>
1 >
BC 5 (a 2 b )
2
5 (2, 1, 1)
>
>
@ AB @ 5 @ BC @ 5 "6
>
>
>
>
c. AB ? BC 5 @ AB @ @ BC @ cos u1
2 1 2 2 1 5 6 cos u1
1
5 cos u1
2
u1 5 60
2u1 1 2u2 5 360
u2 5 120
>
>
19. a. AB 5 (3, 4, 212), DA 5 (24, 2 2 q, 25)
>
>
AB ? DA 5 0
212 1 8 2 4q 1 60 5 0
21 2 q 1 15 5 0
q 5 14
>
>
DA 5 CB
(24, 212, 25) 5 (2 2 x, 6 2 y, 29 2 z)
x 5 6, y 5 18, z 5 24
The coordinates of vertex C are (6, 18, 24).
>
>
>
>
b.
AC ? BD 5 @ AC @ @ BD @ cos u
(7, 16, 27) ? (1, 8, 17) 5 "49 1 256 1 49
3 "1 1 64 1 289 cos u
7 1 128 2 119 5 354 cos u
16
5 cos u
354
u 8 87.4
20. The two vectors representing the body diagonals
are (0 2 1, 1 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 1, 1) and
(0 2 1, 0 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 21, 1)
(21, 1, 1) ? (21, 21, 1) 5 "3"3 cos u
1 2 1 1 1 5 3 cos u
1
5 cos u
3
u 8 70.5
a 5 180 2 u
a 8 109.5
>
>
>
>
>
> >
b. (3a 1 2b ) ? (4a 2 3b ) 5 12 0 a 0 2> 2 9a ? b >
>
1 8b ? a 2 6 @ b @ 2
5 12(3) 2 2 3 2 6(2) 2
5 81
2.
20 cm
u2
15 cm
25 cm
u1
v +w
135
w>
>
0 v 0 5 500, 0 w 0 5 100
By the cosine law:
>
>
0 v 1 w 0 2 5 (500)2 1 (100)2
2 2(500)(100) cos (135)
>
>
0 v 1 w 0 8 575.1
7-14
>
u 5 60 >
> >
>
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60)
5 (3)(3)(0.5)
5 4.5
> >
7. a. a ? b 5 (4)(1) 1 (25)(2) 1 (20)(2)
5 34>
> >
>
b. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u)
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
f. (2a 2 3b ) ? (2a 1 c ) 5 ((2i 1 4j 1 2k )
>
>
>
2 (6i 2 9j 1 12k ))
>
>
>
? ((2i 1 4j 1 2k )
>
>
>
1 (3i 2 j 1 k ))
>
>
>
5 (24i 1 13j 2 10k )
>
>
>
? (5i 1 3j 1 k )
5 220 1 39 2 10
59
> >
9. a.
?
q
5
0
p
>
>
>
>
>
>
(xi 1 j 1 3k ) ? (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) 5 0
3x 2 1 10x 1 3 5 0
210 6 "(10)2 2 4(3)(3)
x5
2(3)
210 6 8
x5
6
1
x 5 23 or x 5 2
3
>
>
b. If p and q are parallel then one is a scalar
multiple of the other.
>
>
p 5 nq where n is a constant
>
>
>
>
>
>
xi 1 j 1 3k 5 n(3xi 1 10xj 1 k )
>
n 5 3 by the k > component
x 5 9x by the i component
x50
>
1 5 30(0) by the j component
120
Therefore there is no value of x that will make these
two vectors parallel.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
10. a. 3x 2 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k )
>
>
>
5 i 2 4j 2 k
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b. 3x ? 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) ? (2i 2 2j 2 2k )
5 6 1 12 1 6
5 24 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
c. 0 x 2 2y 0 5 @ (i 2 2j 2 k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) @
>
>
5 @ 2i 1 k @
>
>
>
5 "2 or 1.41
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
d. (2x 2 3y ) ? (x 1 4y ) 5 ((2i 2 4j 2 2k )
>
>
>
2 (3i 2 3j 2 3k )) ?
>
>
>
1 (( i 2 2j 2 k )
>
>
>
1 (4i 2 4j 2 4k )
>
>
>
5 (2i 2 j 1 k )
>
>
>
? (5i 2 6j 2 5k )
5 25 1 6 2 5
5 24
> >
> >
> >
> >
e. 2x ? y 2 5y ? x 5 2x ? y 2 5x ? y
> >
5 23x ? y
>
>
>
>
>
5 23(i 2 2j 2 k) ? (i 2 j 2 k )
5 23(1 1 2 1 1)
5 212
11.
5N
4N
180 - u
3N
2
cos u 5
44
)2 2 2(4)("37) cos u
8"37
u 8 25.3
>
F 8 6.08 N, 25.3 from the 4 N force towards the
3 >N force.
E 8 6.08 N, 180 2 25.3 5 154.7 from the
4 N force away from the 3 N force.
>
>
>
>
13. a. The diagonals are m 1 n and m 2 n
>
>
m 1 n 5 (1, 4, 10)
>
>
m 2 n 5 (3, 210, 0)
>
>
>
>
>
> >
>
(m 1 n ) ? (m 2 n ) 5 0 m 1 n 0 0 m 2 n 0cos u
3 2 40 5 "1 1 16 1 100 "9 1 100 cos u
cos u 8 20.3276
u 8 109.1
>
>
>
>
> >
b. 0 m 2 n 0 2 5 0 m 0 2 1 0 n 0 2 2 2 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
(9 1 100) 5 (4 1 9 1 25) 1 (1 1 49 1 25)
2 2"38 "75 cos u
cos u 8 0.0374
u 8 87.9
7-15
7-16
>
>
>
a ?b
1. a. Scalar projection of a on b is > where
@b@
>
>
a 5 (2, 3) and b is the positive x-axis (X, 0).
> >
a ? b 5 (2X) 1 (3 3 0)
5 2X 1 0
5 2X
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
>
5X
2X
> 5
X
@b@
5 2;
The vector projection
is the
scalar projection
>
>
> >
a?b
multiplied by
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
>
>
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
>
>
4. Answers
may
vary.
For
example:
p
,
5
AE
>
>
q 5 AB
D
p
A
E
C
>
>
>
Scalar projection p on q 5 @ AC @ ;
>
>
>
Vector projection p on q 5 AC;
>
>
>
Scalar projection q on p 5 @ AD @ ;
>
>
>
Vector projection q on p 5 AD
>
>
5. When a 5 (21, 2, 5) and b 5 (1, 0, 0) then
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 0)
5 21
>
@ b @ 5 "12 1 02 1 02
51
> >
a ?b
21
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1
@b@
5 21;
>
b
(1, 0, 0)
The vector equation is 21 3 > 5 21 3
1
@b@
5 21;
>
Under> the same approach, when a 5 (21, 2, 5)
and b 5 (0, 1, 0), then
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 1 1 5 3 0)
52
>
@ b @ 5 "02 1 1 1 02
51
> >
2
a ?b
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1
@b@
5 2,
>
b
(0, 1, 0)
The vector equation is 2 3 > 5 2 3
1
@b@
5 2;
>
The
same is also true when a 5 (21, 2, 5) and
>
b 5 (0, 0, 1) then
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 1)
55
>
@ b @ 5 "02 1 02 1 12
51
> >
a ?b
5
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1
@b@
5 5,
>
b
(0, 0, 1)
The vector equation is 5 3 > 5 5 3
1
@b@
5 5;
> >
p?q
458
,
> 5
0q0
21
>
458
q
The vector equation 5
3 >
21
0q0
458 (24, 5, 220)
5
.
21
21
458
(24, 5, 20).
5
441
>
>
b. Direction angles for p where p 5 (a, b, c)
a
include a, b, and g. cos a 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
3
5
"32 1 62 1 (222)2
3
5
"9 1 36 1 484
3
5
"529
3
5 ,
23
3
Therefore a 5 cos21 a b
23
8 82.5;
b
cos b 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
6
5
2
2
"3 1 6 1 (222)2
6
5
"9 1 36 1 484
6
5
"529
6
5 ,
23
6
Therefore b 5 cos21 a b
23
8 74.9;
7-17
cos g 5
5
5
5
>
8. a. The scalar projection of a on the x-axis
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
222
(X, 0, 0) is
"3 1 6 1 (222)
222
2
"9 1 36 1 484
222
"529
222
5
,
23
Therefore g 5 cos21 a
222
b
23
8 163.0
> >
7. a. x ? y 5 (1 3 1) 1 (1 3 21)
5 1 1 (21)
50
>
0 y 0 5 "12 1 (21)2
5 "2
> >
x ?y
0
> 5
0y0
"2
5 0;
>
>
y
The vector projection is 0 3 > 5 0
0y0
> >
b. x ? y 5 (2 3 1) 1 (2"3 3 0)
52
>
0 y 0 5 "12 1 02
51
> >
x ?y
2
The scalar projection is > 5
0y0
1
5 2;
>
y
(1, 0)
The vector projection is 2 3 > 5 2 3
0y0
1
>
5 2i
> >
c. x ? y 5 (2 3 25) 1 (5 3 12)
5 210 1 60
5 50
>
0 y 0 5 "(25)2 1 122
5 "25 1 144
5 "169
5 13
> >
x ?y
50
The scalar projection is > 5 .
0y0
13
>
50
y
(25, 12)
50
The vector projection is
3 > 5
3
13
0y0
13
13
50
(25, 12)
5
169
7-18
>
a ? (X, 0, 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
>
a ? (X, 0, 0)
(21 3 X) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 0)
5
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
"X 2 1 02 1 02
2X
5
X
5 21;
>
The vector projection of a on the x-axis is
(X, 0, 0)
(X, 0, 0)
5 21 3
21 3
2
2
2
X
"X 1 0 1 0
>
5 2i;
>
The scalar projection of a on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
>
(21 3 0) 1 (2 3 Y) 1 (4 3 0)
a ? (0, Y, 0)
5
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
"02 1 Y 2 1 02
2Y
5
Y
52
>
The vector projection of a on the y-axis is
(0, Y, 0)
(0, Y, 0)
23
523
2
2
2
Y
"0 1 Y 1 0
>
5 2j;
>
The scalar projection of a on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
>
(21 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 Z)
a ? (0, 0, Z)
5
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
"02 1 02 1 Z 2
4Z
5
Z
5 4;
>
The vector projection of a on the z-axis is
(0, 0, Z)
(0, 0, Z)
43
543
2
2
2
Z
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
5 4k.
>
b. The scalar projection of m a on the x-axis
(X, 0, 0) is
>
ma ? (X, 0, 0)
(2m 3 X) 1 (2m 3 0)
5
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
"X 2 1 02 1 02
(4m 3 0)
1
"X 2 1 02 1 02
2mX
5
X
5 2m
>
The vector projection of ma on the x-axis is
(X, 0, 0)
(X, 0, 0)
5 2m 3
2m 3
2
2
2
X
"X 1 0 1 0
>
5 2mi;
>
The scalar projection of ma on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
>
ma ? (0, Y, 0)
(2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 Y)
5
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
"0 2 1 Y 2 1 02
(4m 3 0)
1
"0 2 1 y2 1 02
2mY
5
Y
5 2m;
>
The vector projection of ma on the y-axis is
(0, Y, 0)
(0, Y, 0)
5 2m 3
2m 3
2
2
2
Y
"0 1 Y 1 0
>
5 2mj;
>
The scalar projection of ma on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
>
ma ? (0, 0, Z)
(2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 0)
5
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2
(4m 3 Z)
1
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2
4mZ
5
Z
5 4m;
>
The vector projection of ma on the z-axis is
(0, 0, Z)
(0, 0, Z)
4m 3
5 4m 3
2
2
2
Z
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
5 4mk.
9. a.
a
>
a projected onto itself will yield itself. The scalar
projection will be the magnitude of itself.
b. Using the formula for the scalar projection
>
>
0 a 0cos u 5 0 a 0cos 0
>
5 0 a 0 (1)
>
5 0 a 0.
The vector projection is the scalar projection
>
>
>
>
a
a
multiplied by 0 > 0 , 0 a 0 3 0 > 0 5 a .
a
a
10. a. B a
>
>
>
(2a ) ? a
2 0 a 02
b.
5
>
>
0a0
0a0
>
5 20a 0
> 0a0
>
So the vector projection is 2 0 a 0 a > b 5 2 a .
0a0
>
>
7-19
1
Therefore b 5 cos21 a b
3
8 70.5
>
12. a. @ BD @
C
a
u
b. @ BD @
>
b
B
b
u
a
u
b
u
P
>
>
>
OQ> is the vector projection of b on a>
>
OP is the vector projection of a on b
>
7-20
21
"9
1
52
3
>
b. BC 5 Point C 2 Point B
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (1, 3, 3)
5 (27, 4, 2)
>
>
The scalar projection of BC on OD is
>
>
BC ? OD
(27 3 21) 1 (4 3 2) 1 (2 3 2)
>
5
@ OD @
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
71814
5
"1 1 4 1 4
19
5
"9
19
5
3
>
>
>
>
AB ? OD
BC ? OD
1
19
>
>
1
52 1
3
3
@ OD @
@ OD @
18
5
3
5
6
>
AC 5 Point C 2 Point A
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (22, 1, 4)
5 (24, 6, 1)
>
>
The> scalar
> projection of AC on OD is
AC ? OD
(24 3 21) 1 (6 3 2) 1 (1 3 2)
>
5
@ OD @
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
4 1 12 1 2
5
"1 1 4 1 4
18
5
"9
18
5
3
56
>
c. Same lengths and both are in the direction of OD.
Add to get one vector.
15. a. 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
2
2
a
b
5a
b 1a
b
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
2
c
1a
b
2
"a 1 b 2 1 c 2
a2
b2
5 2
1
a 1 b2 1 c2
a2 1 b2 1 c2
2
c
1 2
a 1 b2 1 c2
a2 1 b2 1 c2
a2 1 b2 1 c2
51
b. a 5 90, b 5 30, g 5 60
cos a 5 cos 90
5 0,
x50
cos b 5 cos 30
"3
5
,
2
y is a multiple of "3
2 .
cos g 5 cos 60
1
5 ,
2
1
z is a multiple of .
2
1
Answers include Q 0, "3
2 , 2 R , Q 0, "3, 1 R , etc.
c. If two angles add to 90, then all three will add to
180.
16. a. a 5 b 5 g
cos a 5 cos b 5 cos g
cos2 a 5 cos2 b 5 cos2 g
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
1 5 3 cos2 x
1
5 cos2 x
3
1
5 cos x
3
1
x 5 cos21
3
x 8 54.7
1
.
b. For obtuse, use cos x 5 2
3
1
x 5 cos21 a2
b
3
x 8 125.3
17. cos2 x 1 sin2 x 5 1
cos2 x 5 1 2 sin2 x
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
1 5 (1 2 sin2 a) 1 (1 2 sin2 b) 1 (1 2 sin2 g)
1 5 3 2 (sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g)
sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g 5 2
5
B (0, c, d)
x
A (a, b, 0)
1. a.
axb
y
a
>
>
>
a 3 b is perpendicular to a . Thus, their dot product
must equal 0. The same applies to the second case.
z
a3b
a1b
a
x >
>
>
b.> a 1 b is still
> in the same plane formed
> by a and
>
>
b, thus a 1 b is perpendicular to a 3 b making the
dot product 0 again. >
>
c. Once again, a 2> b is still in> the same plane
>
>
formed
> by a and b, thus a 2 b is perpendicular to
>
the dot product 0 again.
a 3 b making
>
>
2. a 3 b produces a vector, not a scalar. Thus, the
equality is meaningless.
3. a. Its possible because there is a vector crossed
with a vector, then dotted with another vector,
producing a scalar.
> >
b. This is meaningless because a ? b produces a
scalar. This results in a scalar crossed with a vector,
which is meaningless.
7-21
>
>
c. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and
>
c 1 d also produces a vector. The result is a vector
dotted with a vector producing
a scalar.
> >
d. This
is
possible.
produces
a scalar, and
a
?
b
>
>
c 3 d produces a vector. The product of a scalar
and vector produces a vector.
>
>
e. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and
>
c 3 d produces a vector. The cross product of a
vector and vector produces
> a vector.
>
f. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector. When
added to another vector, it produces another vector.
4. a. (2, 23, 5) 3 (0, 21, 4)
5 (23(4) 2 5(21), 5(0) 2 2(4),
2(21) 2 (23)(0))
5 (27, 28, 22)
(2, 23, 5) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0
(0, 21, 4) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0
b. (2, 21, 3) 3 (3, 21, 2)
5 (21(2) 2 3(21), 3(3) 2 2(2),
2(21) 2 (21)(3))
5 (1, 5, 1)
(2, 21, 3) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0
(3, 21, 2) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0
c. (5, 21, 1) 3 (2, 4, 7)
5 (21(7) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 5(7),
5(4) 2 (21)(2))
5 (211, 233, 22)
(5, 21, 1) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0
(2, 4, 7) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0
d. (1, 2, 9) 3 (22, 3, 4)
5 (2(4) 2 9(3), 9(22) 2 1(4),
1(3) 2 2(22))
5 (219, 222, 7)
(1, 2, 9) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0
(22, 3, 4) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0
e. (22, 3, 3) 3 (1, 21, 0)
5 (3(0) 2 3(21), 3(1) 2 (22)(0),
22(21) 2 3(1))
5 (3, 3, 21)
(22, 3, 3) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0
(1, 21, 0) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0
f. (5, 1, 6) 3 (21, 2, 4)
5 (1(4) 2 6(2), 6(21) 2 5(4),
5(2) 2 1(21))
5 (28, 226, 11)
(5, 1, 6) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0
(21, 2, 4) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0
5. (21, 3, 5) 3 (0, a, 1)
5 (3(1) 2 5(a), 5(0) 2 (21)(1),
21(a) 2 3(0))
7-22
>
>
>
>
y 3 z 5 (3 2 2, 1 2 3, 2 2 1)
5 (1, 22, 1)
>
>
>
x 3 (y 3 z ) 5 (0 1 2, 1 2 1, 22 2 0)
5 (2, 0, 22)
>
>
>
>
>
>
Thus (x 3> y ) 3 z 2 x> 3 (y 3 z ).
>
>
13. (a 2 b ) 3 (a 1 b )
By the distributive property of cross product:
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (a 2 b ) 3 a 1 (a 2 b ) 3 b
By the distributive
property >again:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 a 3 a 2 b 3 a 1 a 3 b 2 b 3 >b
A vector
with> itself equals 0, thus:
> crossed
>
>
5 2b 3> a 1> a 3 b
>
>
5 a 3 b> 2 b 3 a >
>
>
5 a 3 b 2 (2a 3 b )
>
>
5 2a 3 b
50
392 N
40 m
7-23
c.
140 N
20
250 m
>
>
6. p 3 q 5 (a, 1, 21) 3 (1, 1, 2)
5 (2 1 1, 22a 2 1, a 2 1)
5 (3, 2a 1 1, a 2 1)
>
>
0 p 3 q 0 5 "9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 "35
9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 35
2
9 1 4a 1 4a 1 1 1 a 2 2 2a 1 1 5 35
5a 2 1 2a 2 24 5 0
22 6 "22 2 4(5)(224)
a5
2(5)
22 6 22
5
10
212
5 2,
5
7. a.
B
AB
A
AC
OA
O
OB
"26 BN 5 6
BN 5
or about 1.18
"26
>
>
10. a.
p 3 q 5 (26 2 3, 6 2 3, 1 1 4)
5 (29, 3, 5)
>
>
>
(p 3 q ) 3 r 5 (0 2 5, 5 1 0, 29 2 3)
5 (25, 5, 212)
a(1, 22, 3) 1 b(2, 1, 3) 5 (25, 5, 212)
Looking at x components:
a 1 2b 5 25; a 5 25 2 2b
y components:
22a 1 b 5 5
Substitute in a:
10 1 4b 1 b 5 5
5b 5 25
b 5 21
Substitute b back into the x components:
a 5 25 1 2; a 5 23
Check in z components:
3a 1 3b 5 212
29 2 3 5 212
> >
b. p ? r 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 21
> >
q?r52111053
> > >
> > >
(p ? r )q 2 (q ? r )p 5 21(2, 1, 3) 2 3(1, 22, 3)
5 (2, 21, 23) 2 (3, 26, 9)
5 (22 2 3, 21 1 6, 23 2 9)
5 (25, 5, 212)
>
1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 21 1 1, 0 1 2)
5 (2, 0, 2)
>
b. b 3 c 5 (0 2 4, 25 1 5, 24 2 0)
5 (24, 0, 24)
c. 16
d. The cross products are parallel, so the original
vectors are in the same plane.
>
2. a.> 0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22 5 3
b. @ b @ 5> "62 1 32 1 (22)2 5 7
>
c. a 2 b 5 (2 2 6, 21 2 3, 2 1 2)
5 (24, 24, 4)
>
>
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(24)2 1 (24)2 1 42 5 4"3
>
>
>
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 21 1 3, 2 2 2)
5 (8, 2, 0)
>
>
@ a 1 b> @ 5 "82 1 22 1 02 5 2"17
>
e. a ? b 5 2(6)
2 1(3) 1 2(22) 5 5
>
>
a 2 2b 5 (2 2 12, 21 2 6, 2 1 4)
f.
> 5 (210, 27, 6)
>
>
a ? (a 2 2b ) 5 2(210) 2 1(27) 1 2(6) 5 21
>
>
3. a. If a 5> 6, then
y will be twice x , thus collinear.
>
x 3 y 5 (3, a, 9) ? (a, 12, 18) 5 0
b.
3a 1 12a 1 162 5 0
15a 5 2162
254
a5
5
> >
a?b
4. cos (u) 5 > >
0 a 0 @b@
> >
a ? b 5 4(23) 1 5(6) 1 20(22) 5 458
>
0 a 0 5 "42 1 52 1 202 5 21
>
@ b @ 5 "(23)2 1 62 1 222 5 23
458
u 5 cos21 a
b
483
u 8 18.52
5. a.
y
4
2 OA
OB
x
0
4 2
2 4
2
4
>
u 5 cos21 a
3"205
u 8 77.9
7-25
6.
>
T1
30
T2
45
98 N
7.
50 km/h
300 km/h
y
x
7-26
>
>
>
AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
>
>
54 N
30 N
25 N
42 N
sin (90 2 u) 5 3
90 2 u 8 41.8
u 8 48.2
b. By the Pythagorean theorem, Kaylas net
swimming speed will be
"32 2 22 5 "5 km> h.
So since distance 5 rate 3 time, it will take her
0.3
t5
"5
8 0.13 h
8 8 min 3 sec
to swim across.
7-27
>
>
d. m ? k 5 23
u 5 cos21 a
23
b
4
8 138.59
23.
First we need to determine the dot product of
>
>
x and y :
> >
> >
x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
5 (10) cos (60)
55
>
>
>
>
(x 2 2y ) ? (x 1 3y )
By the distributive property:
> >
> >
> >
> >
5 x ? x 1 3x ? y 2 2x ? y 2 6y ? y
5 4 1 15 2 10 2 150
5 2141
24. 0 (2, 2, 1) 0 5 "22 1 22 1 12 5 3
Since the magnitude of the scalar projection is 4,
the scalar projection itself has value 4 or 24.
If it is 4, we get
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1)
54
3
2 1 2m 5 12
m 5 5
If it is 24, we get
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1)
5 24
3
2 1 2m 5 212
m 5 27
So the two possible values for m are 5 and 27.
> >
25. a ? j 5 23
>
0 a 0 5 "144 1 9 1 16 5 13
23
u 5 cos21 a
b
13
8 103.34
26. a.> C 5 (3, 0, 5), F 5 (0, 4, 0)
b. CF 5 (0, 4, 0) 2 (3, 0, 5) 5 (23, 4, 25)
OP 5 (3, 4, 5)
>
@
@ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2
OP
>
CF ? OP 5 29 1 16 2 25 5 218
218
u 5 cos21 a
b
50
8 111.1
27.
d
50
130
e
>
@ d 1 e @ 8 7.30
b. Using the cosine law,
>
>
@ d 2 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 50
>
>
@ d 2 e @ 8 3.84
>
>
>
>
b. Scalar:
Vector: 1a
c. Scalar:
Vector:
>
>
>
>
@ j@
(i 1 j ) ? (j )
>
>
b5j
>
>
@ j@
51
>
>
>
(i 1 j ) ? (k 1 j )
"2
@k 1 j@
>
(k 1 j )
>
>
>
>
>
>
"2
>
1
5 (k 1 j )
2
@k 1 j@
>
0 c 0 5 "14 1 12 1 14 5 1, unit vector
>
0 a 0 5 "4 1 25 1 1 5 "30
2
cos (a) 5
"30
>
a with the y-axis:
5
cos (b) 5
"30
>
a with the z-axis:
21
cos (g) 5
"30
>
@ b> @ 5 "9 1 1 1 1 5 "11
b with the x-axis:
3
cos (a) 5
"11
7-29
>
@ 2i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118
33. a. Direction cosine for x-axis:
>
>
>
"3
2
We know the identity
cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1.
Since a 5 30g, and b 5 g, we get
3
2 cos2 b 5 1 2
4
1
cos b 5 cos g 5 6
2"2
"3
cos a 5
2
So there are two possibilities, depending upon
whether b 5 g is acute or obtuse.
b. If g is acute, then
1
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 69.3
If is obtuse, then
1
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 110.7
1
> >
> >
34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5
2
>
>
>
>
(a 2 3b ) ? (ma
)
5
0
1
b
>
>
> >
> >
> >
ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0
1
3
6
m1 2 m2 50
2
2
2
1
5
2 m5
2
2
m 5 25
> >
a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 28
35.
>
a 1 b 5 (21, 21, 28)
>
>
@ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66
cos (30) 5
7-30
>
>
a 2 b 5 (1, 9, 24)
>
>
@ a 2 b @ 5 "1 1 81 1 16 5 "98
>
>
1 >
66
98
1 >
@a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@ 2 5
2
5 28
4
4
4
4
>
>
>
36.> c 5 b >2 a >
0 c 02 5 @b 2 a @ 2
>
>
>
>
5 (b 2 a ) ? (b 2 a )
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
5b?b2a?b1a?a2a?b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2a ? b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
>
BC 5 (21, 0, 22)
>
@ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
>
cos A 5
>
AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
>
>
10
10
51
But this means that angle A 5 0, so that this
triangle is degenerate. For completeness, though,
>
>
>
>
notice that BC 5 2AC and AB 5 2 AC . This
means that point C sits at the midpoint of the line
segment joining A and B. So angle
C 5 180 and angle B 5 0. So
cos B 5 1;
cos C 5 21.
The area of triangle ABC is, of course, 0.
5
>
b. We
use the diagram again:
>
>
b
1
23
x 5 1(27) 2 (23)(1) 5 24
27
c
1
y 5 23(5) 2 (2)(27) 5 21
5
z 5 2(1) 2 1(5) 5 23
1 > 1
>
So, b 3 >c 5 (24, 21, 23)
>
>
c. a ? (b 3 c ) 5 (21, 1, 1) ? (24, 21, 23)
5 (21)(24) 1 (1)(21)
1 (1)(23)
50
d. We could use the diagram
method again, or, we
> > >
>
>
>
note that for any vectors x , y , x 3 y 5 2 (y 3 x ),
>
>
>
>
so letting y 5 x , we have
x> 3 x 5 0 from the last
>
>
>
equation. Since a 3 b 5 b 3> c from
> the> first two
>
parts of the problem, (a 3 b ) 3 (b 3 c ) 5 0.
>
2. a.> To find the scalar and vector
projections of a
>
>
>
>
>
@
@
on b, we
need
to
calculate
and
a
b
5
"b
?
b
?
b
> >
a ? b 5 (1, 21, 1) ? (2, 21, 22)
5 (1)(2) 1 (21)(21) 1 (1)(22)
> 51
@ b @ 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
> 53
So, @ b @ 5 3
>
>
> >
The scalar projection of a on b is
a?b
1
> 5 3 , and
@b@
>
>
the
vector
projection
of
on
is
a
b
>
a
>
a?b
@b@
>2
>
2
3
@b@
a 8 48.2.
b
21
cos (b) 5 2> 5
3
@b@
b 8 109.5.
b
22
cos (g) 5 3> 5
3
@b@
g 8 131.8.
cos (a) 5
>
F
120
40 N
40 N
60
60
50 N
50 N
7-31
R
1000 km/h
G
D
Vector diagram
Position diagram
7-32
7.
458
T1
708
T2
25 kg
>
@ T2 @ 5
>
1.2 m/s
F
Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors
>
>
@ T1 @ (0.9645) 8 245 N
>
@ T1 @ 8 254.0 N
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
5 22 1 52 1 (22)2
5 33
>
>
x 2 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 2 (21, 2, 23)
5 (4, 1, 4)
>
>2
>
>
>
>
0 x 2 y 0 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
5 42 1 12 1 42
5 33
Thus, the right side is
1 >
1
1
1 >
>
>
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (33) 2 (33)
4
4
4
4
50
So, the equation holds for these vectors.
b. We now verify that the formula holds in general.
We will compute the right side of the equation, but
we first perform some intermediary computations:
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
> >
> >
> >
> >
5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? y ) 1 (y ? x ) 1 (y ? y )
> >
> >
> >
5 (x ? x ) 1 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
> >
>
>
> >
5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? 2y ) 1 (2y ? x )
>
>
1 (2y ? 2y )
> >
> >
> >
5 (x ? x ) 2 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
So, the right side of the equation is:
1 >
1
1 >
>
>
> >
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (4(x ? y ))
4
4
4
> >
5x?y
Thus, the equation holds for arbitrary vectors.
7-33
CHAPTER 7
Applications of Vectors
m 2 5 52 1 122 2 2(5)(12) cos 135
2 !2
5 25 1 144 2 120a
b
2
5 169 1 84.85
5 253.85
800
m 5 "253.85
8 15.93 units
122 5 15.932 1 52 2 2(15.93)(5) cos u
144 5 253.76 1 25 2 159.3 cos u
2134.76 5 2159.3 cos u
134.76
cos u 5
159.3
134.76
u 5 cos21 a
b
159.3
8 32.2
So the displacement is 15.93 units, W 32.2 N.
3.
z
C(2, 0, 1)
B(3, 2, 0)
y
A(0, 1, 0)
tan u 5
u 5 tan
100
800
21
100
a
b
800
u 8 7.1
The velocity of the airplane relative to the ground is
about 806 km> h N 7.1 E.
2.
displacement
12
u
5
D(0, 2, 3)
4. a. (3, 22, 7)
l 5 magnitude
5 "32 1 (22)2 1 72
5 "9 1 4 1 49
5 "62
8 7.87
b. (29, 3, 14)
l 5 magnitude
5 "(29)2 1 32 1 142
5 !81 1 9 1 196
5 !286
8 16.91
7-1
c. (1, 1, 0)
l 5 magnitude
5 "12 1 12 1 02
5 "2
8 1.41
d. (2, 0, 29)
l 5 magnitude
5 "22 1 02 1 (29)2
5 "4 1 0 1 81
5 "85
8 9.22
5. a. A(x, y, 0)
In the xy-plane at the point (x, y).
b. B(x, 0, z)
In the xz-plane at the point (x, z).
c. C(0, y, z)
In the yz-plane at the point (y, z).
6. a. (26, 0) 1 7(1, 21)
>
>
>
>
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 7(i 2 j )
>
>
>
>
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j )
>
>
5 i 2 7j
b. (4, 21, 3) 2 (22, 1, 3)
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 (22i 1 j 1 3k )
>
>
5 6i 2 2j
c. 2(21, 1, 3) 1 3(22, 3, 21)
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 2(2i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3(22i 1 3j 2 k )
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (22i 1 2j 1 6k ) 1 (26i 1 9j 2 3k )
>
>
>
5 28i 1 11j 1 3k
1
3
d. 2 (4, 26, 8) 1 (4, 26, 8)
2
2
>
>
>
>
3 >
1 >
5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k )
2 >
2>
>
>
>
>
5 (22i 1 3j 2 4k ) 1 (6i 2 9j 1 12k )
>
>
>
5 4i 2 6j 1 8k
>
>
7. a. a> 1 b >
>
>
>
5 (3i
1
2j
2
k
)
1
(22i
1
j
)
>
>
>
5 i 1 3j 2 k
>
>
b. a 2> b >
>
>
>
1
j
)
5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 (22i
>
>
5 (3i
1
2j
2
k
)
1
(2i
2
j
)
>
>
>
5 5i 1 j 2 k
>
>
c. 2a 2> 3b >
>
>
>
1 2j
2 k>) 2 3(22i
1> j )
5 2(3i
>
>
>
5 (6i> 1 4j
2 2k
) 1 (6i 2 3j )
>
>
5 12i 1 j 2 2k
7-2
b. 180
3.
10 N
20 N
equilibrant
f2
resultant
f1
c. (1, 1, 0)
l 5 magnitude
5 "12 1 12 1 02
5 "2
8 1.41
d. (2, 0, 29)
l 5 magnitude
5 "22 1 02 1 (29)2
5 "4 1 0 1 81
5 "85
8 9.22
5. a. A(x, y, 0)
In the xy-plane at the point (x, y).
b. B(x, 0, z)
In the xz-plane at the point (x, z).
c. C(0, y, z)
In the yz-plane at the point (y, z).
6. a. (26, 0) 1 7(1, 21)
>
>
>
>
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 7(i 2 j )
>
>
>
>
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j )
>
>
5 i 2 7j
b. (4, 21, 3) 2 (22, 1, 3)
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 (22i 1 j 1 3k )
>
>
5 6i 2 2j
c. 2(21, 1, 3) 1 3(22, 3, 21)
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 2(2i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3(22i 1 3j 2 k )
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (22i 1 2j 1 6k ) 1 (26i 1 9j 2 3k )
>
>
>
5 28i 1 11j 1 3k
1
3
d. 2 (4, 26, 8) 1 (4, 26, 8)
2
2
>
>
>
>
3 >
1 >
5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k )
2 >
2>
>
>
>
>
5 (22i 1 3j 2 4k ) 1 (6i 2 9j 1 12k )
>
>
>
5 4i 2 6j 1 8k
>
>
7. a. a> 1 b >
>
>
>
5 (3i
1
2j
2
k
)
1
(22i
1
j
)
>
>
>
5 i 1 3j 2 k
>
>
b. a 2> b >
>
>
>
1
j
)
5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 (22i
>
>
5 (3i
1
2j
2
k
)
1
(2i
2
j
)
>
>
>
5 5i 1 j 2 k
>
>
c. 2a 2> 3b >
>
>
>
1 2j
2 k>) 2 3(22i
1> j )
5 2(3i
>
>
>
5 (6i> 1 4j
2 2k
) 1 (6i 2 3j )
>
>
5 12i 1 j 2 2k
7-2
b. 180
3.
10 N
20 N
equilibrant
f2
resultant
f1
r 5 "148
8 12.17 N
Using the sine law, the resultants angle, u, can be
found by
sin u
sin 120
5
8
12.17
@ f2 @ (1.035) 5 10
1
5 62 1 82 2 2(6)(8)a2 b
2
5 36 1 64 1 48
5 148
sin u 5 8
"3
2
12.17
u 5 sin21 8
"3
2
12.17
8 34.7 from the 6 N force toward the 8 N
force. The equilibrant, then, would be 12.17 N at
180 2 34.7 5 145.3 from the 6 N force away
from the 8 N force.
9.
10 N
f1
f2
x2 5 @ f2 @ sin 75
x1 1 x2 5 10
>
So @ f1 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
>
Substituting then solving for f2 yields
> cos 75
>
@ f2 @
sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
cos 15
> cos 75
@ f2 @ a
sin 15 1 sin 75b 5 10
cos 15
>
>
>
@ f2 @ 5 9.66 N
>
Now we solve for f1 :
>
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
cos 75
cos 15
>
cos 75
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)
cos 15
>
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)(0.268)
>
>
@ f1 @ 5 2.59 N
So the force 15 from the 10 N force is 9.66 N and
the force perpendicular to it is 2.59 N.
10. The force of the block is
(10 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 98 N. The component of this
force parallel to the ramp is
(98) sin 30 5 (98)A 12 B 5 49 N, directed down the
ramp. So the force preventing this block from
moving would be 49 N directed up the ramp.
11. a.
>
7N
13 N
>
8N
f1 = 24 N
@ fr @ 5
>
resultant = 25 N
equlibrant
f2
1N
60
60
1N
"2 b
2
200 2 200a
"2
b
2
8 7.65 N
Since our net forces are equal at 10 N, the angle of
the resultant is directed halfway
between
the two, or
>
>
1
at 2 (135) 5 67.5 from f2 toward f3.
16.
T2
T1
20 kg
T2 (1.12) 5 196
T2 8 175.73 N
cos 45
T1 5 (175.73)
cos 30
8 143.48 N
Thus the tension in the 45 rope is 175.73 N and the
tension in the 30 rope is 143.48 N.
17.
40 cm
24 cm
35
2x
32 cm
5 kg
N
W
E
S
7-5
19.
u10N 5 cos21 a
5N
8N
10N
7-6
10
b
213.75
8 136.7
20. We know that the resultant of these two forces is
equal in magnitude and angle to the> diagonal
line
>
of the parallelogram formed with f1 and f2 as legs
>
>
and has diagonal length @ f1 1 f2 @ . We also know
from the cosine law that
>
>
>
>
>
>
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
where f is the supplement to u in our parallelogram.
Since we know f 5 180 2 u, then
cos f 5 cos (180 2 u) 5 2cos u.
Thus
we> have >
>
>
>
>
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
>
>
>
>
5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
>
>
>
>
>
>
19.
u10N 5 cos21 a
5N
8N
10N
7-6
10
b
213.75
8 136.7
20. We know that the resultant of these two forces is
equal in magnitude and angle to the> diagonal
line
>
of the parallelogram formed with f1 and f2 as legs
>
>
and has diagonal length @ f1 1 f2 @ . We also know
from the cosine law that
>
>
>
>
>
>
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
where f is the supplement to u in our parallelogram.
Since we know f 5 180 2 u, then
cos f 5 cos (180 2 u) 5 2cos u.
Thus
we> have >
>
>
>
>
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
>
>
>
>
5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
>
>
>
>
>
>
11.
h
m/
5k
20 30
u
212 km/h
> >
> >
>
1. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 0. This means 0 a 0 5 0,
>
or @ b @ 5 0, or cos u 5 0. To be guaranteed that the
two vectors are perpendicular, the vectors must be
nonzero.
> >
2. a ? b is a scalar, and
a dot product is only defined
> >
>
for vectors, so (a ? b ) ? c is meaningless.
> >
> >
>
>
3. Answers
may vary. Let a 5 i, b 5 j, c 5 2i.
>
>
>
>
>
>
a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2c .
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
4. a ? b 5 b ? a 5 b ? c because c 5 a
>
>
>
>
5. Since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 @ b @ 5 1 and
since they are pointing in opposite directions
then
> >
u 5 180 so cos u 5 21. Therefore a ? b 5 21.
> >
> >
6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
5 (4)(8) cos (60)
5 (32)(.5)
5 16
> >
> >
b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
5 (2)(4) cos (150)
"3
5 (8)a2
b
2
8 26.93
> >
> >
c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5 (0)(8) cos (100)
50
> >
> >
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
5 (1)(1) cos (180)
5 (1)(21)
5 21
> >
> >
e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
5 (2)(5) cos (90)
5 (10)(0)
50
> >
> >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
5 (4)(8) cos 145
8 226.2
> >
> >
7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u
"3
5 cos u
2
u 5 30
> >
> >
b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
(6) 5 (6)(6) cos u
1
5 cos u
6
u 8 80
> >
> >
c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
3 5 (5)(1) cos u
3
5 cos u
5
u 8 53
> >
> >
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
23 5 (5)(1) cos u
3
2 5 cos u
5
u 8 127>
> >
>
e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
10.5 5 (7)(3) cos u
1
5 cos u
2
u 5 60
> >
> >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
250 5 (10)(10) cos u
1
2 5 cos u
2
u 5 120>
> >
>
8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5 (7.5)(6) cos (180 2 120)
1
5 (45)a b
2
5 22.5
Note: u is the angle between the two vectors when
they are tail to> tail, so u 2> 120.
>
>
>
>
>
>
9. a. (a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b
>
>
>
>
1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b
>2
5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2
> >
> >
2 3a ? b 1 10a
?b
>
>
2
@
@
5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15
b
> >
1 7a ? b
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b. 3x ? (x 2 3y ) 2 (x 2 3y ) ? (23x 1 y )
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
5 3 0 x 0 2 2 3x ? 3y 1 3 0 x 0 2 2 x ? y 2 (23y ? 23x )
>2
1 30 y 0
>
> >
> >
> >
>
5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2
>2
> >
>2
5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 30 y 0
>
10. @ 0 @ 5 0 so the dot product of any vector with
>
0 is 0.
7-9
> >
> >
>
1. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 0. This means 0 a 0 5 0,
>
or @ b @ 5 0, or cos u 5 0. To be guaranteed that the
two vectors are perpendicular, the vectors must be
nonzero.
> >
2. a ? b is a scalar, and
a dot product is only defined
> >
>
for vectors, so (a ? b ) ? c is meaningless.
> >
> >
>
>
3. Answers
may vary. Let a 5 i, b 5 j, c 5 2i.
>
>
>
>
>
>
a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2c .
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
4. a ? b 5 b ? a 5 b ? c because c 5 a
>
>
>
>
5. Since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 @ b @ 5 1 and
since they are pointing in opposite directions
then
> >
u 5 180 so cos u 5 21. Therefore a ? b 5 21.
> >
> >
6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
5 (4)(8) cos (60)
5 (32)(.5)
5 16
> >
> >
b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
5 (2)(4) cos (150)
"3
5 (8)a2
b
2
8 26.93
> >
> >
c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5 (0)(8) cos (100)
50
> >
> >
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
5 (1)(1) cos (180)
5 (1)(21)
5 21
> >
> >
e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
5 (2)(5) cos (90)
5 (10)(0)
50
> >
> >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
5 (4)(8) cos 145
8 226.2
> >
> >
7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u
"3
5 cos u
2
u 5 30
> >
> >
b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
(6) 5 (6)(6) cos u
1
5 cos u
6
u 8 80
> >
> >
c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
3 5 (5)(1) cos u
3
5 cos u
5
u 8 53
> >
> >
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
23 5 (5)(1) cos u
3
2 5 cos u
5
u 8 127>
> >
>
e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
10.5 5 (7)(3) cos u
1
5 cos u
2
u 5 60
> >
> >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
250 5 (10)(10) cos u
1
2 5 cos u
2
u 5 120>
> >
>
8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5 (7.5)(6) cos (180 2 120)
1
5 (45)a b
2
5 22.5
Note: u is the angle between the two vectors when
they are tail to> tail, so u 2> 120.
>
>
>
>
>
>
9. a. (a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b
>
>
>
>
1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b
>2
5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2
> >
> >
2 3a ? b 1 10a
?b
>
>
2
@
@
5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15
b
> >
1 7a ? b
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b. 3x ? (x 2 3y ) 2 (x 2 3y ) ? (23x 1 y )
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
5 3 0 x 0 2 2 3x ? 3y 1 3 0 x 0 2 2 x ? y 2 (23y ? 23x )
>2
1 30 y 0
>
> >
> >
> >
>
5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2
>2
> >
>2
5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 30 y 0
>
10. @ 0 @ 5 0 so the dot product of any vector with
>
0 is 0.
7-9
>
>
> >
>
>
>
>
11. (a 2 5b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90)
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0
>
>
> >
0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b
>
> > 1 >
a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2)
6
5
1
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
12. a. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b ) 5 a ? >a 1 a ? b
>
>
>
1 b ? a 1 b> ? b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b
>
1 @b@ 2
>
>2
> >
@
@2
1
2a
1
b
5
0
a
0
?
b
>
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
>
b. (a 1 b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a
>
>
2b?b
>
>
> >
> >
5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2
>
>
5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2
>
> >
13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ?> a
>
>
>
5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2
>
>
>
>
b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (90) 5 0
>
>
>
Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2.
This is just what the Pythagorean theorem says,
>
>
where b and c are the legs of the right triangle.
>
>
>
>
>
>
14. (u 1 v 1 w ) ? (u 1 v 1 w )
> >
> >
>
>
> >
> >
5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v
>
>
> >
> >
>
>
1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w
>2
>2
>2
> >
5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0cos (90)
> >
> >
1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0cos (90) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0cos (90)
5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2
5 14
>
>
>
>
15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v )
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2
>
>
5 20 u 0 2 1 2 0 v 0 2
>
>
>
>
>
16. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
>
>
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> >
> >
5 1 1 20 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0cos (60) 1 1
> >
1 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (120)
1
1
1
5 2 1 2a b 1 2
2
2
2
53
>
>
>
>
17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
1 c ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 5 0
>
>
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
>
> >
>
>
1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
7-10
>
> >
> >
>
1 1 4 1 9 1 2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0
>
>
>
> >
>
2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 214
>
>
>
> >
>
a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27
>
>
>
18. d> 5 b> 2 c
>
b 5 d 1> c
> >
> >
>
c ? a 5 ((b ? a ) a ) ? a
>
>
> >
> > >
>
c ? a 5 (b ? a )(a ? a ) because b ? a is a scalar
>
> >
> >
c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2
>
> >
>
>
>
c ? a 5 (d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1
>
> >
>
> >
c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a
>
d?a50
>
>
> >
>
>
>
>
11. (a 2 5b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90)
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0
>
>
> >
0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b
>
> > 1 >
a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2)
6
5
1
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
12. a. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b ) 5 a ? >a 1 a ? b
>
>
>
1 b ? a 1 b> ? b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b
>
1 @b@ 2
>
>2
> >
@
@2
1
2a
1
b
5
0
a
0
?
b
>
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
>
b. (a 1 b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a
>
>
2b?b
>
>
> >
> >
5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2
>
>
5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2
>
> >
13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ?> a
>
>
>
5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2
>
>
>
>
b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (90) 5 0
>
>
>
Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2.
This is just what the Pythagorean theorem says,
>
>
where b and c are the legs of the right triangle.
>
>
>
>
>
>
14. (u 1 v 1 w ) ? (u 1 v 1 w )
> >
> >
>
>
> >
> >
5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v
>
>
> >
> >
>
>
1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w
>2
>2
>2
> >
5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0cos (90)
> >
> >
1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0cos (90) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0cos (90)
5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2
5 14
>
>
>
>
15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v )
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2
>
>
5 20 u 0 2 1 2 0 v 0 2
>
>
>
>
>
16. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
>
>
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> >
> >
5 1 1 20 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0cos (60) 1 1
> >
1 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (120)
1
1
1
5 2 1 2a b 1 2
2
2
2
53
>
>
>
>
17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c )
>
>
>
>
1 c ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 5 0
>
>
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
>
> >
>
>
1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
7-10
>
> >
> >
>
1 1 4 1 9 1 2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0
>
>
>
> >
>
2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 214
>
>
>
> >
>
a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27
>
>
>
18. d> 5 b> 2 c
>
b 5 d 1> c
> >
> >
>
c ? a 5 ((b ? a ) a ) ? a
>
>
> >
> > >
>
c ? a 5 (b ? a )(a ? a ) because b ? a is a scalar
>
> >
> >
c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2
>
> >
>
>
>
c ? a 5 (d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1
>
> >
>
> >
c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a
>
d?a50
> >
a?b
c. cos u 5 > >
0 a 0 @b@
(2)(2) 1 (2)(1) 1 (1)(22)
5
"4 1 4 1 1"4 1 1 1 4
4
5
(3)(3)
4
5
9
u 8 64 >
>
a?b
d. cos u 5 > >
0 a 0 @b@
(2)(25) 1 (3)(0) 1 (26)(12)
5
"4 1 9 1 36"25 1 144
282
5
(7)(13)
282
5
91
u 8 154
> >
> >
7. a.
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> >
(21)(26k) 1 (2)(21) 1 (23)(k) 5 0 a 0 @ b @
cos (90)
6k 2 2 2 3k 5 0
3k 5 2
2
k5
3
> >
> >
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
b.
(1)(0) 1 (1)(k) 5 "1 1 1"k 2 cos (45)
1
k 5 "2 0 k 0
"2
k 5 0k0
k$0
8. a.
y
2
(0, 1)
1
(1, 0) x
2 1 0 1 2
1
2
b.
y
2
(0, 1)
1
(1, 0) x
0
2 1
1 2
1
2
7-11
3"2
"8"3
"3
5
2
u 5 30
>
>
10. a. i. a 5 kb
8 5 12k
2
k5
3
2
p 5 4a b
3
8
p5
3
2
25 q
3
q53
ii. Answers may
vary. For example:
> >
a?b50
2q 1 4p 1 96 5 0
q 5 22p 2 48
Let p 5 1
q 5 250
b. In part a., the values are unique because both
vectors have their third component specified, and >
the ratios must be the same for each component b.
In part b. the values are not unique; any value of
p could have been chosen, each resulting in a
different value of q.
7-12
>
>
>
2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
y5z
Let y 5 1.
(1, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 3, 24) and
(21, 22, 3).
14. (p, p, 1) ? (p, 22, 23) 5 0
p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0
2 6 "22 2 4(23)
2
p5162
p 5 3 or 21
15. a. (23, p, 21) ? (1, 24, q) 5 0
23 2 4p 2 q 5 0
3 1 4p 1 q 5 0
b. 3 1 4p 2 3 5 0
p50
16. Answers may vary. For example: Note that
>
>
s 5 22r , so they are collinear. Therefore any
>
vector that is perpendicular to s is also
>
perpendicular to r .
(x, y, z) ? (1, 2, 21) 5 0
x 1 2y 2 z 5 0
Let x 5 z 5 1.
(1, 0, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 2, 21) and
(22, 24, 2).
Let x 5 y 5 1.
(1, 1, 3) is perpendicular to (1, 2 2 1) and
(22, 24, 2).
> >
> >
17. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
(24, p, 22) ? (22, 3, 6)
p5
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 )a
4 2
b
21
320
16
1 p2
9
9
65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5
p5
p 5 4 or 2
44
65
> >
18. a. a ? b 5 23 1 3
50
Therefore, since the two diagonals are perpendicular,
all the sides must be the same length.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
>
>
1 >
b. AB 5 (a 1 b )
2
5 (1, 2, 21)
>
>
1 >
BC 5 (a 2 b )
2
5 (2, 1, 1)
>
>
@ AB @ 5 @ BC @ 5 "6
>
>
>
>
c. AB ? BC 5 @ AB @ @ BC @ cos u1
2 1 2 2 1 5 6 cos u1
1
5 cos u1
2
u1 5 60
2u1 1 2u2 5 360
u2 5 120
>
>
19. a. AB 5 (3, 4, 212), DA 5 (24, 2 2 q, 25)
>
>
AB ? DA 5 0
212 1 8 2 4q 1 60 5 0
21 2 q 1 15 5 0
q 5 14
>
>
DA 5 CB
(24, 212, 25) 5 (2 2 x, 6 2 y, 29 2 z)
x 5 6, y 5 18, z 5 24
The coordinates of vertex C are (6, 18, 24).
>
>
>
>
b.
AC ? BD 5 @ AC @ @ BD @ cos u
(7, 16, 27) ? (1, 8, 17) 5 "49 1 256 1 49
3 "1 1 64 1 289 cos u
7 1 128 2 119 5 354 cos u
16
5 cos u
354
u 8 87.4
20. The two vectors representing the body diagonals
are (0 2 1, 1 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 1, 1) and
(0 2 1, 0 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 21, 1)
(21, 1, 1) ? (21, 21, 1) 5 "3"3 cos u
1 2 1 1 1 5 3 cos u
1
5 cos u
3
u 8 70.5
a 5 180 2 u
a 8 109.5
2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
y5z
Let y 5 1.
(1, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 3, 24) and
(21, 22, 3).
14. (p, p, 1) ? (p, 22, 23) 5 0
p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0
2 6 "22 2 4(23)
2
p5162
p 5 3 or 21
15. a. (23, p, 21) ? (1, 24, q) 5 0
23 2 4p 2 q 5 0
3 1 4p 1 q 5 0
b. 3 1 4p 2 3 5 0
p50
16. Answers may vary. For example: Note that
>
>
s 5 22r , so they are collinear. Therefore any
>
vector that is perpendicular to s is also
>
perpendicular to r .
(x, y, z) ? (1, 2, 21) 5 0
x 1 2y 2 z 5 0
Let x 5 z 5 1.
(1, 0, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 2, 21) and
(22, 24, 2).
Let x 5 y 5 1.
(1, 1, 3) is perpendicular to (1, 2 2 1) and
(22, 24, 2).
> >
> >
17. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
(24, p, 22) ? (22, 3, 6)
p5
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 )a
4 2
b
21
320
16
1 p2
9
9
65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5
p5
p 5 4 or 2
44
65
> >
18. a. a ? b 5 23 1 3
50
Therefore, since the two diagonals are perpendicular,
all the sides must be the same length.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
>
>
1 >
b. AB 5 (a 1 b )
2
5 (1, 2, 21)
>
>
1 >
BC 5 (a 2 b )
2
5 (2, 1, 1)
>
>
@ AB @ 5 @ BC @ 5 "6
>
>
>
>
c. AB ? BC 5 @ AB @ @ BC @ cos u1
2 1 2 2 1 5 6 cos u1
1
5 cos u1
2
u1 5 60
2u1 1 2u2 5 360
u2 5 120
>
>
19. a. AB 5 (3, 4, 212), DA 5 (24, 2 2 q, 25)
>
>
AB ? DA 5 0
212 1 8 2 4q 1 60 5 0
21 2 q 1 15 5 0
q 5 14
>
>
DA 5 CB
(24, 212, 25) 5 (2 2 x, 6 2 y, 29 2 z)
x 5 6, y 5 18, z 5 24
The coordinates of vertex C are (6, 18, 24).
>
>
>
>
b.
AC ? BD 5 @ AC @ @ BD @ cos u
(7, 16, 27) ? (1, 8, 17) 5 "49 1 256 1 49
3 "1 1 64 1 289 cos u
7 1 128 2 119 5 354 cos u
16
5 cos u
354
u 8 87.4
20. The two vectors representing the body diagonals
are (0 2 1, 1 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 1, 1) and
(0 2 1, 0 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 21, 1)
(21, 1, 1) ? (21, 21, 1) 5 "3"3 cos u
1 2 1 1 1 5 3 cos u
1
5 cos u
3
u 8 70.5
a 5 180 2 u
a 8 109.5
>
>
>
>
>
> >
b. (3a 1 2b ) ? (4a 2 3b ) 5 12 0 a 0 2> 2 9a ? b >
>
1 8b ? a 2 6 @ b @ 2
5 12(3) 2 2 3 2 6(2) 2
5 81
2.
20 cm
u2
15 cm
25 cm
u1
v +w
135
w>
>
0 v 0 5 500, 0 w 0 5 100
By the cosine law:
>
>
0 v 1 w 0 2 5 (500)2 1 (100)2
2 2(500)(100) cos (135)
>
>
0 v 1 w 0 8 575.1
7-14
>
u 5 60 >
> >
>
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60)
5 (3)(3)(0.5)
5 4.5
> >
7. a. a ? b 5 (4)(1) 1 (25)(2) 1 (20)(2)
5 34>
> >
>
b. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u)
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
f. (2a 2 3b ) ? (2a 1 c ) 5 ((2i 1 4j 1 2k )
>
>
>
2 (6i 2 9j 1 12k ))
>
>
>
? ((2i 1 4j 1 2k )
>
>
>
1 (3i 2 j 1 k ))
>
>
>
5 (24i 1 13j 2 10k )
>
>
>
? (5i 1 3j 1 k )
5 220 1 39 2 10
59
> >
9. a.
?
q
5
0
p
>
>
>
>
>
>
(xi 1 j 1 3k ) ? (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) 5 0
3x 2 1 10x 1 3 5 0
210 6 "(10)2 2 4(3)(3)
x5
2(3)
210 6 8
x5
6
1
x 5 23 or x 5 2
3
>
>
b. If p and q are parallel then one is a scalar
multiple of the other.
>
>
p 5 nq where n is a constant
>
>
>
>
>
>
xi 1 j 1 3k 5 n(3xi 1 10xj 1 k )
>
n 5 3 by the k > component
x 5 9x by the i component
x50
>
1 5 30(0) by the j component
120
Therefore there is no value of x that will make these
two vectors parallel.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
10. a. 3x 2 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k )
>
>
>
5 i 2 4j 2 k
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
b. 3x ? 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) ? (2i 2 2j 2 2k )
5 6 1 12 1 6
5 24 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
c. 0 x 2 2y 0 5 @ (i 2 2j 2 k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) @
>
>
5 @ 2i 1 k @
>
>
>
5 "2 or 1.41
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
d. (2x 2 3y ) ? (x 1 4y ) 5 ((2i 2 4j 2 2k )
>
>
>
2 (3i 2 3j 2 3k )) ?
>
>
>
1 (( i 2 2j 2 k )
>
>
>
1 (4i 2 4j 2 4k )
>
>
>
5 (2i 2 j 1 k )
>
>
>
? (5i 2 6j 2 5k )
5 25 1 6 2 5
5 24
> >
> >
> >
> >
e. 2x ? y 2 5y ? x 5 2x ? y 2 5x ? y
> >
5 23x ? y
>
>
>
>
>
5 23(i 2 2j 2 k) ? (i 2 j 2 k )
5 23(1 1 2 1 1)
5 212
11.
5N
4N
180 - u
3N
2
cos u 5
44
)2 2 2(4)("37) cos u
8"37
u 8 25.3
>
F 8 6.08 N, 25.3 from the 4 N force towards the
3 >N force.
E 8 6.08 N, 180 2 25.3 5 154.7 from the
4 N force away from the 3 N force.
>
>
>
>
13. a. The diagonals are m 1 n and m 2 n
>
>
m 1 n 5 (1, 4, 10)
>
>
m 2 n 5 (3, 210, 0)
>
>
>
>
>
> >
>
(m 1 n ) ? (m 2 n ) 5 0 m 1 n 0 0 m 2 n 0cos u
3 2 40 5 "1 1 16 1 100 "9 1 100 cos u
cos u 8 20.3276
u 8 109.1
>
>
>
>
> >
b. 0 m 2 n 0 2 5 0 m 0 2 1 0 n 0 2 2 2 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
(9 1 100) 5 (4 1 9 1 25) 1 (1 1 49 1 25)
2 2"38 "75 cos u
cos u 8 0.0374
u 8 87.9
7-15
7-16
>
>
>
a ?b
1. a. Scalar projection of a on b is > where
@b@
>
>
a 5 (2, 3) and b is the positive x-axis (X, 0).
> >
a ? b 5 (2X) 1 (3 3 0)
5 2X 1 0
5 2X
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
>
5X
2X
> 5
X
@b@
5 2;
The vector projection
is the
scalar projection
>
>
> >
a?b
multiplied by
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
>
>
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
7-16
>
>
>
a ?b
1. a. Scalar projection of a on b is > where
@b@
>
>
a 5 (2, 3) and b is the positive x-axis (X, 0).
> >
a ? b 5 (2X) 1 (3 3 0)
5 2X 1 0
5 2X
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
>
5X
2X
> 5
X
@b@
5 2;
The vector projection
is the
scalar projection
>
>
> >
a?b
multiplied by
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
>
>
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
>
>
4. Answers
may
vary.
For
example:
p
,
5
AE
>
>
q 5 AB
D
p
A
E
C
>
>
>
Scalar projection p on q 5 @ AC @ ;
>
>
>
Vector projection p on q 5 AC;
>
>
>
Scalar projection q on p 5 @ AD @ ;
>
>
>
Vector projection q on p 5 AD
>
>
5. When a 5 (21, 2, 5) and b 5 (1, 0, 0) then
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 0)
5 21
>
@ b @ 5 "12 1 02 1 02
51
> >
a ?b
21
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1
@b@
5 21;
>
b
(1, 0, 0)
The vector equation is 21 3 > 5 21 3
1
@b@
5 21;
>
Under> the same approach, when a 5 (21, 2, 5)
and b 5 (0, 1, 0), then
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 1 1 5 3 0)
52
>
@ b @ 5 "02 1 1 1 02
51
> >
2
a ?b
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1
@b@
5 2,
>
b
(0, 1, 0)
The vector equation is 2 3 > 5 2 3
1
@b@
5 2;
>
The
same is also true when a 5 (21, 2, 5) and
>
b 5 (0, 0, 1) then
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 1)
55
>
@ b @ 5 "02 1 02 1 12
51
> >
a ?b
5
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1
@b@
5 5,
>
b
(0, 0, 1)
The vector equation is 5 3 > 5 5 3
1
@b@
5 5;
> >
p?q
458
,
> 5
0q0
21
>
458
q
The vector equation 5
3 >
21
0q0
458 (24, 5, 220)
5
.
21
21
458
(24, 5, 20).
5
441
>
>
b. Direction angles for p where p 5 (a, b, c)
a
include a, b, and g. cos a 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
3
5
"32 1 62 1 (222)2
3
5
"9 1 36 1 484
3
5
"529
3
5 ,
23
3
Therefore a 5 cos21 a b
23
8 82.5;
b
cos b 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
6
5
2
2
"3 1 6 1 (222)2
6
5
"9 1 36 1 484
6
5
"529
6
5 ,
23
6
Therefore b 5 cos21 a b
23
8 74.9;
7-17
cos g 5
5
5
5
>
8. a. The scalar projection of a on the x-axis
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
222
(X, 0, 0) is
"3 1 6 1 (222)
222
2
"9 1 36 1 484
222
"529
222
5
,
23
Therefore g 5 cos21 a
222
b
23
8 163.0
> >
7. a. x ? y 5 (1 3 1) 1 (1 3 21)
5 1 1 (21)
50
>
0 y 0 5 "12 1 (21)2
5 "2
> >
x ?y
0
> 5
0y0
"2
5 0;
>
>
y
The vector projection is 0 3 > 5 0
0y0
> >
b. x ? y 5 (2 3 1) 1 (2"3 3 0)
52
>
0 y 0 5 "12 1 02
51
> >
x ?y
2
The scalar projection is > 5
0y0
1
5 2;
>
y
(1, 0)
The vector projection is 2 3 > 5 2 3
0y0
1
>
5 2i
> >
c. x ? y 5 (2 3 25) 1 (5 3 12)
5 210 1 60
5 50
>
0 y 0 5 "(25)2 1 122
5 "25 1 144
5 "169
5 13
> >
x ?y
50
The scalar projection is > 5 .
0y0
13
>
50
y
(25, 12)
50
The vector projection is
3 > 5
3
13
0y0
13
13
50
(25, 12)
5
169
7-18
>
a ? (X, 0, 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
>
a ? (X, 0, 0)
(21 3 X) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 0)
5
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
"X 2 1 02 1 02
2X
5
X
5 21;
>
The vector projection of a on the x-axis is
(X, 0, 0)
(X, 0, 0)
5 21 3
21 3
2
2
2
X
"X 1 0 1 0
>
5 2i;
>
The scalar projection of a on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
>
(21 3 0) 1 (2 3 Y) 1 (4 3 0)
a ? (0, Y, 0)
5
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
"02 1 Y 2 1 02
2Y
5
Y
52
>
The vector projection of a on the y-axis is
(0, Y, 0)
(0, Y, 0)
23
523
2
2
2
Y
"0 1 Y 1 0
>
5 2j;
>
The scalar projection of a on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
>
(21 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 Z)
a ? (0, 0, Z)
5
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
"02 1 02 1 Z 2
4Z
5
Z
5 4;
>
The vector projection of a on the z-axis is
(0, 0, Z)
(0, 0, Z)
43
543
2
2
2
Z
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
5 4k.
>
b. The scalar projection of m a on the x-axis
(X, 0, 0) is
>
ma ? (X, 0, 0)
(2m 3 X) 1 (2m 3 0)
5
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
"X 2 1 02 1 02
(4m 3 0)
1
"X 2 1 02 1 02
2mX
5
X
5 2m
>
The vector projection of ma on the x-axis is
(X, 0, 0)
(X, 0, 0)
5 2m 3
2m 3
2
2
2
X
"X 1 0 1 0
>
5 2mi;
>
The scalar projection of ma on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
>
ma ? (0, Y, 0)
(2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 Y)
5
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
"0 2 1 Y 2 1 02
(4m 3 0)
1
"0 2 1 y2 1 02
2mY
5
Y
5 2m;
>
The vector projection of ma on the y-axis is
(0, Y, 0)
(0, Y, 0)
5 2m 3
2m 3
2
2
2
Y
"0 1 Y 1 0
>
5 2mj;
>
The scalar projection of ma on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
>
ma ? (0, 0, Z)
(2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 0)
5
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2
(4m 3 Z)
1
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2
4mZ
5
Z
5 4m;
>
The vector projection of ma on the z-axis is
(0, 0, Z)
(0, 0, Z)
4m 3
5 4m 3
2
2
2
Z
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
5 4mk.
9. a.
a
>
a projected onto itself will yield itself. The scalar
projection will be the magnitude of itself.
b. Using the formula for the scalar projection
>
>
0 a 0cos u 5 0 a 0cos 0
>
5 0 a 0 (1)
>
5 0 a 0.
The vector projection is the scalar projection
>
>
>
>
a
a
multiplied by 0 > 0 , 0 a 0 3 0 > 0 5 a .
a
a
10. a. B a
>
>
>
(2a ) ? a
2 0 a 02
b.
5
>
>
0a0
0a0
>
5 20a 0
> 0a0
>
So the vector projection is 2 0 a 0 a > b 5 2 a .
0a0
>
>
7-19
1
Therefore b 5 cos21 a b
3
8 70.5
>
12. a. @ BD @
C
a
u
b. @ BD @
>
b
B
b
u
a
u
b
u
P
>
>
>
OQ> is the vector projection of b on a>
>
OP is the vector projection of a on b
>
7-20
21
"9
1
52
3
>
b. BC 5 Point C 2 Point B
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (1, 3, 3)
5 (27, 4, 2)
>
>
The scalar projection of BC on OD is
>
>
BC ? OD
(27 3 21) 1 (4 3 2) 1 (2 3 2)
>
5
@ OD @
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
71814
5
"1 1 4 1 4
19
5
"9
19
5
3
>
>
>
>
AB ? OD
BC ? OD
1
19
>
>
1
52 1
3
3
@ OD @
@ OD @
18
5
3
5
6
>
AC 5 Point C 2 Point A
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (22, 1, 4)
5 (24, 6, 1)
>
>
The> scalar
> projection of AC on OD is
AC ? OD
(24 3 21) 1 (6 3 2) 1 (1 3 2)
>
5
@ OD @
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
4 1 12 1 2
5
"1 1 4 1 4
18
5
"9
18
5
3
56
>
c. Same lengths and both are in the direction of OD.
Add to get one vector.
15. a. 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
2
2
a
b
5a
b 1a
b
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
2
c
1a
b
2
"a 1 b 2 1 c 2
a2
b2
5 2
1
a 1 b2 1 c2
a2 1 b2 1 c2
2
c
1 2
a 1 b2 1 c2
a2 1 b2 1 c2
a2 1 b2 1 c2
51
b. a 5 90, b 5 30, g 5 60
cos a 5 cos 90
5 0,
x50
cos b 5 cos 30
"3
5
,
2
y is a multiple of "3
2 .
cos g 5 cos 60
1
5 ,
2
1
z is a multiple of .
2
1
Answers include Q 0, "3
2 , 2 R , Q 0, "3, 1 R , etc.
c. If two angles add to 90, then all three will add to
180.
16. a. a 5 b 5 g
cos a 5 cos b 5 cos g
cos2 a 5 cos2 b 5 cos2 g
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
1 5 3 cos2 x
1
5 cos2 x
3
1
5 cos x
3
1
x 5 cos21
3
x 8 54.7
1
.
b. For obtuse, use cos x 5 2
3
1
x 5 cos21 a2
b
3
x 8 125.3
17. cos2 x 1 sin2 x 5 1
cos2 x 5 1 2 sin2 x
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
1 5 (1 2 sin2 a) 1 (1 2 sin2 b) 1 (1 2 sin2 g)
1 5 3 2 (sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g)
sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g 5 2
5
B (0, c, d)
x
A (a, b, 0)
1. a.
axb
y
a
>
>
>
a 3 b is perpendicular to a . Thus, their dot product
must equal 0. The same applies to the second case.
z
a3b
a1b
a
x >
>
>
b.> a 1 b is still
> in the same plane formed
> by a and
>
>
b, thus a 1 b is perpendicular to a 3 b making the
dot product 0 again. >
>
c. Once again, a 2> b is still in> the same plane
>
>
formed
> by a and b, thus a 2 b is perpendicular to
>
the dot product 0 again.
a 3 b making
>
>
2. a 3 b produces a vector, not a scalar. Thus, the
equality is meaningless.
3. a. Its possible because there is a vector crossed
with a vector, then dotted with another vector,
producing a scalar.
> >
b. This is meaningless because a ? b produces a
scalar. This results in a scalar crossed with a vector,
which is meaningless.
7-21
a2 1 b2 1 c2
a2 1 b2 1 c2
51
b. a 5 90, b 5 30, g 5 60
cos a 5 cos 90
5 0,
x50
cos b 5 cos 30
"3
5
,
2
y is a multiple of "3
2 .
cos g 5 cos 60
1
5 ,
2
1
z is a multiple of .
2
1
Answers include Q 0, "3
2 , 2 R , Q 0, "3, 1 R , etc.
c. If two angles add to 90, then all three will add to
180.
16. a. a 5 b 5 g
cos a 5 cos b 5 cos g
cos2 a 5 cos2 b 5 cos2 g
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
1 5 3 cos2 x
1
5 cos2 x
3
1
5 cos x
3
1
x 5 cos21
3
x 8 54.7
1
.
b. For obtuse, use cos x 5 2
3
1
x 5 cos21 a2
b
3
x 8 125.3
17. cos2 x 1 sin2 x 5 1
cos2 x 5 1 2 sin2 x
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
1 5 (1 2 sin2 a) 1 (1 2 sin2 b) 1 (1 2 sin2 g)
1 5 3 2 (sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g)
sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g 5 2
5
B (0, c, d)
x
A (a, b, 0)
1. a.
axb
y
a
>
>
>
a 3 b is perpendicular to a . Thus, their dot product
must equal 0. The same applies to the second case.
z
a3b
a1b
a
x >
>
>
b.> a 1 b is still
> in the same plane formed
> by a and
>
>
b, thus a 1 b is perpendicular to a 3 b making the
dot product 0 again. >
>
c. Once again, a 2> b is still in> the same plane
>
>
formed
> by a and b, thus a 2 b is perpendicular to
>
the dot product 0 again.
a 3 b making
>
>
2. a 3 b produces a vector, not a scalar. Thus, the
equality is meaningless.
3. a. Its possible because there is a vector crossed
with a vector, then dotted with another vector,
producing a scalar.
> >
b. This is meaningless because a ? b produces a
scalar. This results in a scalar crossed with a vector,
which is meaningless.
7-21
>
>
c. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and
>
c 1 d also produces a vector. The result is a vector
dotted with a vector producing
a scalar.
> >
d. This
is
possible.
produces
a scalar, and
a
?
b
>
>
c 3 d produces a vector. The product of a scalar
and vector produces a vector.
>
>
e. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and
>
c 3 d produces a vector. The cross product of a
vector and vector produces
> a vector.
>
f. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector. When
added to another vector, it produces another vector.
4. a. (2, 23, 5) 3 (0, 21, 4)
5 (23(4) 2 5(21), 5(0) 2 2(4),
2(21) 2 (23)(0))
5 (27, 28, 22)
(2, 23, 5) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0
(0, 21, 4) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0
b. (2, 21, 3) 3 (3, 21, 2)
5 (21(2) 2 3(21), 3(3) 2 2(2),
2(21) 2 (21)(3))
5 (1, 5, 1)
(2, 21, 3) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0
(3, 21, 2) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0
c. (5, 21, 1) 3 (2, 4, 7)
5 (21(7) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 5(7),
5(4) 2 (21)(2))
5 (211, 233, 22)
(5, 21, 1) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0
(2, 4, 7) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0
d. (1, 2, 9) 3 (22, 3, 4)
5 (2(4) 2 9(3), 9(22) 2 1(4),
1(3) 2 2(22))
5 (219, 222, 7)
(1, 2, 9) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0
(22, 3, 4) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0
e. (22, 3, 3) 3 (1, 21, 0)
5 (3(0) 2 3(21), 3(1) 2 (22)(0),
22(21) 2 3(1))
5 (3, 3, 21)
(22, 3, 3) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0
(1, 21, 0) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0
f. (5, 1, 6) 3 (21, 2, 4)
5 (1(4) 2 6(2), 6(21) 2 5(4),
5(2) 2 1(21))
5 (28, 226, 11)
(5, 1, 6) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0
(21, 2, 4) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0
5. (21, 3, 5) 3 (0, a, 1)
5 (3(1) 2 5(a), 5(0) 2 (21)(1),
21(a) 2 3(0))
7-22
>
>
>
>
y 3 z 5 (3 2 2, 1 2 3, 2 2 1)
5 (1, 22, 1)
>
>
>
x 3 (y 3 z ) 5 (0 1 2, 1 2 1, 22 2 0)
5 (2, 0, 22)
>
>
>
>
>
>
Thus (x 3> y ) 3 z 2 x> 3 (y 3 z ).
>
>
13. (a 2 b ) 3 (a 1 b )
By the distributive property of cross product:
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (a 2 b ) 3 a 1 (a 2 b ) 3 b
By the distributive
property >again:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 a 3 a 2 b 3 a 1 a 3 b 2 b 3 >b
A vector
with> itself equals 0, thus:
> crossed
>
>
5 2b 3> a 1> a 3 b
>
>
5 a 3 b> 2 b 3 a >
>
>
5 a 3 b 2 (2a 3 b )
>
>
5 2a 3 b
50
392 N
40 m
7-23
>
>
>
>
y 3 z 5 (3 2 2, 1 2 3, 2 2 1)
5 (1, 22, 1)
>
>
>
x 3 (y 3 z ) 5 (0 1 2, 1 2 1, 22 2 0)
5 (2, 0, 22)
>
>
>
>
>
>
Thus (x 3> y ) 3 z 2 x> 3 (y 3 z ).
>
>
13. (a 2 b ) 3 (a 1 b )
By the distributive property of cross product:
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 (a 2 b ) 3 a 1 (a 2 b ) 3 b
By the distributive
property >again:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
5 a 3 a 2 b 3 a 1 a 3 b 2 b 3 >b
A vector
with> itself equals 0, thus:
> crossed
>
>
5 2b 3> a 1> a 3 b
>
>
5 a 3 b> 2 b 3 a >
>
>
5 a 3 b 2 (2a 3 b )
>
>
5 2a 3 b
50
392 N
40 m
7-23
c.
140 N
20
250 m
>
>
6. p 3 q 5 (a, 1, 21) 3 (1, 1, 2)
5 (2 1 1, 22a 2 1, a 2 1)
5 (3, 2a 1 1, a 2 1)
>
>
0 p 3 q 0 5 "9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 "35
9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 35
2
9 1 4a 1 4a 1 1 1 a 2 2 2a 1 1 5 35
5a 2 1 2a 2 24 5 0
22 6 "22 2 4(5)(224)
a5
2(5)
22 6 22
5
10
212
5 2,
5
7. a.
B
AB
A
AC
OA
O
OB
"26 BN 5 6
BN 5
or about 1.18
"26
>
>
10. a.
p 3 q 5 (26 2 3, 6 2 3, 1 1 4)
5 (29, 3, 5)
>
>
>
(p 3 q ) 3 r 5 (0 2 5, 5 1 0, 29 2 3)
5 (25, 5, 212)
a(1, 22, 3) 1 b(2, 1, 3) 5 (25, 5, 212)
Looking at x components:
a 1 2b 5 25; a 5 25 2 2b
y components:
22a 1 b 5 5
Substitute in a:
10 1 4b 1 b 5 5
5b 5 25
b 5 21
Substitute b back into the x components:
a 5 25 1 2; a 5 23
Check in z components:
3a 1 3b 5 212
29 2 3 5 212
> >
b. p ? r 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 21
> >
q?r52111053
> > >
> > >
(p ? r )q 2 (q ? r )p 5 21(2, 1, 3) 2 3(1, 22, 3)
5 (2, 21, 23) 2 (3, 26, 9)
5 (22 2 3, 21 1 6, 23 2 9)
5 (25, 5, 212)
>
1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 21 1 1, 0 1 2)
5 (2, 0, 2)
>
b. b 3 c 5 (0 2 4, 25 1 5, 24 2 0)
5 (24, 0, 24)
c. 16
d. The cross products are parallel, so the original
vectors are in the same plane.
>
2. a.> 0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22 5 3
b. @ b @ 5> "62 1 32 1 (22)2 5 7
>
c. a 2 b 5 (2 2 6, 21 2 3, 2 1 2)
5 (24, 24, 4)
>
>
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(24)2 1 (24)2 1 42 5 4"3
>
>
>
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 21 1 3, 2 2 2)
5 (8, 2, 0)
>
>
@ a 1 b> @ 5 "82 1 22 1 02 5 2"17
>
e. a ? b 5 2(6)
2 1(3) 1 2(22) 5 5
>
>
a 2 2b 5 (2 2 12, 21 2 6, 2 1 4)
f.
> 5 (210, 27, 6)
>
>
a ? (a 2 2b ) 5 2(210) 2 1(27) 1 2(6) 5 21
>
>
3. a. If a 5> 6, then
y will be twice x , thus collinear.
>
x 3 y 5 (3, a, 9) ? (a, 12, 18) 5 0
b.
3a 1 12a 1 162 5 0
15a 5 2162
254
a5
5
> >
a?b
4. cos (u) 5 > >
0 a 0 @b@
> >
a ? b 5 4(23) 1 5(6) 1 20(22) 5 458
>
0 a 0 5 "42 1 52 1 202 5 21
>
@ b @ 5 "(23)2 1 62 1 222 5 23
458
u 5 cos21 a
b
483
u 8 18.52
5. a.
y
4
2 OA
OB
x
0
4 2
2 4
2
4
>
u 5 cos21 a
3"205
u 8 77.9
7-25
"26 BN 5 6
BN 5
or about 1.18
"26
>
>
10. a.
p 3 q 5 (26 2 3, 6 2 3, 1 1 4)
5 (29, 3, 5)
>
>
>
(p 3 q ) 3 r 5 (0 2 5, 5 1 0, 29 2 3)
5 (25, 5, 212)
a(1, 22, 3) 1 b(2, 1, 3) 5 (25, 5, 212)
Looking at x components:
a 1 2b 5 25; a 5 25 2 2b
y components:
22a 1 b 5 5
Substitute in a:
10 1 4b 1 b 5 5
5b 5 25
b 5 21
Substitute b back into the x components:
a 5 25 1 2; a 5 23
Check in z components:
3a 1 3b 5 212
29 2 3 5 212
> >
b. p ? r 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 21
> >
q?r52111053
> > >
> > >
(p ? r )q 2 (q ? r )p 5 21(2, 1, 3) 2 3(1, 22, 3)
5 (2, 21, 23) 2 (3, 26, 9)
5 (22 2 3, 21 1 6, 23 2 9)
5 (25, 5, 212)
>
1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 21 1 1, 0 1 2)
5 (2, 0, 2)
>
b. b 3 c 5 (0 2 4, 25 1 5, 24 2 0)
5 (24, 0, 24)
c. 16
d. The cross products are parallel, so the original
vectors are in the same plane.
>
2. a.> 0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22 5 3
b. @ b @ 5> "62 1 32 1 (22)2 5 7
>
c. a 2 b 5 (2 2 6, 21 2 3, 2 1 2)
5 (24, 24, 4)
>
>
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(24)2 1 (24)2 1 42 5 4"3
>
>
>
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 21 1 3, 2 2 2)
5 (8, 2, 0)
>
>
@ a 1 b> @ 5 "82 1 22 1 02 5 2"17
>
e. a ? b 5 2(6)
2 1(3) 1 2(22) 5 5
>
>
a 2 2b 5 (2 2 12, 21 2 6, 2 1 4)
f.
> 5 (210, 27, 6)
>
>
a ? (a 2 2b ) 5 2(210) 2 1(27) 1 2(6) 5 21
>
>
3. a. If a 5> 6, then
y will be twice x , thus collinear.
>
x 3 y 5 (3, a, 9) ? (a, 12, 18) 5 0
b.
3a 1 12a 1 162 5 0
15a 5 2162
254
a5
5
> >
a?b
4. cos (u) 5 > >
0 a 0 @b@
> >
a ? b 5 4(23) 1 5(6) 1 20(22) 5 458
>
0 a 0 5 "42 1 52 1 202 5 21
>
@ b @ 5 "(23)2 1 62 1 222 5 23
458
u 5 cos21 a
b
483
u 8 18.52
5. a.
y
4
2 OA
OB
x
0
4 2
2 4
2
4
>
u 5 cos21 a
3"205
u 8 77.9
7-25
6.
>
T1
30
T2
45
98 N
7.
50 km/h
300 km/h
y
x
7-26
>
>
>
AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
>
>
54 N
30 N
25 N
42 N
sin (90 2 u) 5 3
90 2 u 8 41.8
u 8 48.2
b. By the Pythagorean theorem, Kaylas net
swimming speed will be
"32 2 22 5 "5 km> h.
So since distance 5 rate 3 time, it will take her
0.3
t5
"5
8 0.13 h
8 8 min 3 sec
to swim across.
7-27
>
>
d. m ? k 5 23
u 5 cos21 a
23
b
4
8 138.59
23.
First we need to determine the dot product of
>
>
x and y :
> >
> >
x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
5 (10) cos (60)
55
>
>
>
>
(x 2 2y ) ? (x 1 3y )
By the distributive property:
> >
> >
> >
> >
5 x ? x 1 3x ? y 2 2x ? y 2 6y ? y
5 4 1 15 2 10 2 150
5 2141
24. 0 (2, 2, 1) 0 5 "22 1 22 1 12 5 3
Since the magnitude of the scalar projection is 4,
the scalar projection itself has value 4 or 24.
If it is 4, we get
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1)
54
3
2 1 2m 5 12
m 5 5
If it is 24, we get
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1)
5 24
3
2 1 2m 5 212
m 5 27
So the two possible values for m are 5 and 27.
> >
25. a ? j 5 23
>
0 a 0 5 "144 1 9 1 16 5 13
23
u 5 cos21 a
b
13
8 103.34
26. a.> C 5 (3, 0, 5), F 5 (0, 4, 0)
b. CF 5 (0, 4, 0) 2 (3, 0, 5) 5 (23, 4, 25)
OP 5 (3, 4, 5)
>
@
@ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2
OP
>
CF ? OP 5 29 1 16 2 25 5 218
218
u 5 cos21 a
b
50
8 111.1
27.
d
50
130
e
>
@ d 1 e @ 8 7.30
b. Using the cosine law,
>
>
@ d 2 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 50
>
>
@ d 2 e @ 8 3.84
>
>
>
>
b. Scalar:
Vector: 1a
c. Scalar:
Vector:
>
>
>
>
@ j@
(i 1 j ) ? (j )
>
>
b5j
>
>
@ j@
51
>
>
>
(i 1 j ) ? (k 1 j )
"2
@k 1 j@
>
(k 1 j )
>
>
>
>
>
>
"2
>
1
5 (k 1 j )
2
@k 1 j@
>
0 c 0 5 "14 1 12 1 14 5 1, unit vector
>
0 a 0 5 "4 1 25 1 1 5 "30
2
cos (a) 5
"30
>
a with the y-axis:
5
cos (b) 5
"30
>
a with the z-axis:
21
cos (g) 5
"30
>
@ b> @ 5 "9 1 1 1 1 5 "11
b with the x-axis:
3
cos (a) 5
"11
7-29
>
@ 2i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118
33. a. Direction cosine for x-axis:
>
>
>
"3
2
We know the identity
cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1.
Since a 5 30g, and b 5 g, we get
3
2 cos2 b 5 1 2
4
1
cos b 5 cos g 5 6
2"2
"3
cos a 5
2
So there are two possibilities, depending upon
whether b 5 g is acute or obtuse.
b. If g is acute, then
1
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 69.3
If is obtuse, then
1
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 110.7
1
> >
> >
34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5
2
>
>
>
>
(a 2 3b ) ? (ma
)
5
0
1
b
>
>
> >
> >
> >
ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0
1
3
6
m1 2 m2 50
2
2
2
1
5
2 m5
2
2
m 5 25
> >
a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 28
35.
>
a 1 b 5 (21, 21, 28)
>
>
@ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66
cos (30) 5
7-30
>
>
a 2 b 5 (1, 9, 24)
>
>
@ a 2 b @ 5 "1 1 81 1 16 5 "98
>
>
1 >
66
98
1 >
@a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@ 2 5
2
5 28
4
4
4
4
>
>
>
36.> c 5 b >2 a >
0 c 02 5 @b 2 a @ 2
>
>
>
>
5 (b 2 a ) ? (b 2 a )
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
5b?b2a?b1a?a2a?b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2a ? b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
>
BC 5 (21, 0, 22)
>
@ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
>
cos A 5
>
AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
>
>
10
10
51
But this means that angle A 5 0, so that this
triangle is degenerate. For completeness, though,
>
>
>
>
notice that BC 5 2AC and AB 5 2 AC . This
means that point C sits at the midpoint of the line
segment joining A and B. So angle
C 5 180 and angle B 5 0. So
cos B 5 1;
cos C 5 21.
The area of triangle ABC is, of course, 0.
5
>
>
@ 2i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118
33. a. Direction cosine for x-axis:
>
>
>
"3
2
We know the identity
cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1.
Since a 5 30g, and b 5 g, we get
3
2 cos2 b 5 1 2
4
1
cos b 5 cos g 5 6
2"2
"3
cos a 5
2
So there are two possibilities, depending upon
whether b 5 g is acute or obtuse.
b. If g is acute, then
1
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 69.3
If is obtuse, then
1
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 110.7
1
> >
> >
34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5
2
>
>
>
>
(a 2 3b ) ? (ma
)
5
0
1
b
>
>
> >
> >
> >
ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0
1
3
6
m1 2 m2 50
2
2
2
1
5
2 m5
2
2
m 5 25
> >
a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 28
35.
>
a 1 b 5 (21, 21, 28)
>
>
@ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66
cos (30) 5
7-30
>
>
a 2 b 5 (1, 9, 24)
>
>
@ a 2 b @ 5 "1 1 81 1 16 5 "98
>
>
1 >
66
98
1 >
@a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@ 2 5
2
5 28
4
4
4
4
>
>
>
36.> c 5 b >2 a >
0 c 02 5 @b 2 a @ 2
>
>
>
>
5 (b 2 a ) ? (b 2 a )
>
>
>
>
> >
> >
5b?b2a?b1a?a2a?b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2a ? b
>
>
> >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
>
BC 5 (21, 0, 22)
>
@ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
>
cos A 5
>
AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
>
>
10
10
51
But this means that angle A 5 0, so that this
triangle is degenerate. For completeness, though,
>
>
>
>
notice that BC 5 2AC and AB 5 2 AC . This
means that point C sits at the midpoint of the line
segment joining A and B. So angle
C 5 180 and angle B 5 0. So
cos B 5 1;
cos C 5 21.
The area of triangle ABC is, of course, 0.
5
>
b. We
use the diagram again:
>
>
b
1
23
x 5 1(27) 2 (23)(1) 5 24
27
c
1
y 5 23(5) 2 (2)(27) 5 21
5
z 5 2(1) 2 1(5) 5 23
1 > 1
>
So, b 3 >c 5 (24, 21, 23)
>
>
c. a ? (b 3 c ) 5 (21, 1, 1) ? (24, 21, 23)
5 (21)(24) 1 (1)(21)
1 (1)(23)
50
d. We could use the diagram
method again, or, we
> > >
>
>
>
note that for any vectors x , y , x 3 y 5 2 (y 3 x ),
>
>
>
>
so letting y 5 x , we have
x> 3 x 5 0 from the last
>
>
>
equation. Since a 3 b 5 b 3> c from
> the> first two
>
parts of the problem, (a 3 b ) 3 (b 3 c ) 5 0.
>
2. a.> To find the scalar and vector
projections of a
>
>
>
>
>
@
@
on b, we
need
to
calculate
and
a
b
5
"b
?
b
?
b
> >
a ? b 5 (1, 21, 1) ? (2, 21, 22)
5 (1)(2) 1 (21)(21) 1 (1)(22)
> 51
@ b @ 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
> 53
So, @ b @ 5 3
>
>
> >
The scalar projection of a on b is
a?b
1
> 5 3 , and
@b@
>
>
the
vector
projection
of
on
is
a
b
>
a
>
a?b
@b@
>2
>
2
3
@b@
a 8 48.2.
b
21
cos (b) 5 2> 5
3
@b@
b 8 109.5.
b
22
cos (g) 5 3> 5
3
@b@
g 8 131.8.
cos (a) 5
>
F
120
40 N
40 N
60
60
50 N
50 N
7-31
R
1000 km/h
G
D
Vector diagram
Position diagram
7-32
7.
458
T1
708
T2
25 kg
>
@ T2 @ 5
>
1.2 m/s
F
Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors
>
>
@ T1 @ (0.9645) 8 245 N
>
@ T1 @ 8 254.0 N
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
5 22 1 52 1 (22)2
5 33
>
>
x 2 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 2 (21, 2, 23)
5 (4, 1, 4)
>
>2
>
>
>
>
0 x 2 y 0 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
5 42 1 12 1 42
5 33
Thus, the right side is
1 >
1
1
1 >
>
>
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (33) 2 (33)
4
4
4
4
50
So, the equation holds for these vectors.
b. We now verify that the formula holds in general.
We will compute the right side of the equation, but
we first perform some intermediary computations:
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
> >
> >
> >
> >
5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? y ) 1 (y ? x ) 1 (y ? y )
> >
> >
> >
5 (x ? x ) 1 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
>
>
>
>
>
>
0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
> >
>
>
> >
5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? 2y ) 1 (2y ? x )
>
>
1 (2y ? 2y )
> >
> >
> >
5 (x ? x ) 2 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
So, the right side of the equation is:
1 >
1
1 >
>
>
> >
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (4(x ? y ))
4
4
4
> >
5x?y
Thus, the equation holds for arbitrary vectors.
7-33