PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

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CHAPTER 4: PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

A.

INTRODUCTION
- Elements are arranged systematically in the Periodic Table in the order of increasing proton number
which enables:
a) .
b) .
c) .
- Below are the contributions of a few scientists to the development of the Periodic Table:-

SCIENTISTS
Antoinne Lavoiser
(1743 - 1794)

DISCOVERIES
He was the first chemist to classify substances including light and heat into metals
and non-metals
.. because compounds were also
considered as elements.
In 1829 he divided the elements into groups of three with

Johann W Dobereiner
(1780 - 1849)

. (Deobereiners Triad)
The atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the average atomic
mass of the other two elements in each triad.
Led chemists to realise that there was a relationship between the chemical
properties and the atomic mass of each elements.

John Newlands
(1837-1898)

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Lothar Meyer
(1830 - 1895)

Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834 - 1907)

Hendry J.G Moseley

(1887 - 1915)

So below is an overview of the modern Periodic Table of elements:2

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

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Elements in the periodic table of elements are arranged in the order of increasing .

Two main components of the Periodic Table of Elements are :1. ..

2. ..

Position of elements are determined by its and .

Valence electrons :

Electron shells :
ELEMENTS

PROTON

ELECTRON

NUMBER

ARRANGEMENT

NUMBER OF
VALENCE
ELECTRONS

GROUP

NUMBER OF
SHELL

PERIOD

H
He
Li
B
N
F
Ne
Na
B.

GROUP 18 (NOBLE GASES)

- Group 18 is known as Noble gases and they are very inert.
- It is consists of .. .
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- They exist as .. at room condition because Noble gases ..

.. which is a for helium and .. for other
elements of other noble gases.
- So the element in G18 does not have to .. .
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 18 ELEMENTS.

Elements

Explanation
1. The atomic size ..as we go down the
group because of the ...
.. .
2. Melting point and boiling point is very low
.. are attracted by
.. . Therefore less heat energy is
needed to overcome these forces. However MP and
BP . as we go down the group
since . so will the Van der Waal
forces.
3. Density is low and increases gradually because mass
increases going down the group.
4. All noble gases are in water
and . in all
conditions

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 18

- There are NO chemical property for group 18 because:

- Since

all

of

its

elements

have

..

USES OF GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

Noble Gases

Uses
4

there

would

be

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Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon

C.

GROUP 1 (ALKALI METALS)

- Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals. The
Elements

Symbol

Proton no.

Electron configuration
5

No. of shells

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Caesium
Francium

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37
55
87

2.8.18.8.1
2.8.18.18.8.1
2.8.18.32.18.8.1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 1

a) ..
b) ..
c) ..

Elements

Explanation
1. The atomic size ..as we go down the

Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr

group because of the ...

. .
2. Melting point and boiling point
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
3. Density is low and increases gradually because mass
increases going down the group.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 1

i.

Li Li+ + e-

Na Na+ + e-

K K+ + e-

ii.

All elements in Group 1 have because in Group 1

. by . to form .

iii.

Reactivity of alkali metals .. because .

(ELECTROPOSITIVITY - ..)
Eg:

Lithium is less reactive than sodium. Explain why.

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Going down Group 1, the number of .., the

.................. and the single electron in the gets
. from the nucleus. The ... gets and the valence
electron is .. . Therefore .. .
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF GROUP 1
i) With water

Elements

Observations

Reactions

Lithium,
Li

Sodium,
Na

Potassium
,
K

General equation for the reaction is :

..
(where X is Li, Na, K, Cs, Rb, Fr)

ii) With chlorine gas, Cl2

Elements

Observations

Reactions

Lithium,
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Li

Sodium,
Na

Potassium
,
K
CONCLUSION:

iii)

With oxygen gas, O2

Elements

Observations

Reactions

Lithium,
Li

Sodium,
Na

Potassium
,
K
CONCLUSION:

GROUP 17 (HALOGENS)
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- Group 17 elements are known as HALOGENS.

Elements
Symbol
Proton no.
Fluorine
F
9
Chlorine
Cl
17
Bromine
Br
35
Iodine
I
53
Astatine
At
55
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF G17
a)
b)
c)
d)

Electron configuration
2.7
2.8.7
2.8.18.7
2.8.18.18.7
2.8.18.32.18.7

No. of shells
2
3
4
5
6

The physical state change from gaseous (F2/ Cl2) to liquid (Br2) and then to solid (I2)
ATOMIC SIZE increase going down the group
Low densities but DENSITY INCREASES going down the group.
MP and BP are low initially. But they INCREASE going down the group.
Elements

Explanation
1. ATOMIC RADIUS
o Atomic radius increases as we go down the group
2. DENSITY
o Low density compared to other elements but
density increases as we go down the group
o Atomic size increases therefore number of
occupied electron shells would also increase.
o Mass would increase thus DENSITY
INCREASES.
3. MP & BP
o Increase as we go down the group
o Forces of attraction of the Van der Waals forces
become stronger as size of atom increase
o More heat energy is needed to overcome the
forces of attraction.
4. ELECTRONEGATIVITY
o All halogens have high electronegativity.
o Electronegativity decrease going down the group
due to the increase in atomic size
o Forces of attraction from the nucleus towards
valence electron is weak
o Reactivity decreases

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF G17

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I.

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Reaction with water, H2O

Solubility (reactivity) decreases going down the group

II.

III.

Reaction with iron, Fe

- Reacts readily for fluorine and chlorine but slowly with
Bromine and iodine
- All halogens react to form iron (III) chloride
- Example:- Chlorine and iron
- For chlorine and bromine, sodium hydroxide solution is used to absorb excess gas.
Reaction with sodium hydroxide, NaOH
- Apparatus set-up is the same as reaction with water
- Chlorine reacts to form sodium chlorate (I), sodium chloride and water
- Example:- Bromine and NaOH
.

PERIOD 3
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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Elements
Proton no
Electron
arrangement
Nucleus charge
Radius

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Na
11

Mg
12

Al
13

Si
14

P
15

S
16

Cl
17

Ar
18

+11
0.156

0.136

0.125

+14
0.117

0.110

0.104

+17
0.009

+18
0.001

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Atomic
radius

Electro

negativity

Physical

Atomic radius decrease going across the period. (left to right). Why?
All the elements I period 3 have the same number of occupied electron shells
but the proton number is increasing for each successive elements
The increase in proton number causes the positive charge in the nucleus to
INCREASE so it would attract electron with a much stronger force.
So the nucleus attraction on the valence electron increase and the atomic radius

Electronegativity increases going across the period (left to right). Why?

Electronegativity increase going across the period because of the increase in the
nuclear charge// proton number from left to right (increase by one)
It causes an INCREASE in the strength to ATTRACT the valence electron so
electronegativity would INCREASE

Physical state changes from solid to gas going across the period

Metallic properties decreases going across the period.

Changes from metal semi-metal non-metal
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S

State

Metallic

Cl

Ar

properties

Good electrical conductor

Cant conduct electricity

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Elements
Proton no

Na
11

Mg
12

Al
13

Si
14

Formation of

11

P
15

S
16

Cl
17

Ar
18

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oxides

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Metals form basic oxides when reacted with oxygen.

So metal oxides would show basic or alkaline properties such as turning the

litmus paper from red to blue.

Non-metals form acidic oxides when reacted with oxygen.
Non-metal-oxides would show acidic properties
Aluminiun is different. It would form amphoteric oxides and show bopth acidic

and basic propertiers

Metal oxides + water alkali

; ..

.
Non-metal oxides + water acid

So oxides of period 3 changes from :

Basic oxides amphoteric oxides acidic oxides

F.

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Physical properties:1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
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SPECIAL PROPERTIES

1. Variable Oxidation Numbers (Charge on ions)

Elements like calcium and magnesium .... can only form ONE oxidation number.

Oxidation number - .

Transition element however can form ...

Eg: ...................

2. Formation of coloured compounds

Compounds of transition element can form .
Eg:

3. Catalytic properties
Catalyst -
Eg : .....
.....
Mainly used in industrial process.

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4. Formation of complex ions

Transition Elements can form COMPLEX IONS
Complex Ions central metal ion bonded to other atoms or groups of atoms.
They are brightly coloured.

USES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS

Refer to your textbooks/ reference books and do your own notes!!

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