Construction Work (Khmer) Full

Construction Design & Execution Department
File: Construction Work
matika
CMBUk 1 esckIepImnkarsagsg;
1>GkcUlrYmkgkarsagsg;
1>1 mas;sMNg;
1>2 viCaCIvKUrbg;
1>3 viCaCIvsagsg;
1>4 Gkemkar
2> viFIsaskgkareFVIkugRtakicsna
2>1 viFIsaskgkareFVIkugRta kicsna
2>2 viFIsaskgkareFVIkicsnaTUeTA
2>3 viFIsaskgkareFVIkicsnabMEbk
2>4 viFIsaskgkareFVIkicsnatamEbbtMkl;R)ak;kk;Camun
2>5 viFIsasRKb;RKgGksagsg;
CMBUk 2 sMNg;beNaHGasn
1> GaKarbeNaHGasn
1>1 rbgbeNaHGasn
1>2 kariyalykgkardan
1>3 karrkSaTuksuIm:g;
1>4 karpt;pg;zamBlGKisnI
2> TisedAkargarbeNaHGasn
2>1 kEngedA (Bench Mark)
2>2 karsagsg;ka)arI
3> GMBIrna
3>1 rnaEdk
3>2 karGnuvtn_tMelIgrna
-1-
CMBUk 3 karsikSaGMBIdI
1>TMrg;nkarxYgdI
1>2 RbePTnkarxYgdI
1>3 rUbFatundI
1>4 TMrg;xYgdI
1>5> viFIsasnkarxYgdI
2> karxYgdIRsTab;xageRkam
2>1 RbePTnkarxYgdI
3> viFIsasnkarTTYlykdIsMrab;sagsg;
3>1RbePTnig rcnasm<nnkarrkSaTukdI
4> m:asuInkaydI
4>1 Rtak;TrcUkdI
4>2 Backacters
4>3 Rtak;TrkaydI (Draglines)
4>4 buldUehSr (Bulldozer)
4>5 Rtak;TrBRgabdI (scrapers)
4>6 Rtak;TrekordI (Graders)
5> karRtYtBiinitTwkeRkamdI
5>1 karbgrTwkCaRbcaM
5>2 karbgrTwkbeNaHGasn
5>3 karbUmTwkedayeRbIb:um
5>4 kar)aj;TwkbeBaj
5>5 Well pointk
6> viFIsaskgkareFVIeGaydIkardansagsg;RbesIreLIg
6>1 viFIsaskgkarpas;brdI
-2-
6>2 viFIsaskgkaredaHTwkecj
6>3 viFIsaskgkarBRgwgkardan
6>4 karcak;bBalTwksuIm:g;
6>5 kMedA
6>6 Geosynthetics
7> karsagsg;RKwH
7>1 RbePTnRKwH
7>2 RbePTnRKwHbuk
CMBUk 4 ebtug
1> ssBRgwg
1>1 karBRgwgedayssEdk
1>2 sMNaj;Edk
1>3 viFIsaskgkarrkSaTuk nigsnSMsMcssEdk
1>4 rebobplitssEdk
1>5 kareRbIR)as;ssEdk
1>7 TItaMg nigkMras;nRsTab;ebtug
1>8 kartMelIgssEdk
1>9 karGnuvttMelIgssEdk
2> kargarBum<
2>1 eKalbMNgnkargarBum<
2>2 ktaEdlRbugRbyt nigcaM)ac;cMeBaHkargarBum<
2>3 bMrugRbytkgkartMelIgBum<
2>4 sMParEdlcaM)ac;kgkargarBum<
2>5 RTg;RTag nigsMBaFxagnBum<
2>6 bnk nigsMBaFxagnBum<
-3-
2>7 viFIsaskgkartMelIgBum<
2>8 ryeBlnkarTl;Bum<
3> kargarebtug
3>1 suIm:g;FmCati
3>2 karviPaKsuIm:g;
3>3 RbePT nigKuNPaBrbs;suIm:g;Biess
4> GaMBIxSac;/ f RKYs nig Twk
4>1 GaRKIeKt xSac; f nigRKYs
4>2 GMBITwk
5> karbEnm Admixture
5>1 Pak;garskmBIeRkA
5>2 kareFVIeGay admixtureRbesIeLIgtamEbbFmCati
6> karlayebtug
6>1 bTdankgkarlay
6>2 beckeTskgkarlay
6>3 lMdab;nkarlay
CMBUk 5 rcnasm<nEdk
1>karsagsg;rcnasm<nEdk
1>1 EpnkartMelIgeRKagEdk
1>2 sMPar
1>3 rebobtMelIeRKagEdkenAeragcRk
2> rebobeFVICeNIr
2>1 Shop drawing and full size drawing
3> kartPab;
3>1 kartPab;eday Revet
-4-
3>2 kartPab;edaymin
3>3 kartPab;edayeRbIRtecok Edk
3>4 kartPab;edaymintg;sgx<s;
3>5 kartPab;edaybnSa
4> kargarenAelIkardan
4>1 kartMelIgeRKagEdk
4>2 viFIbgb; bbBaHrnuk yufa
4>3 karcak;l,ayenAEpkxagelInRKwH
5> RbePTEdkesIg Rsal
5>1 rcnasm<nEdkesIg
5>2 lkNrbs;EdkesIg
6> rcnasm<nEdkTIb
6>1 karplitEdkTIbesIg
7> viFIsasTb;Tl;nig cMehHnrcnasm<nEdk
7>1 viFIlabeday)aj;
7>2 viFIlabedaycak;bgr
7>3 viFIebok
7>4 viFIvayPab;edaybnH)asic
CMBUk 6 kargarCagkMe)ar
1> kargarCagkMe)ar
1>1 RbePTn\d
1>2 TMhMn\d
1>3 l,ay
1>4 cMNat;fak;n\dsMrab;erobCBaaMg
-5-
1>5 kargarerob\d
1>6 viFIsaskgkargarerob\dRKb;EpkTaMgGs;nGaKar
1>7 lMdab;TUeTAnkargarCagsMNg;
2> karsagsg;\dsuIm:g;
2>1 cMNat;fak;n\dsuIm:g;
2>2 sMPar
2>3 lMdab;TUeTAnkarerob\dsuIm:g;
2>4 cMNat;fak;nkarsagsg;\dsuIm:g;
3> karerob\dkar:U
3>1 KuNPaBrYmpSMBiesssMrab;KuNPaBkar:U
3>2 RbePTnkar:U
3>3 bMrugRbytenAkgkargarkar:U
3>4 viFIsaskgkarerob\dkar:U
3>5 viFITb;Tl; nigkargarsMGat
3>6 karRtYtBinitbBab;
CMBUk 7 sMNg;GMBIeQI
1> sMPar
1>1 lkNneQI
1>2 rdUvkalneQI
2> bMENgEckneQI
2>1 karEbgEcktMbn;eRbIR)as;
2>2 karEbgEcktamTMhMnig sg;dar
3> sMParepSgEdleRbIR)as;CamYyeQI
3>1 kareRbIR)as;bBalKa
-6-
3>2 EdksMrab;BRgwg
4> karRbtibti
4>1 rebobGnuvttamlMdab;
4>2 GMBIkargarbBab;
4>3 kargarBum<
5> kargartMelIg
5>1 TVarnig bgc
5>2 ssr
5>3 Cnl
5>4 eCIgcK
5>5 Fwm
5>6 karCBaaMg
5>7 emBRgwg
CMBUk 8 karTb;Tl;nig CMrabTwk
1> viFIsasnig cMNat;faknCMrabTwk
1>1 karTb;Tl;nig CMrabTwkedayTwkxng
1>2 Pas;karBarmineGayRCabTwk
1>3 karkarBarCMrabTwk cMeBaHvtravedayPas;
2> viFIsas nigcMNat;fak;nkarTb;Tl;nigCMrabTwk
2>1 karTb;Tl;nig CMrabTwkCBaaMgEpkxageRkA
2>2 karTb;Tl; nigCMrabTwkEpktMbUl
2>3 karTb;Tl;nig CMrabTwktambnb;
3> cMNat;fak;nkareRbIR)as;sMPar
3>1 karkarBarCMrabTwkedayeRbIGasal;
-7-
3>2 karTb;Tl;nigCMrabTwkedayeRbITwksuIm:g;
3>3 rebobdak;sMPar karBarCMrabTwk
3>4 kareRbobeFob TwksuIm:g; nig Gasal;kgkarkarBarCMrabTwk
CMBUk 9 kargarbBab;
1> kargarbUk
1>1 sMParEdllayCamYyTwk
1>2 sMParEdlminlayCamYyTwk
1>3 lkN nigkarEbgEcksMParsMrab;bUk
1>4 karlay
1>5 karGnuvtn_
1>6 karsMGatedayRcas
1>7 karRtYtBinitsameRbH
2> kargarlab
2>1 sMPar
2>2 psMrab;lab
-8-
CMBUk 1 esckIepImnkarRbtibtisagsg;
1> GkcUlrYmkgkarsagsg;
1>1 PaKImas;sMNg;
mas;sMNg; GacnwgeFVIkarEsVgyl;edayxngGMBlI MenAdankgkarrIkcMerIneLIgnsmaCikRkumRKYsar
bRkumhunkdUcKapgEdr edIm,IeqItbeTAnwg karGPivDn_ EpkbeckeTsviTakgenaHpgEdrkRtUveFVIkarEsVg
yl;GMBITIRkug kgkarbegInehdarcnasm<nbkkargarGPivDedIm,Ifvika eTAtamtMrUvkarTIpSar.
karCMrujnRkumhumnimYy eq<aHeTArkkardak;pMKa eTAtamTMrg;epSg kedIm,IkarelIkTwkcitdl;mas;
sMNg;Edr TaMgGs;enaHehIyKWCakarcab;kMeNIteLIgnKMerag. bnab;BI)ankMNt;y:agc,as;las;nUvtMrUvkar
rbs;mas;sMNg;ehIy karEdlsMxan;CageKenaHKW eKalkarN_nfvikacMeBaHKMerag ebImindUecHeT KMeragenaHva
minGacekItmaneLIy.
hirBavtCaRbPBmYy EdlmanGtnyy:agsMxan;bMput sMrab;mas;sMNg; EdlGacQancUleTAkg
rebobnkarsagsg;)an bmin)an.
mas;sMNg;saFarN
fvikasMrab;sagsg;GacTTYl)anmkBIkEngpal; bk)anmkBIRbPBshBn b:uEnkgcMeNamkrNITaMg
Gs;xagelI mas;sMNg;RtUvEtbg;BnCUnrd. manKMeragxH)anGnuvttamryPJak;garnKNkmaFikarnsMNg;
mas;sMNg;kCn
fvikakgkarsagsg;PaKeRcIn)anmktamry PaKImas;sMNg;pal;EtmgenAkgenHrYmbBalTaMgBIr
PaKIKW
- GkEdlsagsg;EtpHmYyKt; kgmYyCIvitrbs;Kat;
- RkumhunEdlCamas; maneRKOgsMrbsMrYlkargarkgkarsagsg;.
RkumhunFMCajwkjab;maned)a:t;m:g;nRbCaCnEdlkgenaHmanGktMNagrbs;eK kgGMLgeBlelIk
KMerag nigrebobGnuvtn_karsagsg;.
-9-
GkGPivD KWCamas;sMNg;kCn EdlCajwkjab;Kat;eFVICamas; KMeragenAkgeBlsagsg;Etmg.

GkGPivD RtYtBiniteTAelIEpkesdkic EpkTIpSar hirBavt TItaMgnig rUbPaBkgeKalbMNgedIm,IeFVIeGay
manR)ak;cMNUlpgEdrtamry karlk;rhs bCYlryeBlEvg.
1>2 viCaCIvGkKUrbg;
sabtkr
sabtkrmantYnaTITTYlxusRtUvkgkarbkRsay nigGPivDbg;eTAtamtMrUvkarrbs;mas;sMNg; nigKUr
bgajeTAGkem:Akarsagsg;edIm,I GnuvteGay)ansuRkitkgkar)a:n;RbmaNtMl kdUcCaeFVItaragRbtiTin
kargargayRsYlkgkarGnuvttambg;lMGitnimYyeGay)anRtwmRtUvenH KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvTaMgRsugrbs;
sabtkr. CabEnm edIm,Ikaryl;dwgcMeBaHtMrUvkar rbs;mas;sMNg; sabtkrRtUvmanCMnajc,as;las;
ehIyRKb;RKan;edIm,IeRCIserIs[)anCak;lak;kgkarKUrbg; RtwmRtUvtamsmamaRtEbbKNitsas nigRbkb
edayesaPNPaBEdlKYrCaTIKab;cit.
visVkr
visVkrCaGkelIkKMeragEpkrcnasm<n (structures) GKisnI emkanic nigeRKOgsuIvil.
1>3 viCaCIvsagsg;
Gkem:Akarsagsg;CaBakEdleKeRbITUeTAcMeBaHGkEdlmanGaCIBTTYlxusRtUv sMrab;RKb;skmPaB
TaMgGs;nkarsagsg;Kat; bGkeFVIkardUcCaGkem:AkarTUeTA bdUcCaGkcat;Ecgkgkarsagsg;.
Gk):an;RbmaNtMl
Gk)a:n;RbmaNtMlKWCaslrbs;Rkumhun karxatbcMeNjrbs;Rkumhun)anedaysarkar xitxMRbwg
ERbgrbs;Gk)a:n;RbmaNenHg. Gk)a:n;RbmaNtMleFVIkarCamYybg;Edl)anerobcMKUrehIyCaeRsceday
sabtkr ehIyRtUveFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNtMleGay)ansBVRKb;EpkTaMgGs;nGaKar.
GkeFVItaragRbtiTinkargar
GkeFVItaragRbtiTinkargar RtUveFVIkarTMnak;TMngy:agditdl;rvagGkeFVIkarenAkgkariyaly nigGkeFVI
karenAelIkardan. enAmuneBlkarsagsg;cab;epIm eKTaMgenaHeRcIneFVIkarenAkgkariyalynRkumhun EtenA
eBlEdlsMNg;cab;epImdMeNIrkar eKRtUvpas;eTAeFVIkarenAkardanvij.
PJak;garTij bCav
KWCamnusSEdlmantYnaTICaGkccar edIm,ITTYl)annUvtMldl ehIynigeFVIeGayR)akdfa kgkMLg
eBlsagsg;RKb;sMParEdlCatMrUvkarTaMgGs; RtUvpl;eGayTan;eBlevlatamkicsnaEdl)ankMNt;. Ca
FmtaPJak;garTij-dUreRcInCYbCamYyGkem:Akarbn edIm,IBiniteLIgvijnUvlkxN nigRBMEdnnkargar.
- 10 -
1>4 Gkemkar
emkar KWCamnusSEdlcglR)ab; bbgajGMBIPaBEdlGaceFVI)an bmin)annigdwknaMkargarfaetI GaKar
EdlRtUvsagsg;enaHRtwmRtUvtambg;EdrbeT?
2> viFIsaseFVIkicsnakgkarsagsg;
kgKMeragsagsg; PaKeRcIncUlrYmeday PaKICamas;sMNg;GkelIkKMeragnig Gkem:Akarsagsg;.
mas;sMNg;CaEpkmYydsMxan; CaBiesskgkarsMerccit faeBlNaKMeragenHRtUvsagsg;.karsMerccitenH
eRcIneFVIbnab;BIkareFVIkarsikSa epSgKamgmak;rYcmk. CYnkalkarsMercenHeFVIeLIgedaymanKMeragsag
sg;Cabnan; ehIyvaCakarcaM)ac;Nas;EdlTTYlykesvaEpkKUrbg;. Gkkan;bg;RtUveFVIkary:agCitsitCamYy
mas;sMNg; Edlcab;epImdMeNIrkarN_ nigbMerICUndUcCaksarmKeTs sMrab;Gkem:AkarEdlCaGkRtUvsagsg;
KMeragenH.
GaRsyelITMhM niglkNFmCatinKMerag reboberobcMeGaymaneFVIkicsnarvagPaKITaMgBIrGacman
karpas;br krNIxHeTotPaKImageTotGacedIrtY BIrbrhUtdl;RKb;naTITaMgGs;kGacman. kgkrNIxusKaenH
RtUvykcitTukdak;nwgyl;eGay)anc,as; kgkarvaytMledIm,IkMNt; TMnak;TMngnkicsna EdlKYrdMeNIrkar
eTAmux bpakkicsna edIm,IRbsiTPaBkgkarEckcayKMerag. karsMercy:agNaenaHCabzmRtUvrkcMelIyBI
mas;sMNg;rYmbBalCamYy nigtMbUnanEdlpl;eGayedayGkBIeRKaHeyabl;CaRbcaMpgEdr.
enHCaTMrg;eFVIkicsna 5RbePTEdleKGnuvtenAkg]sSahkmsMNg;
2>1 viFIsaseFVIkicsnaTUeTA
kicsnaTUeTAekItmaneLIgrvagmas;sMNg; nigGkem:AkarTUeTA. CaFmtamas;sMNg; tMNageGay
KMeragEdlTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;kareRBogeLIgnUvksarkicsna. elIKMeragRbePT GaKarCaFmtaGktMNag
eRcInCavisVkr Edl)anelIkKMeragenaHeLIg. cMeBaHKMeragvisVkmCaFmta GktMNageRcInCavisVkrnKMeragkar
enaH. elIKMeragkargarsaFarN tYnaTInPaKInimyY )anbBaak;rYceRscehIy. RbkarepSgEdlGacekItman
eLIgxusBITMrg;Capvkar EdlminmanEcgenAkgkicsnaTUeTAminGacEkERb)aneLIy. KMeragRtUvpSBVpSay Ca
saFarN EdlENnaMRKb;PaKITaMgGs; CaBiessGMBIeBlevlakgkaredjf.
edayeyaleTAtameBlevla karRbfab;RtaenAelIksaredjf RtUvkMNt;eTAtamkEngCak;lak;
mYy. karebIksaredjf nigkarGanRtUvGnuvtcMeBaHmuxGkcUlrYmedjfRKb;PaKI edIm,IeGayBYkeKdwgB
RKb;PaKIenAeBlEdlksarRtUvebIkeLIg.
- 11 -
kicsnaRtUvpl;eTAeGayPaKNaEdlmantMlTabCageK CaFmtaGkEdledjfTabCageKelx 2
belx3. ksaredjfTaMgGs;RtUvrkSarTuk rhUtdl;kicsnaRtUv)ancuHhtexaCaFrman. TMrg;karenH RtUv
RtYtBiniteGay)anm:t;ct;CaTIbMputedIm,IecosvagkarXubXit blYcbnM.
eKalbMNgnkarENnaMenHKWRtUv begItkarCMrujnigelIkTwkcitdl;RKb;PaKIeGayRbkYtRbECgesIPaB
KakgkaredjfenH.
TMrg;EbbxagelIenAkgEpkkCnmanlkNRbhak;RbEhlKakgkareRbIR)as;b:uEn lkNvinicy
GacminGnuvttwgEtgeBkeT. ]TahrN_enAeBlebIkksaredjf GacnwgkMritmas;sMNg;GaceRCIserIs
edayRbiteRbogcMeBaHGkem:AkarepSgeTot CaGkEdledjfTabCageK bkmas;sMNg;GacBayamccarGMBI
tMleGayTabCageK bkmas;sMNg;GacBayamccrGMBItMleGayTabCageK bkmas;sMNg;GacBayam
ccarGMBItMleGayTabCagtMlEdl)andak;kgkaredjf. karGnuvtrebobenHvamin)anRKb;RKgedayc,ab;
eLIy. dUcenHbgajeGayeXIjfa rebobenHerobcMeGaymankicsna rvagRkumhunsarFarNnigkCnman
lkNRbhak;RbEhlKa. CaFmtaGkem:AkarTUeTA mankeTskmEtmYyenAkgcMeNamkargarsMxan; enA
kgKMeragdUcCakargarebtug bkargarEdk>>>.l.
dUcenHehIy Cajwkjab;Gkem:AkarTUeTAminmanCMnajkar R)akdsMrab;KMerageLIy enAeBlCYb
ehtukarN_rebobenH Gkem:AkarTUeTAeRcInEckrMElk kargarTaMgenaHeTAeGayGkem:Akarbn EdleKGacbMeBj
kargarTaMgenaH)an.
Gkem:AkarbnTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH ]bkrN_EdlcaM)ac; Blkr nigkardwknaMkargar. elIKMeragsagsg;
GaKarGkem:Akarbn CaTUeTATTYlkargardUcCaEpk GKisnI emkanic dMbUl CagkMe)ar kar:U RkalRBM biTRkdas
CBaaMg GuIsULg; BIdanBr kargareragCag kargarkBak; kargarEdk nigkargarRkalekAsU kMralCan;. TaMgenH
vaCakargarrYmKa cMeBaHGaKarsmBamYy EdlvaGacman 20 eTA 30 Gkem:Akarbn bGacticCag. edayman
PaBpyKa cMeBaHKMeragsagsg; sMNg;]sSahkmmYyEdlminmanlkNsKsajEdlCaTUeTAtMrUveGayman
3-4 Gkem:AkarbnEdrCaFmtaGkem:AkarTUeTAeFVIkarenAkgkariyaly ]TahrN_elIkargarsagsg;s<an Gk
em:AkarTUeTAGacem:AkarbnEdlCalkNem:AkartamEpknimYybCatMNak;.
RbkarmYy EdleKEtgCYbRbTH ehIykCaRbkarEdlhYsehtuEdrenaHKW enAeBlEdleKEtCYbRbTH
ehIykCaRbkarEdlhYsehtuEdrenaHKW enAeBlEdlGkem:AkarTUeTA nigGkem:AkarbnCamnusSEtmYy enARKb;
kargarTaMgGs;rbs;KMeragenaHEdleyIgehAfaCaQjkNal ehIyEdlCaTUeTAvamineKarBesaHcMeBaHpl
RbeyaCn_ rbs;mas;sMNg; taMgBIkaredjf Gkem:AkarTUeTA)anbBalR)ak;cMeNjelIkargarsMrab;PaKITaMgBIr
- 12 -
rYcCaeRsc ehIymas;sMNg;rg;caMEtkarbEnmtMleTAelIkarsagsg; tamrykarxitxMRbwgERbgsMrbsMrYlBI

Gkem:AkarTUeTAEtb:ueNaH.
tamEbbEpnKMeragsagsg; RbEhlCa 75 Cakargarrbs;Gkem:Akarbn rIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gk
em:AkarTUeTAeRcIneTAelIbg; karerobcM kardwknaM nigkarsMrbsMrYlkargar.
RbsinebI 25nkargarsagsg;GnuvtedayGkem:AkarTUeTA vaCakarbgehtumYyEdlGacekItman
eLIgBIeRBaHplcMeNjrbs;Gkem:AkarTUeTA vaman\TiBleTAelIkarcMNaykgkarRtYtBinitelIkargarenH.
RbsinebIKMeragCYb]bsK Gkem:AkarTUeTARtUvkat;bny bedayRsaybBakuMeGayekItmaneLIg kg
krNI ehtuEdlbgeLIgenaHekItmaneLIgGkem:AkarTUeTA RtUveFVIy:ageNaeGayvaenAticbMputkgkarcMnay.
dUcCakrNIxHGkem:AkarTUeTARtUvxitxMRbwgERbgrwHrk meFa)ayedayxng. vaCakarlM)akmYydUcEdl)an
eFVIkicsnarYceRscehIy CamYyPaKIem:AkarTUeTA minEmnCamYyPaKImas;sMNg;eLIy ehIyvakminEmnCamYy
Gkem:AkarbnNamak;eTotEdr.
dUcCamas;sMNg;xH )andak;kMNt;kicsnaelIcMeNamlTplkargar EdlGkem:AkarbncuHlkxN
BitR)akdnkargardUcCa 15-20 RtUvEtGnuvtedayGkem:AkarTUeTAehIyRtUveRbIBlkrxng. kgkarpl;
nUvrUbPaBEbbenH Gkem:AkarnigGnuvtCamYyRkumhunrbs;xnminticCag 25 nkargareLIyedayELk
cMeBaHKMeragkargarsaFarNxH krNIenHRtUvkMNt;edayc,ab;. etIenAeBlNaEdleKRtUveRbIkicsnaTUeTA?
CakarsanTUeTA Gkem:AkarTUeTAeRcInmanEtCMnajmYyeBlenaHKYrEtbBaHtMlsagsg;dl;mas;sMNg;.
CMnajTaMgenaHrYmbBalpgEdrnUvEpkrd)al nRbtibtkarsagsg; karpl; bpt;pg;sMParkarRKb;RKgkmkr
dmanRbsiTiPaB Epnkarm:t;ct; nigsMrbsMrYlrebobsagsg;y:agmansmtPaB.
ktaeCaKCy nigpl;y:agKab;citenaH mannyfaGkem:Akar)anrkSarTukCab;nUvbuKlikNa Edl)an
bNHbNalCaGkem:Akar emkanic nigkmkrCMnajpgEdr ehIyman]bkrN_RKb;RKan;edIm,IGnuvteTAtam
CMnajnimYy EdltMrUveGayman.
RbsinebImas;sMNg; tMrUveGaymanCMnajEpkRKb;RKgsMNg;viFIenH enAeBleFVIkicsna RbEhlRtUv
Binit minEmntamEtkarcUlcit rbs;mas;sMNg;enaHeT. viFIenHRKan;EtCaKMnitEtb:ueNaH cMeBaHmas;Rkumhun
ntMlsrubcugeRkay munnigcab;dMeNIrkarsagsg;.
2>2 viFIeFVIkicsnabMEbk
viFIeFVIkicsnabMEbkenH KWCakarcat;Ecg edaymas;sMNg;EdlGnumtedaykicsna eTAGkem:Agkarpal;Edl
manviCakeTssMrab;kargarepSg. enHKWCasarvnn viFIsaskicsnaTUeTAedayKanGkem:AkarTUeTAcUlrYm
mannyfa mas;sMNg;RtUvEtTTYlra:g;rg kgkarRKb;RKgKMeragrIkarcat;EcgkarTUeTACatMNak; RtUvGnuvt
- 13 -
edayGkem:Akar. kareRbIviFIsasenH mas;sMNg;RtUvmansmtPaBeFVIkarenAkgkariyalyedIm,IRKb;RKg

KMerag. mas;sMNg;manplRbeyaCn_ly:agxaMg edayKat;)anRtYtBinitGkem:AkarTUeTAedayxnKat;pal;.
karpas;brenAkgviFIsasenH GacCalMhat;mYy enAeBlEdlmas;sMNg; mintMrUveGaymansmtPaBcat;Ecg
karenAkgkariyaly krNIenHmas;sMNg;GacGnuBaati[bMEbkkicsna edIm,IGnuvteKalkarN_nkar
RKb;RKg.
tYnaTInkarRKb;RKgenH RkumhunRtUvmanKMeragc,as;las;ehIyRkumhunRtUvkMNt;RBMEdnkargarrbs;
Gkem:AkarepSg eTot. CakarBit PaBsKsajGacekItmaneLIgBIkarcat;Ecg nigRKb;RKgenH. CaTUeTA
GMNacnkarRKb;RKgrbs;Rkumhun vamanTMhMFMmhimadUcCaGkem:AkarTUeTAEdr BieRBaHRkumhunkCaPaKImYy
EdlcUlrYmenAkgkicsnaenHEdr dUcCalTplkargarEdlmas;sMNg;KYrEtdwgnig TTYlykkarRtYtBinitxag
karcat;EcgBIkareFVIkicsnaTUeTAenH.
etIenAeBlNaEdleKRtUveFVIkicsnabMEbkenH? viFIenHeKGacGnuvt)ancMeBaHGkcat;Ecgkarsagsg;
dmansmtPaB bkCavisVkrsMNg; edIm,Icat;EcgkargarenHtamkicsnaepSgKa. ebIbuKlenaHRtUv)anCYl
edaymas;sMng; viFIenHvacUlenAkgKMeragBiess EdltMrUveGaymankarkat;bny kargarRbePTxHBIkarsag
sg;vaCaRbkar EdlmantictYcCaTIbMput enAeBlEdlmankargarCaeRcInRbePTcUlrYmkgkargarsagsg;. enA
eBlEdlGnuvviFIenH RtUvcgcaMCa mas;sMNg;mankarRbfuyRbfan y:agxaMgenAkgmhnray ebIeRboeFob
CamYyviFIem:AkarTUeTa. viFIsasenH)anbM)at;ecalnUvR)ak;cMeNj rbs;Gkem:AkarTUeTABItMlsagsg; ehIy
vaRtUvEtcgcaMpgEdrfa R)ak;cMeNjrbs;Gkem:AkarTUeTAtictYcNas; ticCag3 dUcenHehIyviFIenHeKBuM
sUveRbIR)as;eLIy.
2>3 viFIsaseFVIkicsnaedaytMkl;R)ak;kk;Camun
hirBavtKW CaemkanickgeBlEdlkicsna minTan;)ancuHCamYylaylkGkSrenAeLIy. mas;sMNg;Edl
manBlkrpal; bnieyaCikEtmYyKt; EdlxitxMRbwgERbgsMrab;karsagsg;enH.
PaKImas;RtUvEtpl;nUvsMParEdlcaM)ac; BlkreRKOgynnig GkRtYtRtakargar. KMeragCaeRcInEdl
eRbIR)as;viFIsasenH mas;sMNg;mantYnaTICaGkcat;EcgTUeTA ehIyeKBwgEpkeTAelIGkKUrbg;tictYcCaTI
bMput ehIyCaTUeTAeKeRcInEteFVIkarenAkgkariyalyEtb:ueNaH. GkxHeKeRbIevcnenH CamYytMlEdlbUk
bBaleBlevla nigsMParEdleRbIR)as;EfmeToteTAkgenaH enAeBlEdlkicsnaminTan;cUlCaFrmank
eday vaCaplcMeNjrbs;PaKImas;enAkgkarcMNayepSg fVIebITMrg;cuHkicsnaFmtakeday eBlevlak
RtUvsnSMsMcpgEdr. viFIsasenH)anbM)at;ecal nUvR)ak;cMeNjEdlGkem:AkarTUeTAnig Gkem:Akarbncg;)an
- 14 -
CaxaMg. kgkarbnytMlkRtUvBinitplEdr eTAelIEpkvisVkm nigkareFVIGFikarkic Gacniyay)anpgEdrfa

Ca]bkrN_GacminsmRsbeTAtamEpnkarEdl)ankMNt;dUcenHeyIgKYrBiniteGay)anlitln;pgEdr.
etIenAeBlNaEdleyIgRtUveRbIviFIsasenH? eKeRbIR)as;viFIsasenHenAeBlEdlKMeragmanTMhMtUc
ehIymanRBMEdnsMNg;manlkNsamBa nigdak;eGaytMeNIrkartamlkNFmCati. vaCakarBitNas;mas;
sMNg;Cabzm RtUvmankMlaMgBlkmnig GkbeckeTsehIytamryhirBavtenHEdrrYmKa EfrrkSaKMerag.
]bkrN_enAkgkarEfrTaM TIRkugFM pvfl;CaFmta eKeFVItamvIFItMkl;R)ak;kk;CamunenHg EtenAeBl
Edlsagsg;pvfI RtUvGnuvttamviFIeFVIkicsnaTUeTA. karEfrkSarpvEdk kRtUvGnuvttamviFItMkl;R)ak;kk;
CamunEdr EtenAeBlEdltMelIgpvEdkfI RtUvcuHkicsna. karEfrrkSabrievNeRkamdIkeFIVtamviFItMkl;R)ak;kk;
CamunEdr. enAeBlfI viFIsasenHTTYl)ankarriHKn;CaeRcIn BIsMNak;GkeFVIkicsnavaCalTpln ninakar
CaeRcInCamYykartMkl;R)ak;kk;CamunenH. enHCakarritbNwgcMeBaHmas;sMNg;saFarN kgkardak;ksar
edjfRbkYtRbECgCaBiesscMeBaHGkedjfTab.
enAkgkarrNIxHeTotmas;KMerag minGnuBaatieGayGkem:AkarkCndak;edjfeLIy eRBaHCYnkal
BYkeK)andak;tMlmYy Edlminsmrm ehIymanKuNvibtieTot.
TImYy BYkeKEtniyayfa PaKImas;sMNg;minmanParkicenAelItMlnGclnRTBsm,tienaHeLIy
ehIyeRbIR)as;m:asuInFn;Fn;EfmeTot. dUcKaenHEdr enAeBlEdleFVIkarCYsCul bEfrkSaRkugFM eRKOgm:asIun
RtUv)anFanar:ab;rgedayPak;garsaFarN bnab;mkRtUv)anbBaHtMlenAkgkaredjfsMNg;fIEfmeTot.
TIBIr Gkem:AkarRtUvkMkl;R)ak;mYycMnYny:agx<s; sMrab;bg;eTAelIGaCJaFr enAeBlEdleKmin)aneKarB
bbMeBjeTAtambTbBaaepSg. EtvakGacCaKuNUbkarm:agEdr enAeBlEdleKeBalBakdUcxagelIenH
cMeBaHkarGnuvtkartMkl;R)ak;kk;munenH EdlvaeFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_EpkkCn.
2>4 viFisasKUrbg; nigsagsg;
viFIsasenHPaKImas;GnuBaati eGayGkem:AkarEtmak;Kt;TTYlrab;rgkgkarKUrbg;pg nigsagsg;pg
sMrab;KMeragkarsagsg;enaH. dwgehIyfaviFIsasenHeKeRbIR)as;cMeBaHRkumhunsagsg;NaEdlmanbT
BiesaFn_ kgkarKUrbg;CatMNak; CalTplenAcugbBab;nKMeragEdlGacbegIt)anenAkgBaNKYrEtmankMrit
x<s;. vakdUcCaenAkgviFIsasem:AkarTUeTAEdr karTTYlykGkem:AkarTUeTA eGayTTYlxusRtUvkgkarKUrbg;
sMrab;KMeragpgEdr. karGnuvtrebobenH)ankayeTACakareBjniymkgkarsagsg;sMNg;]sSahkmFn;FM
dUcCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>CaedIm.
etIenAeBlNaEdleKeRbIviFIsasenH? eKeRbIviFIenHenAeBlEdlRkumhunTTYlParkgkarKUrbg;pg
nig sagsg;pgvaminGaccab;dMeNIrkarsagsg;enAeBlEdlminTan;bBab;karKUreLIy. dUcenHRtUvcab;epImKUr
- 15 -
bg;CamuneTIbcab;epImdMeNIrkarsagsg;.
kargarenHvamanlkNRtYtsuIKa kb:uEnvaeyageTAelIkartamdany:agrhs mannyfa RtUvpl;bg;
KMeragmuneBlkMNt;.
2>5 viFIsasviCaCIvRKb;RKgkarsagsg;
dUcCaeQaHEdl)anbBaak; viCaCIvRKb;RKgkarsagsg; KWCaviFImYyenAkgviFIEdlmas;sMNg;CYl
Rkumhunsagsg;edIm,IbMeBjsavaviCaCIvCaGkRKb;RKgkarsagsg; (CM) CaTUeTARtUv)anCYledayPaKImas;
sMNg;edayxngenAmuneBlEdlkarKUrbg;nigkarsagsg;minTan;dMeNIrkar. kgTMrg;RtwmRtUv CM Ca
]bkrN_kgkareRCIserIsrbs;Rkumhun. kMLgeBlEdlbg;kMBugdMeNIrkarKUr CM RtUvRtYtBinitCaRbcaMnUv
tMlnig eBlevlaEdlRtUvbBab;GacbBaH bbny)an. kar[tMleTAelIEpkvisVkm vaRbEhlCatMlmYy
y:agskisiTi eRkamkaleTsGnuvtkarKUrbg;CatMNak; enAmuneBlkarsnanrUbuIyvtcMeBaHkarsagsg;
cUlCaFrman.
GkRKb;RKgkarsagsg; RtUv)anpl;R)ak;kMrCamUldan rIkareRbIR)as;eRKOgm:asuInepSg CaRbcaM
enaHRtUvRKb;RKgedayGkelIkKMeragenaH. dUcenH CM eFVIkaredIm,IplRbeyaCn_rbs;PaKImas;sMNg;.
GkKUrbg;RtUv )anpl;R)ak;kMr pal;eTAelItMlEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarelIkKMeragsagsg;. eKCYl CM
enAkgEpk emIlkar xusRtUvkgkarsagsg;CMnYsPaKImas;EdlCanicCakal eKcg;)annUvPaBsm
RsbmYyKWlkNesdkic Edl PaKImas;sMNg;cg;)an. CakarelIkTwkcitdl;mas;sMNg;CaFmta CM
RtUvkMNt; bpl;tMlcMeBaHKMeragmin x<s;hYsehtueBkeT. CYnkalenAeBlEdlKUrbg;)anEpkxH
kargarsagsg;Gaccab;epImsagsg; ]TahrN_ GkRKb;RKgkargarsagsg;GnuBaati eGayGkem:Akar
eFVIkarenAelIkardancMENkxH Edl)anbBab;karKUrehIy eRBaHvagayRsYlkgkarsegt nigRtYtBinit.
kMNt;cMNaMGkRKb;RKgkarsagsg;
minGnuBaatieGayeFVIkarsagsg;EpkNamYynKMerageday
eRbIR)as;Blkrpal;xneLIy. b:uEn CM GaceRbIR)as;kMlaMgBlkmcMeBaHkargarxHdUcCakarsMGatCaedIm.
RbsinebIkargarTaMgenaH)anbBab;tamkMNt;muneBlevla CM GacrMlwkGkem:AkarTUeTA GMBIkargarEdlenA
esssl;faetI kargarenHRtUveFVIedayGkem:AkarTUeTA bedayGkem:AkarbMEbktYnaTIrbs; CM KWeFVIeGayc,as;
fa etIkarEbgEckkargarenaHtamEpnkarEdl)anbBaak;EdrbeT? etIenAeBlNaEdlmanKMeragFM benAeBl
bBab;KMerag CaBiessenAeBlEdlGkCMnajkarRtUveFVIbg;CatMNak; enAkgkarsagsg;mnIreBTeKniymeRbI
viFIenH.
enAeBlGnuvtviFIenH Cabzmmas;sMNg;RtUvmanCMenOCak;eTAelI smtPaBnwgesckIsucritrbs; CM
KMeragRtUvEbgEckeGay)anrhs tamdannig RtYtBinity:agrhsehIyCaRbcaM KWCaebkCndlsMrab;kargar
- 16 -
enH.
3> karedjfnigkicsna
karRbkYtRbECgkgkaredjf KWCaviFsI asmYynkarkMNt;tMlTab sMrab;skmPaBkargarEdl)an
kMNt;edayksarsagsg;. tMlnigrebobeFVIkicsna rbs;GkedjfedIm,IGnuvtkargarsagsg;vaEpkelI
kargarEdl)anbgajenAkgksaredjfenHg.
karedjfRtUverobcMenAkgPaBCMenOCak; rvagGkedjfnimYy. CaFmtaeKRtUveFVIkare)aHRtaenAelI
ksarenAeBlEdleKdak;eGayGtifiCn benAkgkrNIxHrvagGkem:AkarTUeTA nigGkem:Akarbn. ksar
edjf RtUv)anebIeTAtameBlevla nigf ExEdl)anbBaak;eRscBImunmkkgnyRbkYtRbECgnigkar
eRbobeFob elIkElgEtmanmUlehtunkarbgab; bBaar bbgitbgM ebImindUecHeT GtifiCnEdlQHenAkgkar
edjfenaH KWCaGkEdl)andak;tMlTabCageK. muneBledjf GtifiCn GacTTYl)annUvGVIEdlCatMrUvkar
rbs;Gkedjf edIm,IkMNt; nigeFVitamstism,CBanKMerag. TUrelxRKb;RKan;EdlCaskanuBl KYrEtpl;
eTAeGayGkedjf edIm,IGnuBaatieGayeKerobcMksar kgkaredjf.
Bakfaedjf nigsMeNIrvaCaevcnsBdUcenHsMeNIrGackMlat esckIbkaleTs sMrab;ykmk
Binitnig BIPakSaCamYyGtifiCn sabtkr bvisVkr Gkedjf nigkaredjf EdleKcUlcitCageK edIm,ITb;
sat; nigkaryl;xusrbs;Gkedjf.
enAeblEdlGtifiCn yl;RBmTTYlyknUvksarsagsg;ehIy eFVIkareRCIserIsviFIsaskgkaredj
fehIy sabtkrGacCYykgkareRbIR)as; Gkem:Akar nigerobcMTMrg;ksarkgkaredjf karFanar:ab;rgn
ksar kgkarRbkYtRbECgedjf TMrg;sMNYr karsegtBIkaredjf nigkarerobcMepSg EdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;
dUcCaeBlevla nigksaredjfCaedIm. m:agvijeTot sabtkr GacCYypgEdr kgkarerobcMkarkicsna
kgkarsagsg;.
GkedjfmansiTisMerc beFVIkarpas;brkaredjfrbs;eK edayEpkelImUldannlkxNCak;Esg
dUcCamankarKitxus kgkaredjf karpas;brtMlplitpl GaRtaBlkr bBlkrminsmRsbBIeRBaHfa
kargarxHvahYssmtPaB.
GkedjfRtUvTTYlxusRtUv nigTTYlykkrNIGacCayfaehtuxH kgkMLgeBlEdlksaredjf
RtUv)anebIkeLIg. enAmuneBledjf y:agehacNas;RtUvpl;eTAeGayGkedjfdUcCa bg;EdllMGitBIEpk
epSg nGaKar edIm,IeGayBYkeKsikSaeGay)anc,as;ehIy edIm,IeGayBYkeKsuxcitTTYlykbg;Edl)anKUr
TaMgenaHehIyEdr. RbsinebIkarpl;eGayeTAGkedjfRKb;lkxNehIy eFVIkarBnl;ENnaMrYcehIy bnab;
mkksaredjfRtUvebIehIykaredjf RtUvvaytMl. cMeBaHGkedjfedjfEdltMlTabCageKRtUveFVI
- 17 -
karviPaK edIm,IeGayc,as;fa vaBitCaRtwmRtUv ehIyvaminCH\TiBlRtLb;mkvijnUvtMl Edl)ancuHkicsna

ehIy. karedjfRtUveFVIkareRbobeFobCamYytMlEdlsabtkr)an):an;RbmaNTukrYcCaeRscehIyenAeBl
edlerobcMksaredjfenH.
GtifiCnGacTTYlykkaredjf nigeq<aHeTAkareFVIkicsnaEdlbnab;mkkayeTACaGkem:AkarsMrab;
kargarKMeragenaH.
4> RbtiTinkargarsagsg;
CaFmtaGtifiCnEtEtsYreTAsabtkr kgkar)a:n;RbmaNeBlevlankarsagsg;sMrab;KMeragenH.
bnab;mkGtifiCnGaccUlrYmkgkar ):an;RbmaNkgkarGPivDsrubeTAelIRbtiTinkargar. Gkem:AkarKYrerobcM
lMGittaragnkargarsagsg;sMrab;kareRbIR)as; kgkarcat;EcgnigRKb;RKgkargarnGkem:Akarbn nigGkem:A
karEdleRbIR)as;Blkrpal;xn. Gkem:AkarKYrEteFVIsMeNIrbBantaragRbtiTinkargar eTAeGaysabtkrkg
ryeBl 30f enAeBlEdlcuHkicsnaCaFrmanehIy. TMrg;RbtiTinkargar RtUvEpkpgEdreTAelImUldan
nkarGPivDrbs;Gkem:Akar nUvBRgagtaragkargarenH. edIm,IsMrYldl;kargartaragRbtiTin KYrbegItenAkg
Bar chart sMrab;kargarnimYy bkbMEbkCakargartUc BIkargarsMxan; nKMeragenH. m:agvijeTotRbtiTin
kargarGacGPivD)any:agltamviFI CPM (Critical Path Method) .viFI CPM enHtMrUveGayeRbIR)as;enAkg
KMeragkargarEdlFM edIm,IRtYtBinit enAelIRKb;cMncu dUcCaryeBlehIyva kGaRsyeTAelIlkxNCak;Esg
nkarsagsg;pgEdr.
Gkem:AkarKYrRtYtBinit nigeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvRbtiTinkargarCaerogral;Ex nUveBlevlaEdl)an
sanTukehIyRtUveFVIkarpas;breBlevla EdlGaceFVI)an epgpat;bEktMrUv. eBlevlaEdl)ankMNt;rYcehIy
minGacEkERbb pas;br)aneLIy ehIytaragRbtiTinEdl)anbegIteLIgehIy RtUvykcitTukdak;rIkargar
EdlGnuvtedayem:agbEnm RtUvrkSarTukedIm,IkuMeGayeFVIkarEktMrUv taragRbtiTin vaGacman\TiBl enAelI
tMlxH EdlGaRsyeTAtamkarRBmRBagrbs;GtifiCn Edl)ancuHkgrcnasm<nnkicsnaehIy. tarag
RbtiTinmanGtny sMxanbMputeRBaHvaCa]bkrN_ kgkarRtYtBinitrebobsagsg; ehIyvaGacCYysabtkr
eGaydMeNIrkarkareTAtamKMerag nigRtYtBinitKuNPaB enAEblEdlsagsg;tamdMNak;nimYy ehIyvak
kayeTACakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gkem:AkarpgEdr.
taragRbtiTin kCa]bkrN_EdlmanGtnyeBjelgpgEdrsMrab;eRbIR)as; RtYtBinitRKb;CMnajEdl
cUlrYmkgkarsagsg;enH.
taragRbtiTinkargar kman\TiBleTAelICMnajepSg eTAtammeFayepSg edayGaRsyeTAelI
TMhM kMlaMgBlkr sMParRKb;RKan; eRKOgm:asuIn EdlGacTTYlykedIm,IlkxNkargar nGkem:AkarbnEdl
- 18 -
RtUveFIVkarCamYyGkpt;pg;sMPar karviPaKelIsMPar Pak;garEdlcUlrYmdak;bBankarKUrtamrykuMBTr kar

cat;EcgTUeTAelIkargarsMNg;nig bBaaepSgeTot.
- 19 -
CMBUk2 karsagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasn
niymny kargarbeNaHGasn KWCaeRKOg sMrbsMrYlEdl)anbegIteLIgCabeNaHGasn kMLgeBl

sagsg;; kgeKalbMNg edIm,IeFVIeGaysMercnUvkarsagsg;. bnab;BIsg;sMercehIy sMNg;beNaHGasn RtUv
ruHerIecjvij.
kargarbeNaHGasn KWCaGMeBIEdlmincMeBaH EpkxageRkamnsMNg;vaCavtrYmenAelIsMNg;TaMgmUl
sMNg;beNaHGasnman KWCaGMBIEdlmincMeBaH EpkxageRkamnsMNg; vaCavtrYmenAelIsMNg;TaMg
mUl. sMNg;beNaHGasnman rbghuBTkardan GaKarbeNaHGasn karpt;pg;zamBlGKisnI karbMPWkar
dan karpt;pg;Twk nigkargardTeTot.
TisedAnkargarbeNaHGasn
eRKOgsMrYlkgkareRbIR)as; RtUvbBaneTAkardan sagsg;rYmman eQIsMrab;eFVIka)arI rna nigbMram
epSg eTot.
1> GaKarbeNaHGsn
- 20 -
rUbPaB 2-1 Epnkarsagsg;GaKarbeNaHGasn

1>1 rbgkardanbeNaHGsn
eKalbMNgnkarsagsg;rbgbeNaHGsn KWedIm,IRtYtBinit karecj-cUl suvtiPaB viFankgviFan
karBar karlYc-bn; nigkarrkSakarBar)anl.
sMParsMrab;rbgkardanbeNaHGasnrYmman eQIbnH sgsI ExSRbTak;Ka bnHfsMrab;Tb;. rbgRtUv
eFVIcMgay 1m BIkardan kMBs;BIkMralpal;dI GL BI 2-3 Em:Rt RtUveFVITVarrbgRbEhl4 Em:RtsMrab;karnaM
sMParcUlkardan.
1>2 kariyaly
TItaMgRtUvmanTMhM BI5-8 m sMrab;CMnajmYy tUcbMput 3/3 m2 eFVIeTAtammaRtdaneGay)ansm
RsbeTAnwgmaRtdanrbs;GaKar EdlkgenaH)anEbgEckCakariyalysMrab;emkar/ visVkr sMNg;nigXaMg
sMrab;dak;sMPar.
1>3 karrkSaTuksuIm:g;
2
- 21 -
suIm:g;RbePTNakeday munnigykeTAeRbIR)as; RtUvrkSaTukvaeGay)anRtwmRtUvenAkglkxNl.

suIm:g;RtUvTukenAkEngstminRtUveGay)ansMeNIm CaceBaH bCaRbeyal eRBaHvaGackkrwg)an. RbBneRbI
R)as;bgVilKYreFVIeGay)anc,as;fa cMnYnEdlykmkmunRtUv)aneRbIR)as;muneKbgs;.
rUb2>2 karrkSaTuksuIm:g;.
1>4 karpt;pg;zamBlGKisnI
CaFmtakarpt;pg;zamBl GKisnItMrUveGaybegIteLIgenAkgkicsnaedIm,Ipl;karbMPWnig crncMeBaH
karsak;enAkdUcCaRbePTkargarxHktMrUveGaymanpgEdr dUcCa]bkrN_xH edIredaycrnGKisnI.
karpt;pg;zamBlcMeBaH GaKarKWCaRbFanbTnkicsna rvagGkem:AkarnigsanIyenAkgtMbn;enaH
eRBaHeKGaccg;dwg faetIeyIgRtUvkarzamBleBlNa? GasydannigRbGb; bkarbnEdlenACitenaH ehIy
cMNucEdlsMxan;Cag KWbnkEdlRtUvkar sMeNIrenHRtUvdak;esIrsMrab;GaKarehIykar)a:n;RbmaNRtUvKitCa
KILv:at;sMrab;ryeBlsagsg;. eRkABIenaHRtUveFVIkar):an;sanRbmaN 10W/ sMrab;karbMPWtamCan;nGaKar
edaybUkbBalnUvkareRbIR)as;rfynscpg. kartMelIg nigkarpt;pg;zamBlKYrEtmankarFanar:ab;rgeday
c,ab;bTbBaa niglkniksMrab;kardansagsg;.
2> TisedAkargarbeNaHGasn
2>1 cMNucedA (Bench Mark)
2
m
- 22 -
enaelIkardansagsg;sMrab;rcnasm<n vaCakarsMxan;Nas;edIm,Idak;TItaMgKMerag nigeRKOgmYycMnYn

enAelICeNIreyag.
karRtYtBinitnUvkMritnIv:UTab RtUveFVICatMbUgbgs;EdleyIgehAfa Bench Bark (MB) enACitTIkEngsag
sg;edIm,I[c,as;las;kgkarsagsg;. karsagsg; BM beNaHGasnKYrEteFVIkgcMgay 30m by:agqay
bMput 60m BITItaMgEdlRtUvkar. cMNucTaMgenaHKYrEtykcitTukdak;[)anRKb;RKan;ehIyRtUvyl;dwgCamuneRBaH
vaRtUvkareRbIR)as; enAkgcenaHenaHedIm,Isg;cMnucdUcCakargartMelIgeRKag ssrRKwH EdlRtUvRtYtBinitry
kMBs;.
2>2 ka)arI
kareRKagnUvcMNucsMxan; nGaKarnwgRtUv)andak; berobcMedayka)arIenHg EdlbegIteLIgedIm,I
RtYtBinitTItaMg TMhM nigCMerAreNAEdlsMerc)antamkareRKagTuk. ka)arIKYrEtbegIteLIg y:agehacNas;
cMgay 2m BIreNA GBawgvaminnaMeGayxUcxat bb:HBal;enAeBlEdleGsav:aTrCIkreNA. kMBs;karkat;TTwg
nka)arIRtUvEtmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwg kEngEdlkMNt;ehIyCab;maMl edIm,IgayRsYlkgkareFVIclnaRtYtBinit
CMerAreNA. CMerAreNAqas;GacRtYtBinitedayeRbI Level nigbegalRkit EdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgkEngEdl
kMNt;pgEdr. TMhMreNAGacRkitenAelI ka)arI edayeRbIEdkeKal rNaGaRkit eRbIfaMRkit RbsinebItMrUveGay
man.
- 23 -
rUb2-3 ka)arI
3> GMBIrna
kargarenHKW CakargartMelIgeFVICuMvijbrievNnGaKar brcnasm<nEdlRtUvpl;suvtiPaBkargardl;
kmkrEdleFVIkarenATIx<s;. rnaCaFmta eKtMrUveGaymanenAeBlEdlkEngeFVIkarmankMBs;cab;BI 1.5m eLIg
eTA. kartMelIgrnaRtUveKarBeTAtamsMNUmBr nigeKalbMNgnkarsagsg;.
3>1 rnaEdk
rnaEdkrYmpSMeLIgedayrcnasm<nCamUldan3RbePTKW
- begal
- emTTwg nig
- embeNay
begalQrRtg;eTAelIdI benAelITMrrwg emTTwgRtUvcab;Pab;CamYybegalkgPaBepk tamryTTwg.
embeNayRtUvcab;CamYybegalenABIeRkamemTTwgtamrybeNayrna. eRKOgTaMgbIenHCaFmtaeFVIkart
Pab; tamlkNsg;dar ehIyenAkgkartenHRtUvQrelImuM L=90 kgtMN2eRKOg. Bak sg;dar kaymk
BIRbCuMsBbeckeTs nshKmn_GWrub Edl)aneGayQaHbegal (upright) Casg;dar. eRKOgbgMTaMgbIRbePT
)anbgajtamrUbPaBxageRkam ehIynwgbgajeLIgvijenAkgbg; epk nigbBarnkartMeLIgrna.
embeBageRbIR)as;sMrab;karTb;mineGayeRKOgbgMTaMg3gaker bbt;)anvamansarsMxan;enAkgTis
edAGgt;RTUg. embeBag bbg;)aj;CaFmtaeFVIkartPab;eTAnwgbegal kgPaBEdlGac saer: bbgVilCuMvij)an
kgmuM 360 dUcenem 2EdlzitenAkgPaBRsbKaGactPab;kgmuM NamYyk)an. bg;)aj;Canic CakalKYrEt
tPab;eTAnwgbegalRtg;eTAelI[)anCitCaTIbMput ehIyCak;EsgenaHKWPab;eTAnwgfaMg EdlmanRkitenAelIem
beNaynig emTTwgrYceRscehIy.
- 24 -
- 25 -
rUb 2>4 mUldanRKwHkgkartMelIgrna

3>2 karGnuvt
rnaEdk GacpMtMelIgtamviFICaeRcIn ehIybt;EbneTAtamTMhMEdlRtUvpMtMeLIg kgPaBbBar bepkn
prab tamkarkMNt;nrcnasm<nrbs;eK mindUcCarnaRbePTxH EdleFVIeGaymankareTIsETgTaMgTMhM tam
TisedATTwg cnlEvg bkeRKagtamrykMBs;x<s;eBk.
ehtudUecHehIyrnaEdk eKerobcMeLIgedIm,IcUlrYm kgkargarnig tamTIkEngEdlmanTMhMmineTotTat;
bmanragmUldUcCaRBHviharRKis salRbCuMcas; nigrcnasm<nEdlplitsMrab;bMerIEpkxagKImI. eRkABIenHCa
jwkjab;eKEtCYbRbTH nigrcnasm<nEdlmanragEbk bPaCn_CamYynig TIlandeRcInsnwksnab;dUcCaeFVI
kargar CeNIrekag karnaMplitpltambMBg; EdlRtUvEteFVIkarenAelIrnaedIm,Isagsg; EdlCasMNg;RbePT
RbePT lM)ak nigmanlkNRbfuynwg eRKaHfak;EfmeTot. mansMNg;xHRtUvsg;lyecjeTAeRkAehIyCa
jwkjab;RtUveFVIkarbEnmrna ehIykEngenaHCakEngEdleRbIR)as;rna. rnaEdkvamanlkNlRbesIr enAkg
kareRbIR)as;CYsCul EpkxageRkAnigxagkgnviharkatUlik GaKarcas;BIbUraN nigkarrcnak,ac;epSg.
kartMelIgrnaEdk KWCakargarmYyEdlRtUvkarGkkeTsEdlmanbTBiesaFn_edayehtufa minEmn
RKb;eBlevla GnuvteTAtambg;enaHeT ]TahrN_dUcCakartMelIgrnaEpkxagkgnRBHviharRKis GacekIt
- 26 -
manmg rhUtdl;mankareRKagTukrYcCaeRscehIykGac mankarpas;br)anEdr dUcCakartubEtglMGEpk

kMBUlRBHviharCaedIm. ]bsKGacekItmanCajwkjab;EdleyIgminGacEsVgrklkNvinicy)aneLIy Et
eyIgRtUvEteFVI elIkargarenH enAeBlEdl]bsKekItmanehIy eTIbeyIgGaceFVIkarvas;)an.
CMBUk3 karGegtdI
1> TMrg;sikSaGMBIdI
- 27 -
karsikSaGMBIdIcaM)ac; RtUveFVIkarCIkbxYgnUvkEngEdlcaM)ac;xH edIm,Isg;mUldanRKwHnrcnasm<n

eRkamdI rbs;GaKarehIycak;dIbMeBjvij.
TMgn;pal;rbs;GaKar nigbnkEdlmanmkelIGaKarTaMgGs; RtUvbBaleTARKwHxageRkamnGaKar
dUcecHRtUvEteFVIeGayR)akdfa etIdIRKwHvamanesrPaBEdrbeT? ktaTaMgGs;enHKWedIm,IkarBarPaBRsutcuHn
GaKar.
dUecHdIRKwHRtUvmanPaBrwgmaMRKb;RKan;enAkgkarRTRTg;bnkEdlbBanmkBIelI. CYnkalvamanclna
Biess BIkgdIxH b:uEnGaKarRtUvEtmanesrPaB edayminRtUvgaykgkarxUcxat bKanlMnwgeLIyenAeBlman
bnktUcmYyekItmaneLIg. clnarbs;dIEdlekIteLigedaysarbnkvaekIteLIgPam dUecHkarsagsg;RKwH
GaKar KWRtUvEtEckcaybnkTaMgenaHeTAeGaypdI RKwHTaMgGs;eGay)anesI Ka. dUcenHdIRKwHRtUvmanPaB
rwgmaMedIm,IRTRTg;bnkTaMgenaHCaBiesseTotenaHdI RKwHRtUvmanersuIsg;RKb;RKan; kgkarpas;brRTg;RTay
cMeBaHbnkEdlGacekIteLIgsMrab;ryeBlxI nigryeBlEvg.
1>1 RbePTndI
RsTab;dIxagelI dIEdleBareBjeday memak dIOrganic dIxSac; dIl,b; dI\dCaTUeTAminsmRsb
eLIysMrab;karRTRTg;RKwH.
f Bed Rock CaFmtaf Bed rock vamansmtPaBx<s; Fn;nigsMBaF ehtudUecH ehIy)anCaeKcg;)an
va ykmkeFVICaTMrGaKar. enAeBlEdleKrkeXIj Bed rock enACitpxageRkamndI eyIgRKan;EtkaydIxag
elIecjrYceyIgGacdak;eCIgtagenAelIva enHCalkNmYyEdlmanlkNesdkicCaTIbMput. enAeBlEdlf
Bedrock zitenAKrelIKa enAkgCMerAdIexSay varwtEtmanlkNesdkiceTAeTot edayeyIgcat;TukfTaMgenaH
CaRKwHbukBIpdIxageRkamtamrydI.
dIexSay ehIyGacRTRtg;GaKar)an. dUcenHKYrEtykcitTukdak;enAkgkarGegtdI edayminRtUveGay
mankMhuseLIy GMBIGakasFatu paMgsilaFM sMrab; Redrock.
fhalxl;
KWCaeQaHEdleRbIR)as;cMeBaHsMParxH EdlbegIteLIgkgPaBlM)akn BedrockenAkg RsTab;dI.
fRbePTenHminGacRTRTg;)aneLIy.
duMfmUl
fRbePTenHbMEbkecjBIsilaEdlmanTMhMelIsBI 10 inch . fRbePTenHvaminGacRTbnkFn;)an
eLIy BieRBaHenAeBlEdlbgb; bbBaHvaeTAkgdIexSay vaGacRkLab;eLIgelI bRkLab;ecjenAeBlEdl
bnkelIva.
- 28 -
RKYs
vaCabMENknsilaEdlmanTMhMBI 2mm 6in. vamanlkNrwg ehIyeKniymykeTAeRbIR)as;enA
kgkargarRKwH)anl.
xSac;
CaPaKlitnsilavamanTMhM BI 0.05mm nigrhUtdl; 2mm .vamanlkNrwg ehIyeKniymykeTA
eRbIR)as;enAkgkargarRKwH KWsMrab;bgab;. xSac;m:t;enAeBlRtUvTwkvaminGacrgnUvTMgn; sgt;)aneLIy vakay
eTACaxSac;pugeTaHbICabnkenaHRsaykeday.
dIl,ab;nig dI\d
dIl,ab; nigdI\drYmpSMeLIgBIPaKlit EdleyIgminGacemIlnwgEPk)aneLIy. enAkgRbBncMnat;fak;
mYy l,b;manPaKlit cUlrYmpSMFMCagdI\d kgRbBncMNat;fak;mYyl,b;manPaKlitcUlrYmpSMFMCagdI\d kg
RbBncat;fak;epSgeTot )ankMNt;fa dIl,ab;dUcCaRKab;FuBaCatilit enAkgBBYkdI Organic EdlminGaceFVI
eGaylitedaysarkarltMrUvGRtaTwk)aneLIy ehIyminGacmanPaBrwgmaMenAeBlstedayxl;)aneLIy.
dI\dGaceGayGtnydUcCaRKab;FuBaCatitUczitenAkgBBYkmanCIvitEdlGaceFVIeGaylit)an eday
sarkarltMrUvGaRtaTwk nigmanPaBrwgmaMenAeBlstedayxl;. dUecHdI\d)at;bg;PaBsitenAeBlst ehIy
KanPaBrwgmaMenAeBlesIm. eKGaceRbIR)as;vaCadIRKwH)ank b:uEnzitenAeRkamlkxNCak;lak;mYy. dIl,b;
minRtUv)anykmkBicarNaCadIsMrab;RKwHeLIyBIeRBaHenAeBlvaesIm PaBrwgmaMrbs;vaminGacsgwm)aneLIy.
xSac; nigRKYsRtUv)aneRCIserIsCasMParsMrab;kMlaMgCab;sit BieRBaHPaKlit rbs;va minCab;KaeLIy eKTaj
ykPaBrwgmaMrbs;va BIkarkkitxagkg. vamanPaBpyKa rvagdI\dnigl,b;vaCasMPar EdlsitCab;BieRBaH
PaKrYmpSMrbs;va eTarTn;rkKa ehIyCab;sitenAeBlGRtaTwkTab.
fRKaMg Hard pan
karekIteLIgedayrUbFatunsuIm:g;rYmCamYy nigbMENkf. f Hardpan xHrYmpSMeLIgedayl,ayxSac;
RKYs dI\d bl,b; dI\db l,b;. f Hardpan EdlekIteLIgedaypaMgTwkkkEdlmanPaKpSMlit dUcCadI\d
rhUtdl;duMfmUl rYmbBalKaedaysMBaFx<s;edaysarpaMgTwkkk. GaRsyedaykMritnkarrYmmanf Hardpan
xHGacykeTAeFVICasMParRTRTg;RKwH)an.
fRKaMg Till
KWCal,b;paMgTwkkk nkarrlaycUlKa dUcCadI\d dIl,b; xSac; RKYs nigduMfFM. RbsinebIkarsgt;
kglkNFmCatiedaysMBaFx<s;f Till GaceRbIR)as;CasMParRTRKwH)an.
- 29 -
f TillvamanlkNrUbERbRbYldUcsMNTn; RbsinebIeyIgykvaeTAeRbIR)as;enAkgkarRTRTg;vaGaceFVI
eGayGaKarrbs;eyIgmanlkNminesI eXag. RCaM bPk; Cal,aylaybBalKa ndInigTwkPk;eKkRm
ykvamkeRbIR)as;CasMParRTRKwHNas; eRBaHvaKanlMnwgenAkgkarsagsg; RbsinebICYbdIRbePTenH eKRtUv
cak;bMeBjedaydIleTAtamkMBs;EdleKRtUvkar.
1>2 rUbFatundI
kareTaHTayeTAelIlkNrbs;dICYnkaleyIgeFVIkarsegtedaygay eTAelIrUbFaturbs;va. TaMgenH
rYmbBaleday PaKepSgdg;suIet GaRtasMeNIm PaBCab; PaBGacRCabTwk PaBEdlGacbMENn)an nigkMlaMg
kat;EdlmankarTak;TgeTAvijeTAmk.
TidPaBBIeRkAndI
rUbPaBxageRkAndIEdleyIgGacemIlvaeXIjrUbrag nigkarlUtlas; bkPaKrynTMhMRKab;nimYy
GaRsyedayTMhMnig PaKbnSMenHg. BNKWCa sarsMxan;EtmYyKt; vaCakarcglR)ab;eGaydwgnUvvtmann
sMParenaHBitR)akd.
rUbFatusMxan; rbs;dIxHdUcCakar RsUbTwk TaMgenaHCaeKalkarN_nTMhM nigRTg;RTayEdlbgaj
eGayeXIjnUvpCak;lak; bp1ktanmaD. ktaEdlCak;lak;pgEdr dUcCapCak;lak;ndI \dFMCagxSac;
1000 dg enHmankarBnl;CaeRcInxusKa BIlkNnxSac;nig dI\d.
dg;suIetdI
dg;suIetrbs;dIvaGaRsyeTAelIkarxb;bBalKa nUvPaKbnSMlitrbs;dI. dg;suIetGaccglbgajGMBI
smtPaBnkarsgt;rbs;dIBIeRBaHdITn;vagayRsYlkgkarbgab;eGayENn. dg;suIetrbs;dIGacpas;br eday
sarkareRbI]bkrN_bgab; dUcCarUlUCaedIm. PaKrynkarbgab; CaFmtaeKvas;dg;suIeT EdlsMerc)an.
CaTUeTAsg;dar nkareFVIets kgmnIrBiesaFn_KW edIm,IbegIteGaymandg;suIeTCaGtibrmandI EdlcaM)ac;RtUv
eFVIkarbgab;eday Proctor Edlpl;eGaykg 1b kg Cu Ft. enAeBlsagsg;GaKar bpvfl;cMeBaHdIEdlcak;
bMebj 90 100 nkarbgab;RtUvbBaak;eGayc,as;.
GRtasMeNIm
GRtasMeNImndI KWCaktsMxan;BieRBaHlkNrbs;dIPaKeRcInGaRsyeTAelIcMnYnTwkEdlenACamYy.
dIEdlEqtTwk KWenAeBlEdlmaDTwkesInwgmaDRbehagrbs;va.
PaBefr
PaBefrcglbgajBIlkxN nRKab;Rkamlit rbs;dIGac nigbgajdUcCaPaBrelag PaBmaMmYn b
rwg. smtPaBRTRTg;bnkndIvaGacERbRbYleTAtamPaBefrenHg.
- 30 -
PaBRCabTwkndI
KWCasmtPaBndIedIm,IbMeBjTwkecal. dIEdlmanRKab;RkamFMmankarRCabTwkx<s; EtcMeBaHdIEdl
manRKab;Rkamlit karRCabTwkmankMritexSay.
PaBEdlGacsgt;)an
karEdlGacsgt;)anvamansarsMxan;Nas; vadUcCaktanuBlnkarvas; sMrutndIEdlRTRTg;RKwH.
kMlaMgkat;
kMlaMgkat;KW CakarKNnaepSgeTot eTAelIsmtPaBRTRTg;bnkndI. kMlaMgkat;enHvaGaRsyeTAelI
ktaepSgeTot edayrYmbBalTaMgRbePTndI CMerAxYg etImankarrMxanGVIxH? enAeBlEdlykecjmkeRkAenA
eBlCIk benAeBlsagsg;ehIy nigGRtasMeNImpgEdr. cMeBaHdIEdlmanPaBsit dUcCa xSac; dIl,b;nigRKYs
RbEhl30 . kMlaMkat;rbs;dI\d)anbgajeGayeXIjBIPaBxusKa vaeRcInEtTajykmkBIkMlaMgCab;sit nig
kMlaMgCab;siteTAvij. cMeBaHdIlaykMlaMgkat;TajykmkBIkMlaMg sitCab; nigkarkkiteTAvij. tamc,ab;
Coulomb EdleKykmkGnuvtcMeBaHdIl,b; laydI\d xSac;laydI\d nigl,b;layxSac;)anpl;nUvkMlaMgkat;
tamrUbmn
fv = c + fn tan Edl
c PaBCab;sitrbs;dI
fn sMBaFFmtaelIprbs;dI
muMkkitkg
dUecHkMlaMgkat;rbs;dIlayCaTUeTA kMNt;edaykareFVIBiesaFn_BIeRBaHvamankarlM)akkgkarEbgEck
nigviPaK.
1>3 kardanxYgdI
eKalbMNgnkarpSarsikSaRsavRCavdI KWedIm,ITTYlnUvTinnydUcxageRkam
1> cMeBaHdwgnzanelxaviCaTUeTA rbs;dIkardan eRBaHvaman\TiBleTAelIkarelIkKMeragBIRKwH nigkar
sagsg; rUbFatu rUbragpdI sNanEdlenACitenaH pvTwk RsHTwk rbs;edImeQI edImeQI paMgfFM fduHecjBI
kgdI nigktaepSeTot dUcCakardwkCBansMParCaedIm.
2> TItaMgEdlRtUvbgb;EdlCaeRKOgsMrYl dUcCazamBlGKisnI nigbeNjExSTUrsB RbPBTwk nig
RbBnlUbgrTwkkxVk;.
- 31 -
3> PUKBsasTUeTAnTItaMgenaH ehIyCaBiessenaHCamYyksareyagrbs;GkPUKBsas EdlCa

nimitrUbnEpkxageRkamnkardan nigGVInigGacekIteLIgBIxniCenAeBlEdleyIgykecj nigkrNIepSg
eTot.
4> RbvtinkareRbIR)as;kardanenHBImunrYmbBal TaMgkarcakecal bkarxkxannGaKarmunEdl)an
kMNt;cMeBaHlkxNnRKwH.
5> lkNBiessdTeTotdUcCa GVIGacnwgekItmannkarrBayEpndI bktaFmCatidUcCaTwkCMnn;tam
rdUvkalkarehImRskndI nigkarhUreRcaHndI.
6> sikSaEsVgyl;BIKuNPaBsMParsMNg; enAkgtMbn;enaHdUcCa ebtuGaRKIeKtxSac; f RKYs GaKar
nig fpv nigTwksMrab;karsagsg;.
7> sMrab;rcnasm<nEdlenACitsmuRT bTen BtmanelIkMritTwkeCar bnacnigkMritkMBs; TwkTenkdUcCa
dMeNIrRskcuH beCareLIgpvTwk nig]tniym.
8> eFVIkarlMGiteTAelIdI nigf TItaMgzitenA niglkxNnTwkeRkamdIenAkgtMbn;enaHEdlman\TiBl
eTAelIsmtPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH nigdMeNIrkarsagsg; bCMerAxHeTotEdlman\TiBleTAelIkardan niglkxN
epSgeTot.
9> lTplrbs;mnIrBiesaFn_ eTAelIdInigf BIsMNakKMrUsmRsb CaBiesskgkarelIkKMeragRKwH b
kbBaasagsg;.
10> lTplnkarviPaKKImIeTAelIdI bTwkeRkamdI edIm,IkMNt;EdlGacTTYlyk)ancMeBaHsuxPaB nig
CIvit nig \TiBleTAelIrcnasm<nRKwH.
1>4 TMrg;nkarsikSaGMBIdI
karGegtedayEPk
CMhandMbUgEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;karelIkKMeragGaKarenaH KWGkpl;eyabl;EpkxagRKwH GkRKb;RKg
karsagsg; nigGkedjfsagsg;sMrab;GnaKt. karRtYtBinitBicyedayEPk KYrEtpl;BtmanenAelIpdI
f fduHecjBIdI muxTwk CMral cMeNat sMrab;kardwkCBanbrika nig]bkrN_sMrab;karRsavRCavKuNPaBpdIxag
eRkamnigkarrukrkRbPBTwkCaBiesskarxYg rkrcnasm<nBImunEdlGacmanenAelIkardan. RbsinebIGackar
GegtKYrEtkMNt;faetI GtRbeyaCn_nEpkeRkamdI EdlGacqgkat;kardanenHmanGVIxH. EdkxYgdItUcGac
eRbIR)as;kgkareFVIviPaKedayExVk)any:agqab;rhs nigTItaMgnkMritkMBs;TwkeRkamdI.
karRsavRCav
- 32 -
BtmansIGMBIRbPBEdlmanmunmkRtUvykcitTukdak; eGay)anx<s;eRBaHnaMmknUvBtmanEdlCapl
RbeyaCn_ehIymantMlTabeTotpg. dUcenHehIyGkelIkKMeragnig Gkem:AkarKYrEt KitenAkgstiGMBI
BtmanGs;enaH enAeBlEdlsMercykGVImYyEdlCamUldaneRBaHvaCaeCaKvasnarbs;sMNg;. ehIyy:ag
ehacNas;kva)anbBaak;GMBIdMeNIrrukrknkardanEdr.
karRsavRCavrYmbBalpgEdr nUvkarsaksYrGMBIsMNakRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkgtMbn;enaHGMBIRbvtinkar
danenH dUcCaGMBITwkCMnn;BIqaMkngeTA lkxNnTwkeRkamdICaedIm. eRcInCagenHeTAeTot eyIgGacsikSaBI
GkEdleFVIkarsagsg;enAkardanEk,r enaHdUcCa sabtkr/ visVkr nigGkem:AkarCaedIm.
RbkarmYyeToteyIgGacsuMkMNt;Rta nkarxYgdIEdleKeFVIenACitenaH RbsinebIGacTTYl)an. Btman
EdlTTYlenaHKYrEteTAelIRbePT nigCMerArbs;RKwHEdlenAEk,renaHrcnasm<n niglkNrbs;vaedayrYmbBal
TaMgTUelxnsMrutpgEdr CakarlkMNt;ehturbs;Rkug EpnTIPUmisasEdlmansarRbeyaCn_kgkarsikSaedIm,I
kMNt;GMBITItaMgnEpkxageRkamdI nigEpkxagelIdI kardanenAEk,renaHedIm,IeFVIkareRCIserIsBitR)akdmYy.
karsg;nPUKBsas
CaFmtaGnuvtedayGkkeTs EdlGacpl;nUvBtmandmanRbeyaCn_eTAelIlkxNndI nigf.
sMrab;eKaledAEdlmanlkNesdkickarsg;kEngFM vaRbesIrCa. BIlTplnkarsg;enH GkkeTsCa
jwkjab;GacRsavRCavsMParFmCatiEdlmanRbePTepSgKaenATIkEngenaH.
karviPaKEdlmanRbeyaCn_CaBIessenaHKW bzmRtUvrukrkRsavRCavEpkxageRkamnpdI EdlCa
kBab;dIFMmYy.
1>5 viFIsasnkarrukrkrsavRCavdI
etsedayeRbIbMBg; nigCIkreNA Pits and Trench
karviPaKenH)anpl;nUvkarGegtedayEPkedaypal; nigkareRCIserissMNakndIedayd b:uEnvaman
kMNt;cMeBaHtMlvamankMNt;cMeBaHCMerA)anRtwmEt 10 m bticCag. karCIkreNAvamanRbeyaCn_sMrab;Et
TItaMMgpEdlTak;TgeTAnwgRsTab;licTwkcMeNatEtb:ueNaH.
etsPits vamanlkNesdkic nigeGayGtnyrhsnBtmanGMBIsNandIEdlTTYl)anb:uEn minRtUv
eRbIEtmYyeT y:agehacNas;sMParsMrab;dak;BIeRkambMBg; Pits RtUvnwgeGay)anRtwmRtUvpgEdr. dIEdlenA
kgbMBg; Pit nigreNAGaceRCIserIsCasMNakedaydedayrujbMBg;cUleTAkgEpkxageRkamndI.
karbgajPstag
- 33 -
karxYg bkarvas;CMerAeday minyksMNakeKeFVIeLIgedIm,IrkTItaMgEpkxagelInf bkedIm,IkarTTYl

sal;nGtsBaaNkmndI. kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_xYgenHva)anbgajnUvrUbFatundI. Rbdab;sg;f GacR)ab;
CamunpgEdr GMBIPaBTak;TgKanf edaykarvas;EvgkMritnkarxYgbBaleRkamkarTMlak;sMBaFefrmYy.
2> karCIkGaKareRkamdI
2>1 RbePTnkarCIk
vamanRbePTepSgKaCaeRcIn kgkarGnuvtkarCIkdI kgkMLgeBlsagsg;nKMerag.
karCIkTl;
karCIkTl;eKeRbIR)as;enAkEng bEpkNaEdlCaTMrrbs;rcnasm<nTb;.
rUb 3-7 RbePTnkarCIk

karCIkcMhr
bBaamYyEdlcMbgehIy EdlGacCYbRbTHenaHKWkarCIkGaKareRkamdI. EdlRtUvpl;nUvTMrbeNaHGasn beRbI
kUneQIcMeBaHkarCIknEpkxH. enHKWCakrGacb:HBal;mYyenAeBlEdlkarsagsg;GaKareRkamdIdUcCakMral
CBaaMgBitR)akd cab;epImdMeNIrkarN_. viFIsasmYyEdleKeRbIR)as;enAkgkarCIkdIpn EpkxageRkaykgmuM
EdlmansuvtiPaBmYyGBawgeyIgGacb)at;ecalnuvkargarTMrbeNaHGasnecjBIEpkEdlRtUvCIk. enAkgEpk
esdkictMlnkarCIk nigkMlaMgnBlkrvaRKbdNb;eTAelIkarkaydIbEnm karcak;bMeBjdIvij nigkarbMENn
RtUvTUTat;edaysnSMsMcedaykarlubbM)at;ecalnUvkargareFVITMr beNaHGasneTAkEngEdlRtUvkaydI. KuN
vibtidFMenAkgkareRbIviFIenH vatMrUveGaymankEngTMenreRcIneTIbGacGnuvt)an.
- 34 -
karCIkreNAbrievN
enAkgviFIsasenH reNAmanTMhMTUlayRKb;RKan;sMrab;sagsg;CBaaMgTb;raMgkgkarCIk nigTMrkUneQI
dUcEdlRtUvkar. vaGaccaM)ac;sMrab;embeNay bemTTWgnigbegalGMBIEdk edIm,IdMeNIrkareTAmuxkgkargar
CIk. viFIsasenHGaceRbIR)as;enAkEngNaEdlCYbRbTHRsTab;dIexSay GBawgCBaaMgRKWHvargnUvGMeBIdUcCa
CnlelIbeNaHGasnxNEdlKMnrGacn_dI RtUv)ankayecjehIydak;EpkmkelIkMralebtuenaH. karCIkreNA
CabrievNGacGnuvtn_pgEdrcMeBaHRsTab;dIEdlrwg enAeBlenaHeKtMrUveGayCIkedayemkaniccMeBaH karkay
Gacn_dIvamincaM)ac;eBlevlaeLIy.
karCIksMerc
rUb 3-8 karCIkRbLay
viFIsasenHeKeRbIcMeBaHRsTab;dIEdlrwg Edlpitrbs;RKwHGacRtUv)ankayCamunsin edIm,IGnuBaati

eGayeKcak;kMral)an edaymincaM)ac;eRbICnl.
RbGb;RKwH ekHsug
KWCaRbGb;rcnasm<nEdldUcKaeTAnwgTMnb;TwkpgEdr b:uEnCaFmtava)anbegIt )anCaEpkTaMgmUln

rcnasm<nsMerc. eKGacCIkRbGb;RKwHenAkgTwk benAkgdIEdlmanCMerAelIsBI 18 m.
manRbGb;RKwH4y:agKW
- ekHsugRbGb;
- ekHsugcMh
- ekHsugRbGb;mYy bm:UNUlITic
- ekHsugePIm:aTic
- 35 -
CaFmtavaeFVIBIebtucak;Rsab;ehIyeRbIkarenAkgTwkKW BniceTAkgTwkb:uEn cMeBaHekHsugEdleRbIenAkgdICa

RbePTekHsugcMh)atEdlRtUvsg;enAnwgkEng.
ekHsugeFVIm:aTic
rUb 3-9 karCIkdIsMrab;ekHsug
CYnkal eKeGayeQaHvafa ekHsugxl;bMENn. vaRtUv)aneRbIenAkgRsTab;dIxageRkamdlM)ak Edl

zitenAkgTwk ehIymansMBaFTabCagsMBaFeFVIkarrbs;RbGb;ekHsugenH edIm,IFanasuvtiPaBnkareFVIkarst
ehIyekHsugePIm:aTicGaceFVIBIebtug dUcenHehIyvaFn;ehIyliceTAkgTwk edaysarTMgn;rbs;va bGacsag
sg;GMBIEdkEdlmanCBaaMgkat;ExVgcuHeLIg ehIybMeBjedaysarTwk vaeFVIkarkgnamCa)alas;.
eKKNnaekHsugEdlCaEpkmYynrcnasm<nsMerc.
3> CBaaMgTb;dI viFIsassagsg;
3>1 RbePTCBaaMgTb;dI
- 36 -
eKalbMNgnCBaaMgTb;beNaHGasn KWedIm,IkayykdIecjedIm,I)ankassagsg;GaKarCaedIm.
RbePTnrcnsm<n beNaHGasn nigviFItMelIgTak;TgnwgkkaemCaeRcIn dUcCaRbePTdI karrt;eLIgnTwkeRkam
dI CMerArbs;dIEdlRtUvRT rcnasm<nCitxag EdlRtUvrg\TiBledaysarEtkarkayykdIecj ehIyRbsinebIeK
eRbIviFIsasCaeRcInedIm,IeFVIKMeragenaHva eFVIeGaytMlekInx<s; nigryeBlEvgkgkartMelIg.
rUb 3-10> rUbCBaaMEdksnwk

CBaaMgkarbBar
kareRbICBaaMkar KWCaviFIcas;bUraNkgkarTb;dI b:uEnCYnkaleKenAEteRbI eRBaHvamanlkNesdkic.
eKniymeRbIcMeBaHkarkaydI cMeBaHEpkEdlmanRbeyaCn_dUcCaTwksat TwkkxVk; TUrsBCaedIm nigsMrab;
RbLayEdlmanCMerABI 3,6 4,6m. viFIbgajmknUvkarKab;citdRbesIr.
begalebtu nigembeNay
RbBnTb;dIEdlmanembBar eKehAfassrRKwHebtu CaTUeTAvamankMBs; BI 1/8 eTA 3Em:Rt tMelIg
xageRkamfak;kgEpkxagkg EpkxagmuxnkarkaydI nigkugkartMelIgembeNayedayeRbIesarrvagbegal
ebtugnigembeNayEdlRtUveFVIbnab;BIkayehIy. begalebtugCaFmta GacplitenAkardanb:uEnGacman
EpkpliteRscBIeragcRkCabMBg; bBIeRKOgepSgeTot. CaFmtavatMelIgCamYym:asuIn bukRKwH b:uEnGac
tMelIgedaykarxYgreNAdak;eTAkg Pits bedaymeFa)ayepSgeTot dUctMrUvkaredayEpkeTAelIlkxN
rbs;kardan. embeNayCaFmta eFVIeLIgBIeQIehIytMelIgBIxageRkaynEKmssreTACit nigkarkaydI
EdkxHbkebtugEdlpliteRsckMNat;karGaceRbIR)as;kg kEngnkarbnH. bnHTaMgenaHGactMelIgedaymux
- 37 -
cUlmkkgTl;nwgEKmbegalehIyvaRTKYckgkEngedayviFIepSgdUcCa eRbItem,txas;/ pSar/ eRbIEdkbBaH

br)aEvg>>>>.l.
Edk
KWCamUlEdlmanRTg;RTay nigTMgn;epSgKaCamYynigtMNrBiessEdlmanGMeBIdUcCaesarxagkgrvag
muxkat;nbnHEdkenH. eRbIR)as;sMrab;karTb;rcnasm<nbeNaHGasn Edlmanmuxkat;CaGkSr Z bktYeRCA
PWFM Edlmanm:UDuleGLasicFMehIyCaTUeTAeKniymeRbIR)as;.
rUb 3>11 karbuksnwkEdk

KuNsm,tidBiessnkareRbIR)as; snwkEdkenHenAeBlNaEdlmankMritkMBs;Twk eRkamdIx<s; nigdI
EdlTb;minmansPaBlenAmuneBlbgrecj bRbsinebIeKykmkeRbIR)as;kgkareRbIR)as;kgkarEfrrkSaTwk
eRkamdIBIxageRkAkgkarCIkdIenAelIkMritkMBs;EldmanRsab;ehIy.
- 38 -
eKbBansnwkEdkeTAkgdICamunsinedayeRbIm:asuInbukRKwHrYcehIy eTIbkaydIecjtameRkay. edIm,I

eGaymanRbsiTiPaBkan;EtFM eKGacdMsnwkEdkrhUtdl;RsTab;minRCabTwk beGayhYsCMerAEdlRtUvkay
edIm,IlubbM)at; TwkeRkamdI EdlxitenAeRkamsnwkEdk.
eKRtUveRKagTukCamuncMeBaHTwkEdlGacelcecjtamCBaaMgEdk. CBaaMgGMBIsnwkEdk)at;RbsiTiPaB
rbs;vakalNatMNsnwkEdkmin)ancUlKasub bsnwkEdkTaMgGs;min)andMbBaleGay)anl. lkxNTaMg
Gs;enHGacbNalmkBI]bsKenAkgdI bRsTab;dIrwgebk bkardMsnwkEdkmin)anRtwmRtuv.
dIxSac;FU bdIcak;bMeBjGacrgnUvbMENnkgeBlEdleyIgdMsnwkEdkbBaldUecHkareRbIviFIsasenH
RtUv)anvaytMlkalNaeKdMeLIgsnwkEdkenAEk,rGaKarEdlmanRsab;. edaysarsMParmantMlx<s;eKKYr
TajdksnwkEdk)anRtwmRtUvvamansarsMxan;Nas;kgkareFVIeGayc,as;eLIg GMBIRbsiTiPaBnRbBn. mun
nigbBansnwkEdkeTAkgdI KYrEtdak;eTAtamxatKMrUmYy edIm,ITTYl)annUvrebobCaCYr. kMBUlne)abg;)aj;
rbs;RbBnCBaaMgGaceRbIkarCabegaltMruymYy. eKKYrdMbBalsnwkEdkEdlEpkxagcugnsnwknimYyman
ragCakaMCeNIrKW tamlMdab;cuH beLIg beLIgcuH ragCarlk. EdlxagcugsnwkEdkBIrEdlenACitKaminRtUv
manKMlatelIsBI 1/5 Em:Rt 1/8Em:RteLIy.
ssrRKwHEdlxYgbBal
eKniymeRbIkarxYgdICamun eTIbdak;ssrRKwHCaeRkay minsUvniymeRbIkarbukb dMbBaleLIy.enAEpk
xHnRbeTsEdldIenAcMh dEdlenAeBldkfxYgecj viFIenHcMeBaHdINaEdlminmanGMeNaypl dl;karxYg
tMlekInx<s;ehIykargarRbRBiteTAy:agyWt.
eK)at;bg;lkNesdkicxHkalNalkxNrbs;dItMrUveGayeRbIsubeNaHGsn bkarxYgdIPk;.
cMeBaHdIxagkgmanduMfFM vanaMeGayraMgsHdl;karxYgdUecHeFVIeGay)at;bg;lkNesdkic.
rUb 3-12 yufaPab;eTAnigdI

- 39 -
kareRbIbegalRKwHedayxYgmanlkNTn;Pn;CakareRbIbegalRKwHedaydMbBal. reNAGacRtUvbMeBj
edayebtugedIm,IbegIt)anCassrebtug KanssEdk kgkrNIcaM)ac;eKdak;ssrEdkrYbehIyeTIbcak;
ebtugeK)anssrRKwHebtugGaem bCYnkaleToteKdak;ssrEdkeTAkgreNAxYg.
kEngNaEdlRtUveRbIEdksMrab;Tb;GactMeLIgenAelIssrRKwH muneBlEdldak;eTAkgreNARKwH.
enAeBlEdldak;rcnasm<neTAkgreNA CaFmtaeRKRtUvtMerobssrebtugenAtIvasin eFVIy:agenHedIm,I
CYytMrg;vamunnig bBaleTAkgreNAehIyreNARtUvcak;bMeBjedayebtugLaMEL)annyfa suIm:g;1)avRtUv
layeGay)an 0/76 m nebtug. RbkarenHvaCYyTb;ssrebtugeGayenAnwgkEngdUcCakarkaydIbn
ehIybnkrbs;dIdak;enAelIssrebtugdUecHEdr.
enAkgdIsitdIGacmanlkNCakMeNagFenAcenaHssrebtugEdlKanGVICaTMr dUecHvaCaRbkarlRtUv
tMelIgTMrRbePTxHsMrab;CaRTRTg; ss mesh rbgRcvak;Pab; edIm,ITb;sat;nigkareFVIeGayFak;dI. vaCakar
rYmKakan;EtsmrmeLIg kgkarR)ak;eGayCak;lak;enAkgkareRbIR)as; ]bkrN_xYgreNAsMrab;KMeragenAkar
dankgTIRkugedImI,kMcat;ecalnUvsMelgxaMg ehIybnynUvrMjrEdlekItmaneLIgenAeBlbukRKwH. RbkarmYy
eTotEdlRtUvykcitTukdak;xaMgbMputenaH KWenAeBleFVIkarviPaKeTAelIlkxNnKMeragenaH. RKwHcas; fFM
GaceFVIGnraKmn_y:agxaMCamYyreNAxYgehIyeFVIeGayTMrg;kargarenHBi)akCaTIbMput.
CBaaMgBIkakEr:elah
Bakfa CBaaMgkakEr:GacmannyepSgeTot enAeBlEdleKkayreNAtamviFI Slurry . ehtudUecH
ehIysMrab;eKalbMNgnkarsikSarbs;eyIg eyIgnigeRbIBakepSgedIm,IGFib,ayCBaaMgBIebtug eGem sag
sg;edaykarkaydIeRbIR)as;bg;tUnIttamviFI slurry ehIycak;bMeBjvijCamYyebtugFunRsal. enAeBlenH
eyIgkMBugBiPakSaGMBIrcnasm<n beNaHGasntamBitedayEpkelIlkNesdkicsMNg;RbePTenH eyIgsag
sg;enAeBlEdleyIgeRbIR)as;CBaaMgenaH dUcCaEpkmYynrcnasm<nefrEdr. CaTUeTATMrg;nkarsagsg;
CBaaMg Slurry GnuvtdUcxageRkam
sg; RbLaydMbUg GaKarenHmanCBaaMgBIrnaMpvEdlCaTUeTAsg;eLIgBIebtugGaem. cenaHBICBaaMg
mYyeTAmYyeTotRbEhl 2/5 cmFMCagTMhMrbs;CBaaMg. RbLaydMbUgsagsg;eLIgsMrab;karcat;CaCYrn
CBaaMg Slurry TaMgGs;ehIyCYynaMpvm:asuInkaydIpg.
cak;bMeBjRbLaydMbUgCamYynwgkakEr:elahbg;tUnIt. vamansarsMxan;EdlkMritkMBs;n Slurry
nig rkSarRbEhlkMritkMBs;dIedIm ehIyy:agehacNas; 60cm elIsBIkMritTwkeRkamdI.
karcab;epImCIkdI CaFmtaCamYyFugvilRbWkaMg bnkarcak;bMeBjreNACamYykakEr:elah bg;tUnIt
CMnYsdIEdlkayecj. RbEvgnCBaaMgEdlCIkmYyelIk GacepSgKa BI 7/6m eTA 9/1m. muxkat;nimYy
3
- 40 -
ehAfabnH (Panel) . kgmYyeBlGacCik 2-3 PaneltamrybeNaykdUcCacenaHBIbnH Panel mYyeTAmYy

eTotEdrminGnuBaatibg;tUnIt BICYrnimYycUlCYrmYyeToteLIy. bnab;BI)andwkbnH Panel smRsbtamkMrit
kMBs;ehIy reNARtUvsMGatGacn_dIecjehIy cugbMBg; bkEdkFwmRtUvdak;;eTAkgreNAEdlCIkrYc. cak;
ebtugcUleTAtamcenaHbMBg;eTACMnYskakEr:elahbg;tUnIt. RbsinebIbMBg;RtUveRbIR)as;bnRtUvcak;ecjmun
eBlEdlebtugcab;epImkk. RbsinebIEdkFwmRtUvTukeRbIR)s;eTotsMrab;FwmcugeKCaFmtaeKRtUvbnSl;TukeTA
nwgkEng.
GnuvteTAtamCMhan rhUtdl;CBaaMg)anbBab;. RbsinebIbMBg;RtUveRbIR)as;sMrab;bnH Panel CitKa
EttMrUvEtcugbMBg;mYyb:ueNaHrhUtdl;tMNmansNaneTAelIcugmYy. enAeBlEdlCYbRbTH bb:HTgicdIrwg bf
m:asuInxYgnig e)akxaMgdUecHGactMrUveGayyksMParenaHecj.
4> m:asuInkaydI
enHKWCaEpkmYy y:agsMxan;nGksagsg; ehIyEdlRtUvkareRbIR)as;bzmenAkgkarCIk bkaydICa
eRcInRbePT. karkay bCIkdIedaym:asuInvamanlkNy:agTUlMTUlayehIymankarpas;brCaerIy BIGk
EdlelIkKMeragkb:uEneTaHbICamankarpas;brm:asuIn RbePTNakedaykeKcat;cUlEpkEtmYyEdr.
4>1 RtakTrcUkdI
EpkenHCaeKalRKwHbzmnkarcUkdI BIEpkxagelIneRKOgyn bktamclnavilCuM. vamanlkNCa
sklehIygayRsYlkgkareRbIR)as;edayzamBl EdlEpkelIRbGb;zamBlnm:asuIn beRbIR)as;eday
RbBnGuIRtULiceTAtamEtkarEdleKplitmk. Rtak;TrRbePTenH CaTUeTAGaccUkdI)anRKb;RbePTelIkElgEt
f EdlCabzmRtUvbMEbkeGaytUcsin CaFmtaeKeRcIndak;mIn CamunsineTIbcUk)an. muxEb:lCaTUeTAtMrUv
eGayykcitTukdak; CaBiiessenAeBleFVIclna cUksMParepSgehIyRtUvpksMPar Rsallm minGnuBaati
eGaycUkeRcIneBkeT enAeBlEdleFVIclnaenAkgkardan. PaKeRcInnRtak;TrRbePTenH smtPaBmankMNt;
BI300 400 sMrab;karcUkxagelInrfyn bclnaCargVg;.
- 41 -
rUb 3>15 RbePTnRtak;TrkaydI

4>2 Backacters
Rtak;TrRbePTenHsmRsbCamYykargarCIkreNARKwH nigreNARKwH CBaaMgRtak;TrRbePTenHman
lkNgayRsYlenAkgkareRbIR)as;dwkCBandI EdlminRtUvkareTAkan;TIkEngEdlCit enaH bkaydImkcak;
bMeBjvij. m:asuInRbePTenHtMrUveGaymankarbnybnkenAkgkardwkCBan. Backacters eRbIR)as;kgkarCIk
reNAEdlpl;nUvTinplx<s;ehIymanPaBsuRkiteTotpg.
4>3 Rtak;TrkaydI Draglines
- 42 -
rfynRbePTenHEpkeTAelIzamBlsklCamUldan rYmpSMeLIgedayRKgExSr:k Pab;CamYyFugsMrab;

kaydI. m:asuInRbePTenHeKpliteLIgsMrab;kaydIEdlmanlkNexSay )anCMerArhUt 3m xageRkamn
TItaMgEdlrfynenHzitenA edayclnavileTAvilbknFugkaydI nigGacTaj bekordIeTAmxfyeRkayeday
RbBnbBaar. Rtak;TrkaydIenH GactMrUvpgEdrCamYy FugvilRbWkaMgbFugsMrab;karkaydIEdlexSay.
4>4 buldUhSWr (Bulldozer)
buldUhSW KWCaRtak;TrQUs brujdIrYmpSMeLIgeday
-tYm:asuIn
-tMb;nkg; nig
- RbGb;zamBl bRbGb;bBaaCamYynwgEb:l sMrab;QUsnig rujenAxagmux EdlCaFmtaedIreday
RbBnGIRtUlIc EtkmanbuldUhSWxHeRbIExSkabedIm,IeFVIclnaEdr. buldUhSWPaKeRcInmansmtPaB kgkarepg
Eb:lsMrab;QUs brujdI)anBIGkSkNalnm:asuIn.
4>5 RtakTrBRgabdI (Scrapers)
Rtak;TrRbePTenHmanEb:lsMrab;ekordI EdlragdUccaneRCAEdlGacTMlak;Eb:leGayTabsMrab;kat; b
RbmUldIkEngNaEdleKcak;ehIy nigkEngNaEdlmannIv:Ux<s; RbtibtikarN_enHtMrUveGaymanbrimaNdIeRcIn
ehIyenAeblEdl]bkrN_ekoreBareBjeTAedaydIvaRtUvykdITaMgenaHeTAecalenAkEngNamYyEdlenAEk,r
enaH. enAeBleFVIclnadwkCBandIykeTAdak;kEngepSgEb:lRtUvelIkeLIgelI ehIyenAeBlmkdl;kEngekor
RtUvTMlak;Eb:lcuH[Tab.
4>6 RtakTrekordI (Graders)
Rtak;TrRbePTenHmaneKalkarN_dUc buldUhSWEdr EdlenAPab; nigtYmanEb:lmYyy:agEvgllEdl
GacltMrUv)an ehIyCaFmtazitenAcMcMNuckNalnm:asuIn. eKalkarN_rbs;m:asuInenHKWekorsMGat bcak;
tamlMdab;pxagelInRsTab;dI EdlGnuvtbnBI Bulldozer nig Scrapers ehIyGnuvtcMeBaHTIkEngNaFM
TUlay.
4>7 Tractor Shovels
Rtak;TrRbePTenH CYnkareKehAfa GknaMmux eKalkarN_Cabzm KWcUkeLIgnUvsMParTn;EdlenACit
muxEb:l. karelIkEb:leLIgelIcUleTATItaMgkargar ehIycak;ecjnUvsMParEdlTn;enaHvij vacUleTAkg
karykcitTukdak;kgkareFVIclnarbs;yanyn.
5> karRtYtBinitTwkeRkamdI
5>1 karbeBasTwkCaRbcaM
- 43 -
karbeBasTwkCaRbcaM mannyfa Cakardak;cUlnUvr)aMgkarBarCMrabTwkedIm,I bBab;karhUrnTwk

eRkamdI.
5>2 karbeBasTwkbeNaHGasn
karGnuvtn_tamviFIenH)ancMeBaHTwkEdlmankMritTabEtvamanlkNesdkic ehIyvamanRbsiTPaB
)anRtwmEtCMerA 1,5m Etb:ueNaH edayeRbIvIFIbgrecjtamRsTab;dI. cMeBaHTwkEdlmanCMerAeKykm:asuInbUm
TMlak;cUlTwk rYceFVIkarbUmecjEtmg.
5>3 karbUmTwkbeBajtamviFIsmBa
tamviFIenHvamanlkNsmRsb enAeBlEdleKCikreNAehIymanTwkecj benAkEngNaEdlman
brimaNFarTwktic.
5>4 kar)aj;beBaj
karGnuvtn_tamviFIsasenH kmaneKalbMNgdUcKa nigviFIbUmTwkbeBajedayFmtaEdr KWbny
brimaNTwk EtRtUvbgarmineGaydImanclnacUldUcviFIdeTotEdr. reNAxYgedaymanenAkgRsTab;dI eday
kar)aj;bBalbMBg;eTAkgCMerARsTab;dI edaysMBaFTwkTwkbWteLIgelItamrybMBg; nigb:umbUmTwk. bMBg;Edk
RtUvdkecjBIrnehIy CMnYseTAvijeday Well point nigbMBg;)asicEdleRbIehIye)aHecal. enACuMvijbMBg;
)asic RtUvbMeBjedayxSac;RKab;FMeRBaHeyIgeRbIR)as;vadUcCasMParcMeraH.
rUb 3>16 reNAm:UTrbUm

5>5 Weelpiont
- 44 -
viFIsasenHeKeRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVIeGayTwk mankMritTabCagTItaMgeFVIkargaredIm,I[kEngenaHstgay
RsYlkgkareFVIkargar. eKalkarN_CamUldan KW)aj;bBaleTAkgdIesrI Wellpoint EdleK)antPab;enAk,al
bMBg;rYcehIy EtenAkgkartenHRtUvbnSt;xl;eGayGs;BIb:umsin. RbBn Wellpoint manlkNsmRsb
CamYydICaeRcInRbePTrhUtdl;karCikreNAb RbLay. RbsinebIkMritnimitkmxageRkamRtUv)aneFVIeLIg
smtPaBnkarRsUbeLIgnb:umbUmTwk tamRbBncMrHGacnig RtUvykmkeRbIR)as;.
rUb 3-17 Wellpoint

6> viFIsaseFVIeGaykardanRbesIreLIg
6>1 viFIrMedaHdIecj
karCIk nigkarcak;bMeBj
eKalkarN_ KankMlaMgRKb;RKan; kgkardwkCBan sMParminKb,IeRbIR)as; ehIyRtUvcak;bMeBjmkvijnUvdIl.
RbePTdIsmRsb RbePTNak)an
kMNt;cMNaM TItaMgEdlmantMlsmrm ehIyCMerARtUveTAtamkarkMNt;mYyCaTUeTA 9m .
- 45 -
karbMlas;TI
eKalkarN_ dImannIv:Ux<s;eBk dImanersuIsg;exSay RtuvCMnYsedaydIl
RbePTdIsmRsb dIRbePTlit
kMNt;cMNaM enAelIkardanCak;EsgGacCYbRbTH nigPk;rlk nigkMralfl;GacRsutdIzitenAeRkamTMnb;karBar
Twk.
6>2 viFIsaRsbeBajTwk
rUb 3>18 viFisasbeBasTwk
karCIkreNA
eKalkarN_ GnuBaatieGaybgrTwkecj
lkNrbs;dI dIsitRKab;RkamdIsit nigeBareBjedayTwk
kMNt;cMnaM CMerAx<s;bMput 3m el,nnkarRskvaGaRsyeTAnwgreNA samePaH nigRbePTdI RsTab;dIEdl
eRkob enApxagelIGaceFVIeGayRbesIeLIgedayclPaB.
muneBlbgab;
- 46 -
eKalkarN_ bnkEdlGnuvtmkelI)aneFVIeGaydIRsut
kMNt;cMnaM CaTUeTAmanlkNesdkic RtUvkarryeBlyUrkgkarbMENndI manRbsiTiPaBcMeBaHCMerACak;lak;
mYy ehIyEdlGacsMercnUvsmtPaBkugRtaMg.
muneBlbgab;CamYy nigkarbgrtamExSbBar
eKalkarN_ pvnkarbgrTwkxI BennkarRskcuHnTwk
kMNt;cMnaM mantMlx<s;rkGVICak;lak;BuM)an manplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkEngxHEtb:ueNaH lsMrab;kEngtUc min
manplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkEngxHEtb:ueNaH lsMrab;kEngtUcminmanplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHdI EdlmanlkN

cMlgcrn.
6>3 viFIsaseFVIeGaykardanRbesIreLIg
karbgab;edayDINamiuc
eKalkarN_ bnkFMEdlGnuvteTAelIkarbgab;edaykarTMlak;eRcIndgEdl manTMgn;BI 5-35etan.
lkNrbs;dI lkNdIsitl viFIenHcMeBaHdIsit dIsitEtminlcMeBaHdIEdlzitenAeRkamkMritTwkeRkamdI.
kMNt;cMnaM manlkNsmBaehIyelOn manplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHdIEpkxagelI nigxageRkamdI CMerAEdlman
RbsiTiPaBKW 18m mantMlCamFm \TiBlnrMjreFVIeGaymanPaBb:HBal;dl;rcnasm<nEdlenACitxag.
karbgab;rMjr
rUb 3>19 viFIsasrMjr
- 47 -
eKalkarN_ ]bkrN_rMjr
lkNrbs;dI dIsitEdlmanPaBsitcUlrYmpSMticCag 20
kMNt;cMnaM GacsMerc0andg;suIetrbs;dIl nigmanPaBksNan)anCMerARtwmEt 30m b:ueNaH tMlminCak;
lak;ehIymantMlx<s;.
karbr Vibro
eKalkarN_ ]bkrN_rMjr
lkNrbs;dI dIsitehIyTn;
kMNt;cMnaM tMlx<s;ehIyminCak;lak;
Vibro clt
eKalkarN_ manlkNRbhak;RbEhleTAnwg karCMnYs Vibro EdrelIkElgEt dIcMehogEdlpas;brenaH zit
enAkgBBYkdIEdlelIkElgEt dIcMehogEdlpas;brenaHzitenAkgBBYkdIEdlykecjBIreNAxYg.
lkNrbs;dI dIsitehIyTn;
kMNt;cMnaM tMlx<s; ehIyminCak;lak;
6> 4 kar)aj;bBalTwksuIm:g;t_
karcak;bBal Trout
eKalkarN_ bMeBjdIRbehagedayPak;garsuIm:g;t_ edIm,IeFVI[rwgmaMnig bnykarRCabTwk.
lkNrbs;dI dIEdlmanRKab;FM nigdIEdlmanRKab;Rkamlit
kMNt;cMnaM mantMlx<s;CaBiessTwksuIm:g;t_ EdlRtUvkarsMrab;dIEdlmanRKab;Rkamlit beckeTsenAgkar
bgab;dIGaceRbIR)as;sMBaFkgkarcak;bBal.
karlayenAkgCMerAdI
eKalkarN_ eRbIR)as;karxYg bcak;bBaledayeRbIkMlaMgefrenAkgkarlay
lkNrbs;dI dIEdlmans<itFM ndIEdlmanRKab;RkamFMniglit
kMNt;cMnaM karcak;bBalminTTYllTpll cMeBaHdI\dEdlsitxaMg nigdIlayRKYsCMerAEdllay)anlRtwm
150 m> ehIy)ancMeBaHEtdIl,ab;.
6>5 GMBIkMedA
kMedA
eKalkarN_ eRbIR)as;kMedAedIm,IeFVIeGaydImanrbwgedIm,ITab;Tl;nig PaBgayxUcsxat.
lkNrbs;dI dIsit
- 48 -
kMNt;cMnaM tMrUveGaymanzamBlxaMgtMlsmrm
karbgk
eKalkarN_ bgksMeNImEdlenAkgdI edIm,IcgritPaKpSMrbs;dIeGayenACamYyKa edIm,IbegInkMlaMgkat; nig
bnynUvkareRCobTwk.
lkNrbs;dI dIRKb;RbePTEdlzitenAeRkamnIv:UTwkeRkamdI/ dIsitenAxagelInIv:UTwkeRkamdI
kMNt;cMnaM mantMlx<s; kgkarCIkrUgkgdI lMhUrnTwkeRkamdIxaMg dMeNIrkaryWt.
6>6 Geosynthetic
karbgab;edayDINamiuc
nig Geomembranes
eKalkarN_ eRbIR)as; Geosynthetic sMrab;cMeraH RtYtBinitcMeraH ragMgmineGayTwkhUrkat; bedIm,IeFVIeGay dI
manPaBrwgmaMeLIg.
lkNrbs;dI CacMeraHdmanRbsiTiPaBsMrab;dIRKb;RbePTCaBiesssMrab;dIl,ab;
kMNt;cMnaM eRbIR)as;)any:agTUlMTUlay kgParkicepSgKa.
7> karsagsg;RKwH
EpkxageRkabnGaKarKWCapdIEdleyIgehAfaRKwH. RKwHGacCatMNag bmantMlmYyEpktUcn
KMerag b:uEnvaRtUvEtpl;nUvPaBlMngw dl;rcnasm<nTaMgGs;rbs;GaKar. RKwHTTYlrgnUvTMgn;BIGaKarnig CMTMrRT
nUvbnkTaMgLaydUcCa bnkrs; behAfabnkefr nwgbnkpal;rbs;GaKar behAfabnkefr CaenHeTA
eTotpxageRkamRtUvEtFMTUlayRKb;RKan;edIm,IeGaymanesrPaB kgkarTb;Tl;CamYyPaBRsut bkarkac;n
GaKar. munnig eRCIseIsykRbePTRKwHmkeRbIR)as; CabzmRtUvsikSaeTAelIRbePTdIEdlbgajBIlkNrbs;
va ehIyktaTaMgGs;enHehIyeEdlGackMNt;BIRbePTRKwHEdlRtUveRbIR)as;.
bnksrubEdlFak;mkelIRKwH RtUveFVIkarKNna eGay)ansuRkitedaybBalnUvTMgn;RKb;bnb;TaMgGs;
sMParEdleRbIR)as;brika nigXaMgdak;\v:an;pg. RbePTRKwH EdlRtUv)anGnuBaatieGayeRbIR)as; nigsMBaF
RTRTg;sMrab;RbePTdInimYy RtUvykeTAtamkUdGaKarnTItaMgenaH.
CaeKalkarN_RKwHrYmpSMeLIgeday3RsTab;KW
-)atRKwH
- karbukbgab;f nigmuxkat;nRKwHEdlbBab;enAelI)atRKwH RKwHCBaaMgCaFmtavamanRbEvgEvg ehIy
vaCaEpkmYynRKwHEdlecjBIeCIgtagenAcMNucxagelIndI. ssrKWCaepkmYyenAeRkayeKbgs; bkehAfa
eCIgRTCBaaMg.
Geogrids, Geotextiles, Geontes
- 49 -
7>1 RbePTnRKwH
RKwHCagtag
CaTUeTARKwHeCIgtammanragCakaer: enAkgKMehIjBImux pliteLIgBIebtugGaem esIg eKeRbIR)as;Ca
eRKOgTMr cMeBaHssreTal edIm,IRTbnkpal;enAcMcMNuckNalneCIgtag.
RKwHCab;
RKwHCab;b RKwHExS eRbIR)as;sMrab;RTbnkCBaaMg. RKwHExSpliteLIgBIebtugGaem tambeNayn

CBaaMg CamYynigTMhMkPaBKa nigCMerArak;.
RKwHcMruH
rUb 3-20 RKwHCab;nig RKwHeCIgtag
RKwHcMruHpliteLIgBIebtugGaem GacRTssr)aneRcInCagmYy RbsinebIeyIgemIlBImux eRcInmanrag

ctuekaNEkg bctuekaNBay.
RKwHExSBIebtugFmta
RKwHExS bRKwHCBaaMgEdlpliteLIgBIebtugGaemFmta CaTUeTAmanbgb;EdkssenAkgeCIgtag nig

ss mesh enAkgeCIgtag nigss mesh enAkgbnHebtug.
- 50 -
RKwHExSBIebtugeRbkugRtaMg
RKwHExSEdlpliteLIgBIebtugeRbkugRtaMg EdlbegIteLIgedaykarrwtbNwgEdkssBYr bEdkkab

Edlbgb;enAkgebtug. RKwHebtugRtaMgrYmshkarN_edaybnHRKwH california EdlmanbeNayEvg nigRKwH
PTI.
kartMelIgkMralBIeQI
eCIgtagmantYnaTIenAkgkarRTFwm nigkMral nigTMrxagkgpgEdrGacRKwHCab; enAEpkxageRkamn

kMraleQI KWCarnUt.
RKwHlat
rUb 3-21 kartMelIgkMraleQI
KWlatCaTUeTAmanTMhMehIy kMras;manlkNkPaBKapliteLIgBIebtugGaem ehIyCab;bnman

tYnaTIRTRTg;rcnasm<nTaMgmUl. RbsinebIeyIgeFVIkarBicarNaeTAelIRKHlat vaCaRKwHrak;RbsinebIeyIgsag
sg;vaenAelI benACitpdI.
RKwHbuk
RKwHbuk KWCaRbCuMRKwHRsYc Rtg;cuHeTAeRkam pliteLIgGMBIeQI Edk bebtug EdlbukbBaleTAkgdI

edaym:asuInbukRKwH.
- 51 -
ssrRKwHRbePTepSgeTot
manRKwHRbePTepSgeTotdUcCa ssrxYg ssrcak;enAnwgkardan nigssrsmasPaK.
sMNg;laykgTwk
vamanlkNRbhak;RbEhlnigssrRKwH Edlcak;enAnwgkEngsMNg;lyeTAkgTwk bEp CaFmta

manmuxkat;FMehIyEvg Pab;CamYybnHebtugGaem. sMNg;lyeTAkgTwk bEpmanFwmFMRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;
CaRKwHsMrab;RTRTg; enAelIpdIEdlFMTUlay.
RKwHekHsug
sMrab;lykgTwk bsMNg;EpCYnkalvakGaRsyedayRKwHekHsugenHpgEdr. RKwHekHsugCarcnasm<n

eRkamdIEdleKsagsg;eLIg ehIyRKwHekHsugvamansmtPaBenAkgkarTb;Tl;nwg TwkpgEdr.
RKwHlat
RbsinebIeKsagsg; RKwHlatenAeRkam pdI bRKwlatRTRTg;edayRKwHbuk bsMNg;lyeTAkgTwkEp

eKKYrEtBicarNaeTAelIRbBnCMerARKwHenaH.
RKwHbENt
CaRbePTRKwHBiess enAeBlEdlTMgn;rbs;rcnasm<nxagelIsmmUl nigTMgn;dIEdlkayecjehIy

karsagsg;enHsMrab;Can;eRkamdI.
RbePTRKHGaKareRkamdI
KWCaRKwHrYmKarvaglMenAdan nigGaKarepSgeTot enAkEngEdlmanTwkkkFak;. RKwHRbePTenHrYmman

brievNeCIgtag nigCBaaMgRKwHeRkamdI EdlRTRTg;RbBnkMraleQI.
kMralCan;rbs;GaKareRkamdICaFmtasagsg;BIbnHebtug.
7>2 lkNnRKwHbuk
RKwHbukeQI
RbEvg
bnk
cenaHBIssrmYyeTAssrmYyeTot
KuNvibti
KuNsm,ti
kMNt;cMnaM
FmtaBI 5,4m 7m
x<s;bMput 10etan
Gb,brman 2,5 nmuxkat;rbs;ssrRKwH 60 cm
Bi)akkgkart/ gayRsYlkgPaBst/ rwg
tMlTab/ Fn;nwgkarBukpuyRbsinebIRtaMTwk/ gayRsYlenAkgkarkan;
manlkNcuHlCamYydIEdlmanRKab;
- 52 -
ssrRKwHbukGMBIEdk
RbEvg
bnk
cenaHBIssrmYyeTAssrmYyeTot
KuNvibti
KuNsm,ti
kMNt;cMnaM
FmtaBI 30m 70m

x<s;bMput 100etan
2,5m 90m nmuxkat;ssrRKwH
gaykgkareRcHrab; muxkat; HP GacnwgxUtxat bpatecj
gayRsYlenAkgkart/ smtPaBkargarx<s;/ gayRsYlkgkarbMlas;TI
EpkxagcugnRKwHFn;nwgf/ smtPaBkargayfycuHenAeBlEdlman
sarFatusuI bkat;
rUb 3-22 ssrRKwHbukGMBIeQI

ssrRKwHbukGMBIebtugplitenAeragcRk
RbEvg
FmtamanBI 30m 70m / x<s;bMput 15m
bnk
x<s;bMput 50etan
cenaHBIssrmYyeTAssrmYyeTot TabbMput 2,5cm nmuxkat;ssr nigx<s;bMput 75cm
KuNvibti
mantMlx<s;enAkgkarbMlas;TI
KuNsm,ti
smtPaBrgnUvbnkx<s; Fn;nwgPaBkat;bsuIGacqgkat;TItaMgEdlrwg)an
kMNt;cMnaM
ssrEdlmanragmUlFn;CamYynwgersuIsg;
- 53 -
rUbPaB 3>23 ssrRKwHebtugplitBIeragcRk

ssrRKwHebtugEdlplitenAnwgkardan
RbEvg
FmtamanBI 30m 70m
bnk
x<s;bMputRT)an 50etan
cenaHBIssrmYyeTAssrmYyeTot 2,5cm nmuxkat;ssr/ nigx<s;bMput 90cm
KuNvibti
mantMlx<s;enAkgkarbMlas;TI
KuNsm,ti
sMbkebtugxageRkAmingayxUtxat
kMNt;cMnaM
ssrRKwHEdlmanRbEvgmFm manlkNlRbesIenAkgkarkkit
- 54 -
- 55 -
CMBUk 4 ebtug
1> ssBRgwg
1>1 karBRgwgedayssEdk
EdkmUl enAelIprbs;ssEdkeckecjCa RTng;tMNrnigEpkepSgeTot.
EdkfaMGMeBA enAelIrbs;EdkmanRTng;nig tMNr. karbegItzamBlCag 40CagEdkFmta)aneFVI
eGayEdkfaMgGMeBACab;sitl.
rUb 4-1 EdkfaMGMeBA

- 56 -
ExSlYsssrs;
vaCakareFVIeGayEdkssrwtEtrwgmaMeLIg edIm,IykeTAeRbIR)as;enAkgebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
GaMgtg;suIet rbs;EdkRbePTenH vaxaMgCagEdkssFmtacMnYn5dg. GRtakabUnBI 0>6 eTA 1>05
)aneFVIeGaykabUnEdkeLIgx<s;tamrykarGnuvtsareLIgvijtammeFa)ayRtCak;. kugRtaMgrbs;EdkRbePT
enHmanBI 150350kg/mm .
2
karRtYBinitsuItuNPaBEdkss
ssEdkBRgwgRtUvdak;eGayelIspneRKOg PC TaMgmUlbnicedIm,IeFVIeGaymansameRbHtUcCaTI
bMputenAeBlEdlsItuNPaBpas;br.
1>2 ss Mesh
ss Mesh erobcMeLIgdUcPaCn_EdkEdlmanmuxkat;BI 4-12mm dak;ExVgRbsBVKaedayEdkbnSar.
enHKWCaviFIdak;nig tYnaTIrbs;va . RTg;RTayEdkEdldak;kat;ExVgKa KWCaragkaer: b ctuekaNEkg.
1>3 viFIsaRs EnkarrkSaTuk nig karsnSMsMcEnEdkss
- bnab;BIkarEbgEckEdkeTAtammuxkat;nig RbEvgehIy RtUvTukdak;eGay)anRtwmRtUveTAtamRbePT
nimYyrbs;va edayminRtUvTuklayLMCamYyEdk EdlminRtUvkareLIy.
- eFIrEdldak;Edk RtUvmankMBs;x<s;lm EdlGaceQagcab;ykBIdIpal;)an.
-karerobcM nig rkSaTukRtUveFVIeTAtamlMdab;EnrebobpMtMelIg.
1>4 karbegIt nig rebobplit
- 57 -
CMBUk 4
ebtugGaem
enHKWCaviFImYydak;nigtYnaTUrbs;va. RTg;RTayEdkEdlkat;exVgKa KWCaragkaer: bctuekaNEkg.
1>3 viFIsasnkarrkSaTuk nigkarsnSMsMcnEdkss
- bnab;BIEbgEckEdkeTAtammuxkat; nigRbEvgehIyRtUvTukdak;eGay)AnRtwmRtUveTAtamRbePT
nimYyrbs;va edayminRtUvTuklaylMCamYyEdkEdlminRtUvkareLIy.
- eFVIrEdldak;Edk RtUvmankMBs;x<s;lm EdlGaceQagcab;ykBIFIpal;)an;
- karerobcM nigrkSaTukRtUveFVIeTAtamlMdab;nrebobpMtMelIg
1>4 karbegIt nigrebobplit
Shop drawing
vaCakarKUrenAkgeragCagedIm,IeFVIkarkat;EdkCak;Esg nigBt;vaeTAtamcMnucnkarKUrrbs;rcnasm<n
Edk. RtUvEtsresreGay)anRtwmRtUveTAtamTItaMgmuxkat;nEdkss/ RbEvg nigcMnYnedImnkarBt;rag
nigTMhMrbs;va.
karKUrlMGitBIssEdksMrab;RKWH
- yupanssEdksMrab;CBaaMg/ bg;es/ FwmRKwH nigssEdksMrab;ssr.
- TItaMgbULgcab;yufaRbEvgCamUldanneRKagEdk nigviFIPab;.
- CBaaMgGaKareRkamdI/ bnHmUldannRsTab;karBarCMrabTwk nigkargarbBab;. karKUrlMGit
ssr nigCBaaMg
- kEngtMNrnssEdkssr
- rebobeFVIbnenAeBlEdlmuxkat;ssrRtUv)anbny
- RbEvgnkarbnb;yufakgTMnak;TMngCamUldaneTAEpkmYyeTot
- RbEvgRTg;RTay nigGgt;pit nigTItaMgnTMBk;
- RbEvg/ cMnYnedIm nigRTg;RTay nkarebIkeRKagqwgEdk
karKUrlMGitBIFwm
- RbEvgRTg;RTay nigGgt;pit/ rebobdak;nssEdkem nig
- kMBs;nkarBt; nssEdk nigRbEvgnPaBepgnEpkepk
- 58 -
- RbEvgnbULg nigk,alva
- kardak;ssEdkFwmeTAkgssr RbEvg nigRTg;RTayyufa nigEpkEdlExVgrvagFwm nigkwmem.
karKUrlMGitnbnHkMralCan;
- GkSnFwm nigTItaMgnFwmrgnCBaaMgBIebtugGaem/ karcab;epImnEpkCeNIr/ karebIkTItaMgn
bMBg; nigkUnssr.
- BidaneRkamdI karrkTItaMgnkardak;bMBg; nigkargarEdk
- kMras;nkMral nigTisedA/ Ggt;pit/ RbEvg/ TItaMgnkarBt; nigrebobdak;ssEdkem.
1>5 karGnuvtbnnssEdk
karGnuvtbnnssEdk KWEckecjCakarkat; nigkarBt;. kgeBlfIenHeK)anbegIteragcRk
sMrab;plitEdk nigkat; EdlRtYtBinittamrykMBTredaym:asuInsVyRbvtRBmTaMgkarpt;pg;Edr eTA
tamcMNuc b:uEnvamineFVIkaskm BIeRBaHkarkMNt;nkarpas;brTisedA. dUecHehIykargarCaeRcInmaneTA
tamkEng.
karBt;ssEdk
- EdkEdlman d < 25mm karGnuvttammeFa)ayRtCak;enAelIsItuNPaBFmta.
- EdkEdlman d > 28mm karGnuvttammeFa)aykMedA
- enAEpkxagcugnssEdkmUlRtUvEtdak;TMBk;CakarcaM)ac; cMeBaHm:asuInTat;kugRtaMg
- cMeBaHEdkfaMgGMeBAGacminbBalTMBk;eTAkgeKalkarN_enaH b:uEnkarBt;TMBk;enH begItenAkg
krNIepSgeTot.
xagcugnEpkxageRkAnCBaaMg ssEdksMrab;Fwm/ ssr/ bMBg;EpSg/ ssEdkRtv:at;/ ssEdk
nwg mingaker)an EdlTItaMgTaMgenaHRtUvEtsresrenAkgkarKUr.
1>6 RbEvgyufa nigRbEvgtMNrnssEdk
tMNrTUeTA
rUb4>2 viFIkgkartPab;Edk
- 59 -
rUb4-2 viFIkugkartPab;Edk
- kEngtMNrnssEdkRtUveCosvagTItaMgkEngEdlkugRtaMgeFVIGnrkmeRcIn.
- minRtUvtPab;ssEdkenAkEngdEdleRcInCagBak;kNalncMnYnEdkeLIy.
- RbEvgEpkxagmuxntMN RtUvdak;enAcenaHcMNuckNalnTMBk;
- tMNrnEdkemRtUvdak;elIEpkEdlkMlaMgTaj
- RbEvgtMNrnssEdk nigRbEvgnssEdknwg RtUvdak;enAkEngEdlTTYlrgkMlaMgsgt; bk
kMlaMgTajtUc elIkElgEtenAkgkrNItYEdkFMCag 25d (d : Ggt;pitrbs;ssEdk ) . RbsinebIeyIgcg;
dak;kEngtMNrenATIEdlTTYlrgnUvkMlaMgTajeRcInenaHluHRtaEtEdkenaHFMCag 40d .
- RbEvgtMNrnkarsgt;tictYcGaceFVIeday 20d
- EdkEdlmanminFMCag 28mm minRtUvtPab;edayviFIdak;epabelIKaeLIy.
rUb4-3 kEngtMNnEdk
- 60 -
rUb4>4 TItaMgdak;Edkbgb; nigtMNr

- ssEdkemnFwmyufakgssr
- ssEdkemnFwmyufakgFwmrg
- ssEdkemrbs;ssrRtUv)anbgb;enAkgRKwH
- ssEdkemnFwmeRkamdI mUldanyufa bssr
- ssEdkCBaaMgyufaelIssr/ Fwm/ bnHkMralCan;
- ssEdkkMralCan; yufaFwm bCBaaMg
viFIsasenAkgkartssEdk
- bnedaydak;epabelIKa
- bneddaypSar dak;epabKaehIypSarPab;/ dak;Cl;KaehIypSarPab;
1>7 kMras;nkarRKb nigkEngdak;nEdkss
kEngnssEdk
- eRcInCag1/5dgnmuxkat;rbs;Edkss
- eRcInCag 25mm
- eRcInCag 1/25dg nTMhMGtibrmarbs;GRKIeKtRKab;FM GnuvttamtMlEdlFMCageKntMl3
xagelI .
eKaledACMerAnkarRKbEdk
- Fn;nwgcMehH
- BRgIkPaBCab;lab;
- suvtiPaBeTAelIkarsagsg;nPaBrav
sg;daCMerARKbEdk
muxkat;
CMerAbkMras;
kMNt;sMKal;
bnHCBaaMgminRTTMgn; FMCag 2cm
cMENkEdlb:Hpal;eTAnwgdI eRcInCag 4cm enA
ssrFwmEdlCaRbePT
FMCag 3cm eBlEdlbBab;vtykCa)ankarEdlmuxxagkgeRcIn
CBaaMgRTbnk
Cag 2 cm
RKwH
FMCag 6cm elIkElgEtkMras;ebtugRsTab;xageRkam
- 61 -
bMBg;EpSg
CBaaMgTb;
FMCag 5cm
FMCag 4cm
FMCag 5cm
FMCag 7cm
enAeBlmuxkat;ssEdktUcCag 16cm
enAeBlEdlmuxkat;ssEdkFMCag 19cm
enAeBlEdlminbegItRTg;RTayeTAkan;EpkEdlTak;
TgnwgdI.
rUb4>5 CMerAnRsTab;RKbEdk nigkEngdak;Edkss

1>8 karpMtMeluIgEdkss
kartMelIgrYcCaeRscnEdkssEkg
enAmuneBltMelIgssEdkRtUveFVIkarsMGatykeRcH nigFUlIecj ehIyrkSaTukedayELkedIm,I
bnyfamBlnkarCab;sitedayFUlI nigeRcH.
lMdab;lMedaynkartMelIgEdkss
- enAeBlsagsg;GaKarBIebtugGaem dak;bBaleTAkgebtugnUveRKagEdkEdl)anpMtamlMdab;
lMeday ehIytMelIgeTAEpkxagelIeTotedaycab;epImBIEpkxageRkameTA.
ssEdkRKwHssEdkssr ssEdkCBaaMg ssEdkFwm ssEdkkMral
ssEdkCeNIr
- enAeBlEdlsagsg;GaKarcUleTAkgeRKagEdk nigebtugGaem tMelIgBIEpkEdl)anpM ehIy
nigbnHepSgeTotRtUvbBab;.
ssEdkCaeKal ssEdkssr ssEdkFwmssEdkCBaaMgssEdkkMral
- 62 -
ssEdkCeNIr
1>9 kargartMelIgssEdkBRgIg
lMdab;nkartMelIgssEdkeKal
- BRgagRTg;RTayTItaMgnebtug
- karbgjbgajBITIkEngnssEdkBRgwg
- reboberobcMnssEdk
- reboberobcMnssEdktamExSbeBag
- karbegItcenaH
- karbegIteLIgnUvssEdkemsMrab;ssr
- karerobcMssrEdkkgmUl
kartMelIgssEdksMrab;CBaaMg nigssr
- kEngtMNrRtUvyk23nkMBs;Can;
- kartMelIgssEdksMrab;ssrminRtUveGayCab;KaeRcInCag12ncMnYnrbs;ssEdkemenAkg
Can;EtmYyeT.
- cenaHnkardak;ssEdkBImYyeTAmYyminRtUvTMlak;eRcInCag 3d b 2,5 cm enAkgssrEtmYy
- muxkat;nEdkkg minRtUvFMCag 9mm eT ehIycenaHBIEdkkgmYyeTAmYyeTotKWticCag 15d.
- GRtaEdkminRtUvFMCag8nmuxkat;rbs;ssr
- TTwgrbs;ssrminRtUvticCag115 nkMBs;Can;GaKar
kartMelIgEdksssMrab;Fwm
- vaCakarsMxan;Nas;EdleGayEdknFwmmincab;Pab;mkCamYy. b:uEntMNrRtUvEteFVIeLIgCadac; xat
- TItaMgtMNrRtUvenAepkxageRkambgs;ntMNrFwm ehIyEpkxagelIEdkemrbs;FwmRtUvenAcM
kNalFwm. r)adgEr:kRtUvPab;mk nigkEngrbs;va.
2> kargarBum<
enHKWCakarsagsg;beNaHGasnsMrab;RTRTg;ebtugEdlminTan;rwg.
2>1 eKaledAnkargarBum<
- PaBravrbs;ebtug KWkMNt;ragrbs;ebtug
- 63 -
- viFankarkgkarRCab blicnTwkEdlCatMrUvkarcaM)ac;enAkgkarBRgwg
- GMeBInkMedABIsINPaBenAxageRkAGaKar
2>2 ktaEdlcaM)ac; nigbMrugRbytnkargarBum<
- sMeNIrRKb;RKan;cMeBaHsMParEdlmanPaBrwgbuwg
- sMeNIrcMeBaHkarTb;Tl;nwgTwk
- viFankarEdlbgeLIgedaykarstPamnebtug
- kgkrNIElebtugenAhalval eKmanviFIeFVIRbRBwtkmdUcteTA
eQI enAelIpeQIminRtUveGaymanPaBrlkeRcIneBkeT
Edk enAkgkrNIEdlEdkmaneRcHsuI ebtug nigeLIgBNetatEdlvacab;epImeFVIeGayxUc.
- p EdlbBab;minman)anesIl vabNaleGaykarbUkminesIl.
- sMParsMrab;kargarBum<Edl)anbMrugTukkgkartMelIgCaeRscenH rebobtMeluIgkgayRsYl ehIy
krhsEdr.
- kargarBum<vamantMlBI 1530 ntMlrcnasm<mdUecHskmPaBTaMgenHtMrUveGayman
lkNesdkic.
2>3 bMrugRbytkgkarsagsg;Bum<
- rUbvivtn_ RTg;RTay bTMhMRtUvEtmanPaBRtwmRtUv/ karERbRbYlenH ERkgelavaekIteLIgeday sar
kar)atecj/ karRbTak;Ka
- suvtiPaB mansuvtiPaBRKb;RKan;cMeBaHkMlaMgBIxageRkA
- karbegIt vaeFVIeGayxUtxacenAeBlpM benAeBlkan; byYrCadMu bksMParminGacRCabcUl)an
- eRbIsMParEdlmincuHsMrug KYrEtsMnSMsMcsMParenAeBlEdlGnuvtParkicCavt
- Tb;Tl; nigCMrabTwk karBum<RtUvEtlabTwksuIm:g;Camun
2>4 sMParsMrab;kargarBum<
Bum<bnH Panel
- eQI eRbIedImesda/ edImRss;/ >>>>
-eQIGar eRbIR)as;eQIGarEdlmankMras; 12 cm CaFmta. RbsinebIeRbIR)as;enAkgkarFn;nwg Twk
eQIvamanlkNlRbsinsMrab;karBar bTb;Tl; nigTwk.
- bnH panel : KWCaeQIEdlGarrYcehIy/ karbnH/ bnHEdk>>>>.l.
- 64 -
r)aem nigrnUt
r)aem KWCar)anCBaaMgeQIEdlskcUlCaRTnab;xagkg
rUb4-6 bnH Panel BIeQI

rnUt KWCaeRKOgEdlerocMeLIgcMeBaHkEngEdltUccegtedIm,ITTYlrgnUvtMbUl bkMraleQI.
r)aErk KWCaeRKOgEdlTTYlrgnUvbnkEdlbNalmkBIrnUt nigr)aeT EdlEckcayeTAssr. TMhM
9-10 cm x 9-10 cm, cenaH 90cm BIeRKOgmYyeTAmYyeTot. vaCaeRKOgEdlenABIxagsMBaFdI.
begalkMral KWCaembBarEdlrgbnkBIr)aErk ehIybBaneTAeGaykMral. kartPab;eRKOgbgM
KWGnuvteTAtamemrbs;va.
- Rkv:at;Bum< KWCasMParEdlTak;TgeTAnwgeRKOgnimYy nigbgarkarhUreRcaHnTWksuIm:g;kdUcCa
karxusPaBedImnBum<.
- PaBedayELknBum<
- lMh rkSacenaHBIBum<nigeRKagEdksMrab;karpas;br nigsMrab;kMras;nRsTab;RKbEdk bRsTab;
karBarEdk.
- eRbgBum< KWCakarRtsus bxat;CamYyeRbgeTAelIEpknimYynBum<edIm,IPaBgayRsYlkgkar
cak;ebtug.
- 65 -
rUb4-7 Bum<Edk
rUb4-8 begalkMralCan; nigkarmYl

2>5 smtPaBRTRTg;sMBaFxagnBum<
PaBsmRsb GMeBIenAkgRTg;RTaynvtEdlTak;TgCamYynwgsMBaFEdlmanmkelITisedAepk
nBum<>>>.l. sMrab;CBaaMgebtug
- 66 -
rUb4-9 eRKOgbEnmBum<ebtug
critlkN
- sMBaFRTRTg;EpkxagnCBaaMgBum<ekItmaneLIgenAeBlcat;ebtugsMrab;ssr nigFwm.
- sMBaFRTRTg;xagmaneTAtameBlevlancMgay nigTMgn;nmaDebtugEpkxagelI.
- kMBs;RBMEdnnebtug ehAfa {k,alebtug} enAeBlEdlsMBaFxagdIekItmaneLIgGtibrmaenA
eBlcat;ebtug.
\TiBlnsMBaFRTRTg;xagmaneTAelIeRKOg
- el,nnkarcat;ebtug el,nnkarcak;elOneBk/ sMBaFRTRTg;xagFM
- PaBefrnebtug PaBefrnebtugvaCakarRbesIr/ sMBaFRTRTg;xagFM
- TMgn;ebtug TMgn;ebtugFn;/ sMBaFRTRTg;xagFM
- 67 -
- karlayebtug eyIgdwgfakarrlayebtugEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; smtPaBRTRTg;bnkxagrbs;

vaFMCagebtugsMGat)atRKWH
- suItuNPaBebtug sItuNPaBenAeBlcat;ebtugTab/ sMBaFRTRTg;xagx<s;
- GMBIBum<cab;epImeLIgeRKIm BIeRBaHenAeBlcat;prbs;Bum<cMnYnnkarkkitKa hUreRcIneBk/
ehIysMBaFRTRTg;xagtic.
- PaBFn; nigTwkneQIBum< smtPaBRTRTg;sMBaFxagl ehIyPaBFn;nigTwknkarBum<lRbesIr
- PaBrwgmaMnBum< PaBrwgmaMnBum<manx<s; smtPaBRTRTg;bnkx<s;
- RbePTnsuIm:g; ryeBlnkarkkvarhsNas;/ smtPaBRTRTg;sMBaFxagebtugcuHexSay
CagebtugEdlkkrwg dUecHryeBlkkrwgvayWtCag.
- viR)aTr kgkrNIeRbIvIR)aTrsmtPaBRTRTg;sMBaFxagl
- viFI nigTItaMgnkarcak;ebtug RbsinebIenAeBlcat;ebtugmankarRskcuHeRcInCagcMnYnnkMrit
kMBs;/ smtPaBRTRTg;sMBaFxagebtuglRbesIr.
2>6 sMBaFRTRTg;xagnBum< nigbnk
bnknBum<
-EpkxageRkamnFwm/ bnHkMral m:as;ebtug/ bnkkarsagsg;bnkRcanecj
- bnkEpkCBaaMg/ ssr/ Fwm m:as;ebtug/ sMBaFxagebtug
lMdab;nkartMelIgBum<
eKalbmUldan-ssr-CBaaMgxagkg-Fwmrg-Fwm-kMralCan;-CBaaMgxageRkA
2>7 viFIsaRskgkarsagsg;Bum<
Bum<GWrub
- plitBIeQIGarFn;nigTwk ehIyeRKagvamanTMgn;Rsal
- manlkNsmBaenAkgkarykpaMgnImYyeTAtMelIgedaymin)ac;eRbIR)as; birkarBiess.
- GacrkbnH panel EtTMrg;mYykgkartMelIgsMrab;CBaaMg/ bnHkMral nigssr.
Bum<Edk
- manTMgn;Fn;EtgayenAkgkartMelIg nigruHerIvij
- TMhMRtwmRtUv\texaH ehIyman]tmPaBenAkgkarcltBum<cuHeLIg
- 68 -
- PaBsitCab;nl,ayBIeRBaHebtugvamanPaBesIKa GBawgvaGacCab;sitenApxagkgBum<eday
sarEdkvamaneRcHrab;.
Bum<CaRkum
- bnH panel EdlFMCageK cab;Pab; nigbg;)aj; ehIyeFVIkarenAkg panel xnva.
- ykplRbeyaCn_BIviFIsagsg;tamkarrak;EbgEcknryepk nigbBaredIm,IeFVIeGayRbesIreLIg
- RtUvkar]bkrN_eRcInenAkgkarcab;Pab;
- CBaaMgRkas;gayRsYlkgkarsagsg;
Bum<rGil
kMBs;rbs;vaRbEhl 1m ehIyvaCaviFIsagsg;TMlak;mkdIyWt CaBum<EdkmUlEdlmanPaBxusKa
KaxHnEpkxageRkam vamanlkNsmrmkgkarsagsg;sMNg; Silo.
- ryeBlsagsg;xIRbEhl13nsMPar ehIyGackat;bnykkMlaMg
- GacbMeBjbnKaRKb;EpkTaMgGs;
- Gaccak;kMBs;)an 3-5 m enAeBleFVIkarf byb;
Bum<sMbukXM
- vaKWCakarbegItEpknsMParsMrab;Bum<sMrab;eFVIkMralCan;nkMralebtug TMhMvaKW 9-18 cm
- GaceFVI)anBIrebobrcnasm<nbnHebtug
Bum<pvrUgdI
- cMeBaHBum<clt eFVIbMBg;mYyrYmedayeRKagBIr
- m:as;rbs;Fn; RtUvkarkEngFM edIm,IelIkdak; nigRtUvykcitTukdak;cMeBaHsuvtiPaBkargar enA
eBltMelIg nige)aHBum<. ykcitTukdak;pgEdrenAeBlRbtibtiEpnkarelIkeLIg.
- vamanlkNsmRsbcMeBaHkarsagsg;Edlmanmuxkat;CaesrIdUcCa apartment CaedIm.
Bum<pvrUgkgdI
- Bum<cltEdleFVIeLIgBIeRKagBIrbMBg;mYy
- BIeRBaHvamanTMgn;Fn;RtUvkarTMhMFM edIm,IelIkbrikar. RtUveFVIkarsegtkgsuvtiPaBenAelIkar tMelIg
nigkaryYrkan;eRKagnImYyedIm,IeFVIkar. segtenAkgsMParRbtibtikarkgEpnkarelIkbsceLIg.
- vaGacrk)anenAkgrcnasm<nEdlmanCaesrIkPaBdUcCa apartment CaedIm.
- 69 -
2>8 ryeBlkarTl;nBum<
kgkrNIBiesaFn_ersuIsg;sgt;
- EpkbnnRKwHKWCaFwmbCBaaMg
enAeBlEdlersuIsg;sgt;rbs;ebtugFMCag 50kgf/cm
- EpkxageRkamnbnHebtug nigFwmenAxagkgnkMeNag
enAeBlGaMgtg;suIetsg;daeRcInCag23 (f >= 2/3 f ) Etb:ueNaH/ enAeBlEdlvaFMCag
2
cu
ck
140
kgf/cm
kgkrNImin)aneFVIetssgt;rkersuIsg;
RbePTnsuIm:g suIm:g; Portland Edl suIm:g; Portland Fmta
qab;manersuIsg;ehIyx<s; >
suIm:g; Biess
suIm:g;Portland Pozzdon (A)
suItuNPaB
suIm:g; Fly-ash (A)
xl;Fmta
eRcInCag 20 C
2 f
4 f
eRcInCag 10 C
3 f
6 f
ticCag 20 C
o
o
>
suIm:g; Biess
suIm:g;Portland Pozzdon
(A)
suIm:g; Fly-ash (B)

5 f
8 f
3> kargarebtug
3>1 FmCatinsuIm:gFmta
dg;duIet nigm:as;maD
dg;suIet = eRcInCag 3>05 CaFmtaeRcInCag 3/15
m:as;maD = 1 500 kg/m
PaBlit
KWCakMritPaBxab;nPaBtUcsuIm:g;/ GnuPaBenAkgsmtPaBkargar/ brimaNxl;/ PaBTb;Tl;nigTwk/
nigPaBCab;xab;. kgkrNIPaBlitvax<s;eBkplvaGacdl;ebtugdUcCa
- RbRBwtkmCamYyTwkrhs
- ersuIsg;rbs;ebtugqab;ekItmanelIgx<s;
- tMlnkal;LrIekIteLIg
3
- 70 -
- varhskgkarpas;brrUbragedayGakasFatu
kareFVIeGaykk
- KWCaGnuPaBenAkgbrimaN/ sItuNPaB/ PaBlit/ sarFatuKImIPaBesIm
- Rbtikmy:agqab;rhsEdll,ay bebtugGacrkSasNankgkrNIEdlmanPaBpyKa.
- kgsItuNPaBx<s; ryeBlelOnenAkgkarkk/ RbsinebIbrimaNtic.
- karkkcab;epImeLIgbnab;BIcak;Twk1em:ag beRkaymkkgrUbPaBFmta sItuNPaB 15-25 C
PaBrwg vaKWCarebobEdleKdutebtugehIyGaMgtg;suIetKWbeBajeGaydwg.
3>2 etssuIm:g;
etsdg;suIet
- Pyenometer etsdgsuIet 3/15 m:asmaD= 1500kg/m
ets Stability :
ets Autoclave swelling
etsersuIsg;
eFVIetsxat; bkan;/ etssgt;rkersuIsg;edayeRbIR)as;xSac;sg;dar.
etskMNk (Coagulation)
etskarkkminFmtaeday Gil moa needle, ets Bika needle
etsrkPaBlit
\TiBlFMkgkrNIpSM nigTwk/ \TiBlkgqaMsagsg;/ GRtaxl; nigPaBCab;rbs;va.
3>3 RbePT nigKuNPaBBiessnsuIm:g;
RbePT
KuNPaB
- dg;suIeteRcInCag3>05 Fmta3>15
- m:as;maD1500 kg/m
- PaBlitvatUcNas;/ ebtugqab;manersuIsg; b:uEn
suIm:g; Portlad suIm:g; Portland
rhspas;brrUbragedaysarGakasFatu
- cab;epImkkeRkayeBlrlay ehIy1em:agehIy
rwgkgryeBl10em:Ag
- ebtugmanersuIsg;qab; GaMgtg;suIetFMdUcCaGaMg
suIm:g; Portland Edlman
o
- 71 -
ersuIsg; x<s; ehIyqab;
suIm:g;lay
tg;suIetelcecjeLIg28 fEdlsuIm:g;Fmta7f
- vamankMedAxaMgenAeBleFVIRbtikmCamYyTwk kg
krNInebtugFM hameRbI
- eRbIR)as;sMxan;enAkgkarsagsg;bnan;/ kgssir
rdUv/ sagsg;kEngEdlmanTwk
- karbegInGaMgtg;suIetyWt/ b:uEnryeBlersuIsg;
yUr ehIyFMCagsuIm:sgFmta
suIm:g; Portland Edlman - BIeRBaHkMedAnRbRBwtkmCamYyTwkvatUc/ kMrCYb
RbTH nigkarrYj beRbH
kMedAlm
- eRbIR)as;sMrab;TMnb;Twk/ ebtugpaMgFM nigkat;
bnykarPay
- eRbIR)as;CaPak;garsMrab;BN CasMParsMrab;bUk/
suIm:g; Portland BNs
tMNr nigcMNucedA.
suIm:g; Portland Blast- -dgsuIetTab
Furnace
-kMedAEdleFVIGMeBICamYyTwktic ehIykarrYmmaDtic
- smtPaBkargar nigkarTb;Tl;nigTwk)anl
-ersuIsg;qab;ekIneLIgEtTab b:uEnryeBln
suIm:g; Portland Fly-ash ersuIsg;rbs;ebtugFM
- BIeRBaHkMedAnRbtikmCamYyTwkmancMnYntictYc/
ehIykarrYm brYj nigeRbHtic
- begInsmtPaBkargar/ bny)atuPUtnkarbMEbk
sMPar nigkarhUr
suIm:g;suIlIka (Silica)
- ersuIsg;qab;ekItmaneLIgenAkgebtugGaMgtg;suI
suIm:g;GluymIjm
et FM dUcCaekItmaneLIgkgry28f ehIysuIm:g;
FmtakgGayu 28 em:ag
- cMNay suIm:g;eRcIn edIm,IeFVIeGayrwgkgkareFVI
suIm:g; Swelling
RbRBwtikmCamYyTwk
- 72 -
- kMritnkarrYjvatic RbEhl20-30 Cag

suIm:g;Fmta.
kareRbobeFobnersuIsg;rhsekItman
suIm:g;GaluymINa > suIm:g; Portland Edlqab;manersuIsg;ehIyx<s; > suIm:g; Portland
> suIlIkaLx<s; > suIm:g; Portland EdlmankMedAmFm.
4> GaRKIeKt nigTwk
4>1 GaRKIeKt
RbePTnGaRKIeKt
- GaRKIeKtRKab;lit GaRKIeKtNaEdlqgkat;kERBagsg;darEdlmanTMhM 5mm eRcInCag 85
nm:asrbs;vaenaHKWCaGaRKIeKtEdlmanRKab;lit.
- GaRKIeKtRKab;FM GaRKIeKtNaEdlbnSl;enAelIkERBagsg;darEdlmanTMhM 5mm eRcInCag 85%
nm:as;rbs;va.
- GaRKIeKtFn;mFm TMhMnkERBagEdlGaRKIeKtqgkat;eRcInCag90.
- GaRKIeKtFn;Rsal m:as;rbs;vatUcCagm:as;rbs; GaRKIeKtFmtaEdleRbIR)as;kgeKaledA
bnym:as;rbs;ebtugnwgCaGuIsULg;.
- GaRKIeKtEdlmanm:asFn; m:asrbs;vaFn; GaRKIeKtRbePTenHeRcInpliteLIgBIemEdk Edl
eRbIR)as;sMrab;raraMg\TiBlnkarPay.
cMNuccgcaMenAkgKtienAeBlNaEdleRCIserIsGaRKIeKt
-RKYsvaragmUl ehIyrelag ehIyprbs;vaxHmanPaBeRKImlkNenH ehIyEdlRtUveRCIserIs.
- m:as;rbs; GaRKIeKt GMBIGaRKIeKtFmtaEdlmanm:aseRkam 2/65 GaRKIeKtEdlmanm:as; 2/0
CaGaRKIeKtFn;Rsal nigGaRKIeKtEdlmanm:as;eRcInCag2/65 CaGaRKIeKtFn;Fn;.
- kareRbIR)as;vtTaMgenHRtUvdak;eTAtamKuNPaB btamRbePTrbs;vaEdlcUleTAkgkarpMkgkar
layeGayCab;Kamindac;.
- TMhMGtibrmanGaRKIeKtFn;FMKW15 nGaRKIeKtWEdlmanTMhMtUcCageK EtminRtUvelIs34n
CMerARKbssEdkeLIy.
- 73 -
- TMhMGtibrmanGaRKIeKtRKab;FM
RbePTnkarsagsg;
TMhMGtibrmanGaRKIeKtFM
krNITUeTA
25 kMeTc eRkam20
krNImuxkat;FM
40
ebtuggay
40
GaRtaGMbilnGaRKIeKt
- cMnYnGuIyU:tkrIteRkam 0/02 nlkNst nm:as; GaRKIeKtRKab;litsg;dar
- brimaNkrItEdlbBaleTAkgebtug 0,3 kg/m TabCagbrimaNGuIy:UtkrIt
- brimaNCatik,gnGaRKIeKtRbtikr EdlCaRbtikmrMxandl;Catik,gticCag0/6
GaRtaTwknGaRKIeKt
- brimaNnkarRsUbTwk enAeBlEdlpnGaRKIeKtst ehIyEpkxagkgnGaRKIeKtbMENn
edayTwk/ cMnYnnTwkEdlbBaleTAkgGaRKIeKt
- emKuNnkarRsUb GMBIPaKryncMnYnRsUbTwknm:asGaRKIeKtnLkglkxNst
- karRsUbsKsiT vamanPaBxusKa CamYybirmaNEdlbBaleTAkgGaRKIeKtncMnYnEdlRsUb
TwkeTAnigkareFVIeGaystedayxl;.
- GaRtasMeNIm KWCacMnYnrnEdlmancMNuHenAelIGaRKIeKtEpkxageRkA nigxagkgCasMPar
sMeNIm.
- brimaNpTwk vamanlkNxusBIGaRtasMeNIm nigemKuNRsUbnkarRsUbTwk.
PaKrynmaDTeT nigmaDrwg
GaRtaPaKrynmaDTeTEdlbgajeLIgKWCabrimaNncMNuHGaRKIeKtEdlKitCaPaKry.
GaRtaPaKrynmaDCak;lak;EdlbgajeLIgKWCaEpkEdlRtUvbMeBjedayPaKrynGaRKIeKt.
sg;daPaKrynmaDtan; rwg nigPaKrynmaDTeTKitCa
cMNat;fak;
PaKrynmDrwg
PaKrynmaDTeT
xSac;
55-70
30-45
RKYs
60-65
40-30
fFM
55-65
37-45
3
- 74 -
4>2 Twk
RtUveRbIR)as;TwkEdlminmancMNuHsarFatuKImI eRbgGaRkk;/ GasuId Edlman\TiBlGaRkk;dl;
KuNPaBebtug nigsMParBIEdk.
5> kardak;bEnm Admixture :
BakTUeTAnsMParEdldak;eTAkgebtugelIkElgEtTwk/ suIm:g;/ GaRKIeKtFn;tUc/ GaRKIeKtFn;FM
edIm,IeFVIeGayebtugRbesIreLIg nigbnybrimaNsuIm:g;pgEdr.
- Pak;gar KWCafaMEdleRbIR)as;edIm,IbegInKuNPaBebtug.
- Admixture : KWCasarFatuEdleKdak;bBaleTAkgl,ayebtugeTAtamKMeragEdleK)anerobcM
eLIg ehIyEdleKeRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlayedIm,IbegInKuNPaB nigrUbFatunebtug.
5>1 Pak;garskm
AE Pak;grBBuHxl;
GacbgajsmtPaBkargar nigbnybrimaNnTwkBIeRBaHGMBInxl;dUcCasmtPaB)al;begIt)an
CaBBuHxl;tUcenAkgebtug.
Pak;garbBaHTwk
rykalnkarsagsg;)anbgajeGayeXIjfavamanPaKpSMticNas;EdlbMEbksuIm:g;eGayecjBI
Ka.
5>2 kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgeday Admixture FmCati
Pozzolan :
- eFVICaRbePT Admixture nebtugvaCarUbFatuemSAxniCnepHPMePIg

- ryeBlsagsg;RbesIreLIg bnykarhUr nigkarbMEbknsMPar
- begInPaBFn; nigTwk tMlkal;LrI nigersuIsg;ebtugmanryeBlyUr
- bgarkarrYmmaDenAeBlst Fn;nigsarFatuKImI nigTwksmuRT
Fly-ash :
- enAeBlEdleyIgdut Slack enAkgLmYy ehIyRbmUlGVIEdlenAsl; ehIybBaleTAkgL

edIm,IeFVUkarrMlay. vaKWCa fly-ash EdlRbmUl)anBIPaKpSMRkas;TaMgenaH.
- BIeRBaHPaKlitrbs;vamanPaBrelag ehIymUl/ smtPaBkargarrbs;vaRbsinebIeyIglayCa
mYyebtugvakan;EtRbesIreLIg.
- 75 -
- eRbIR)as;sMrab;Bnarebtug sMeNIm
el,nnkarkkrwg
- Gacniyay)anfavaCaPak;garbegInel,nenAkgkarkk
- RbePT vaCakal;smkrIt
- RbsinebIeRbIkal;smkrItRbEhl 1-2 ncMnYnsuIm:g;/ vaeFVIeGayebtugqab;ekInersuIsg;.
- RbsinebIeRbIR)as;eTAtambrimaNRtwmRtUv vaBRgIkPaBFn; bPaBCab;nigkarxUcxat
- RbkarEdlsMxan;enaHKWkarrYmmaDEdlbNalmkBIPaBst
- begInRbtikmGaRKIeKtCatiLg
- kMNkelOn ehIysaMebtugcuHelOn
Pak;garminRCamTwk
- EdlbMeBjkEngnebtugeGaymanlMnwg kal;smGuIRduksuId/ emSAnfdI\ds nigGasuIdsuIlIs
- sac;CU/ sabU/ CreQI
- EdlTb;Tl;nigkarhUrecjeTAeRkAnkal;smGuIRduksuIdEdlekIteLIgedaysarkarEjk Fatueday
TwknsuIm:g;. vaCakal;smkrIt elahFatuGasuId nigsarFatupSMKansrIragnkMe)ar nigGasuIdsuIliS.
]snbegItCa Admixture :
- RbsinebIlayemSAnGauuymIjm bsgsIenAkgl,ay bebtug manRbtikmCamYyGal;kalIm:g;
nig]snGuIRtUEsn ekItmaneLIgenAkgebtugBIeRBaHvakayCa)al;xl;.
- layl,ayedaydak;bBalnUvPak;garbk; bpM edImI,eGayBBuHmanlMnwg nigGayclaysuIm:g; nig
GaRKIeKtFn;tUc nigbBalxl;eTAkgebtug.
karTb;Tl;nigkarkkk
- edIm,Ibgarkarkknebtug/ cMNucnkarkkrwgvaxwg
- kal;smkrIt/ GMbilGMbilEdlminTan;eRbIedIm,IEdksMrab;ebtug
Pak;garBnWt
eKeRbIR)as;dak;eTAkgl,ayebtug bebtugEdlmanbrimaNeRcInedIm,IBnaPaBkkrbs;va Edlkg
enaHeKeRbImagsIla/ nigTwkekA.
Pak;garBN
vaRtUvEtCarUbFatuxniCEdlmanlMnwgcMeBaHPak;garCatik,g.
- 76 -
6> karlayebtug
6>1 karkMNt;karlay
maDlaydac;xac
kMNt;brimaNsMParEdlRtUveRbIR)as;sMrab;ebtug 1m edaymaDdac;xat (l).
m:as;nkarlay
kMNt;brimaNsMParEdlRtUveRbIR)as;sMrab;ebtug 1m edayTMgn; (l).
sg;dargVas;maDnkarlay
kMNt;brimaNsMParEdlRtUveRbIR)as;sMrab;ebtug 1m edaysg;dargVas;maD (m ) EdlsuIm:g;
1500kg/m .
rgVas;maDnkarlayenAkardan
kMNt;brimaNsMParEdlRtUveRbIR)as;sMrab;ebtug 1m edaycMnYn)av nigGaRKIeKtEdl)ankMNt;
eTAtammaD (m ) enAtamkardan.
6>2 eKalbMNgkgkarlay
- esrPaBcMeBaHersuIsg;Edl)aneRKagTuk
- smtPaBkargaresI nigesrPaB
- esrPaBcMeBaHPaBCab;zitefr
- esrPaBcMeBaH Slump
6>3 lMdab;nkarlay
KMeragsg;darersuIsg; ersuIsg;sgt;nKMeraglayebtug PaBefrnsuIm:g; GaRta w/c
tMl Slump GaRKIeKtRKab;FMTMhMGtibrma PaKrynGaRKIeKtRKab;lit cMnYnktanTwk kar
layminTUeTA cMnuclay.
eyIgniyayfaersuIsg;ebtug28f ehIy fck ehIyeFVIeday 150/ 180/ 210/ 240/ 270/
300 kg/m .
ersuIsg;sgt;nebtuglay
- TaMgenHKWCaGaMgtg;suIetnsuIm:g;EdlykmkBinit nigsMerckarvas;RcLMnsMParnimYyn
GaRKIeKt nigkMhusnkareFVIetsedIm,ITTYl)annUversuIsg;Edl)aneRKagTuk.
3
- 77 -
- ERkgelaersuIsg;sgt; EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;sagsg;KYrEtFMCagersuIsg;Edl)aneRKagTuk. Binit

pas;brKuNPaBnebtug/ ersuIsg;ebtugRtUvmanPaBsuRkitRKb;RKan; ehIyersuIsg;rbs;ebtuglaytamkar
eRKagTukRtUvFMCagersuIsg;sg;da.
- karvinicynersuIsg;sgt;nebtuglaytamKMeragGnuvtedaytMlFMntMlbnab;tamviFI2
KW ersuIsg;sgt;nebtuglaytamKMerag fcr>=fck + 1,64s (kgf/cm )
ersuIsg;sgt;nebtuglaytamKMerag fcr>=0,85 fck + 3s (kgf/cm )
- fcr : ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtuglayEdleRKagTuk
- fck : ersuIsg;sg;dar
- s : sg;danimitkm (kgf/cm )
ersuIsg;suIm:g; (k) vinicy
ersuIsg;suIm:g; (k) Gtibrma
Gtibrma
RbePTnsuIm:g;
400
suIm:g; Portland EdlmanersuIsg;x<s;
370
RbePTLx<s;dUcCaERmgePIg A suIlIka A CaedIm
350
Lx<s;RbePT B
320
eRbgePIg B
GaRtaTwksuIm:g = w/c
GaRtaTwk nigsuIm:g;EdlelIkeLIgvacaktadg;suIetnemSAsuIm:g;EdlRKbsgt;eTAelIPaBefrn ebtug/
PaBCab; nigPaBTb;Tl;nigCMrabTwk.
X = 61 / (F/K) + 0,35 % X = W/C
suIm:g; Portland
suIm:g; Portland Edlman
X = 41 / (F/K) + 0,03 % K = suIm:g;
ersuIsg;xs;kgryxI
X = 110 / (F/L) +1,09% f : ersuIsg;sgt;ebtugGayu28f
suIm:g;sIulIka
saM (Slump) :
saMebtugRtUvsMerceTAtamtMlEdltUcenAkgTMhMRtwmRtUvenAkugkargarnkardwknaMbgab; nigkar
eKaHva >>>> .l.
tMl Slump ebtugtamtaragxageRkam
2
28
- 78 -
RbePT
ebtugGaem
krNITUeTA
krNImuxkat;FM
ebtuggay
krNITUeTA
krNImuxkat;FM
tMl Slump eTAtamkEngeRbIR)as;
kEng
krNIbgab;edayrMjr
RKwH/ kMralCan;/ CBaaMg
5-10 cm
ssr/ CBaaMg
10-15 cm
- 79 -
tMl Slump
6-18
4-15
6-18
4-13
krNIminbgab;edayrMjr
15-19 cm
19-22 cm
CMBUk5
eRKagsMNg;GMBIEdk
1> karsagsg;eRKagsMNg;GMBIEdk
1>1 bg;kargareRKagbgMEdk
edaysarEteRKagbgMEdkmanTMgn;RsalCagGgFatudTeTot b:uEnvamanPaBrwgmaMCag dUcenHkar
sagsg;Evg KWGaceRbIkar)an ehIynwgRtUv)aneKykmkeRbIR)as;y:ageRcInsMrab;GaKarEdlmaneRcInCan;.
RbsinebIEbgEckkargareRKagbgMEdkFM GacEckCaeRKagbgMGMBIEdksuT nigeRKagbgMebtugEdkBRgwg.
kargarRtUv)anEckCakargarkgeragcRk nigkargarkgkardansMNg;pal;. eKGacplitplesIrEtCitsMerc
enAeragcRk ehIypMCacMENktUc.
1>2 sMPar
bTdanKuNPaBnsMParEdk (B & I)
- sMParEdkEdlRtUveRbIKWRtUvmanTMgn;EkgnigRtg;. cUreRbIR)as;nUvEdkEdlKaneRcH offset .l.
EdlRcalecalnUvtMlGaMgtg;suIet.
- eRKagbgMEdkTUeTAEdlremol nigeRKagbgMEdkpSAEdlremolRtUveRbInUvplitplEdlplitecj
BIeragcRk edaymanbTdanRtwmRtUv.
- RbePTsMParEdkmanr)aEdkmUl (Steel bar) / r)aEdkbnH (Flat bar), r)aEdktamTMrg;GkSr
(channel), EdkbnH (Steel plate), rIev (rivet), voft, eLasuI (nut), bULgEdlFn;nwgkMlaMgTajpac; x<s;
(high tension buft) .l.
rUb5-1 karBiesaFn_Edk
- 80 -
karBiesaFn_sMParGMBIEdk (B & I)
Edk
- BiesaFn_edaykarTajpac; nigkac;begagenAsItuNPaBFmta
- dMKMrUBiesaFn_cMnYn1 mYy RtUv)anBiesaFn_enAeBlEdlmuxkat;RtUv)anpas;brbenAeBlEdlva
manTMgn;20etan.
rIev
- BiesaFn_CalkNemkanic Tajpc;/ sgt;/ kac;cegagenAsItuNPaBFmta .l.
- dMuKMrUBiesaFn_cMnYn1 RtUv)anBiesaFn_enAebLEdlmxkat;epSgKa benAeBlEdlvamanTMgn;)an
2etan.
1>3 dMeNIrkarpliteRKagbgMEdkenAeragcRk
lMdab;ncgVak;plitkm (B & I)
- e)aHBum<ecjnUvKMrUEdlmanxatenAkgbnb;KUrKMnUrkgeragcRkCabg;
- eFVIkarftcMlgnUvxat KMnUrxateBjelj
- lt; nigrMlIgnUvsMParEdl)anqgkat;katRbkYtRbECg
- KUsnUvTItaMgnrnEdlRtUvkat; brnenAelIEdkEpkxagelIedayeRbInUv]bkrN_sMEb:tR)ab;Btman
sg;suIer (Stencil-plat informer).
- kat;sMParEdk bBt;EdkEd;lkat; bEdlRtUv)ankat;.
2> CMhanndMeNIrkarplit
2>1 KMnUrlMGit nigKMnUreBjxat
KMnUrlMGit (B & I)
- cglbgajnUvKMnUrlMGitedIm,IbgajeGayeXIjnUvkaryl;RKb;RKan; nigeFVIkarTukcitnUvbMNgn
karKitbg;edayksarnkarKit. TTYlnUvkaryl;RBmBIbuKlTTYlbnk.
- cglbgajnUvKMnUrlMGitedIm,IbgajnUveKalkarN_EdleRKOgbrikamYyenABIxageRkam eRKOg
brikamYyeTot EdlTTYlnUvlMdab;ntYnaTIkargarplit bpMeLIgCMnYseGayksarnkarKitbg;.
- eRKagbgMEdkkMral bBaIrayeRKOgbgMsMNg;Edk/ lMGitTMrg;eRKOgbgMEdk/ TMhM/ brimaNn
plitpl/ RbePTplitpl/ KuNPaBnsMPar. pSar nigeFIVeGaymanrUvragbULg copula tg;sgx<s;/ TMhM/
- 81 -
RbePTnmuxtMNr/ KuNPaBnsMPar/ ]bkrN_Pab;kargarEdk tamrnnEdkr)a/ sMNg;kargarEdk

sMParPab;.
KMnUrxateBj (B & I)
- eKmankargarKUsenAelIkMral nigenAelIhVIl
- RtUvEtc,as;nUvviFIsaRsEdlmankgkarKUsedIm,IbgajbBab;BIlTPaBBiess. ftcMlgnUvxat
( B & I)
edaysarkarftcMlgnUvxatedaym:asuIn Shredder y:agesIgnUvKMnUrxateBj eKTTYl)anEdk

Template y:aglitln;.
karrMlIg (B & I)
munnwgeFVIkarKUscMNaM sMParEdkEdlRtUvqgkat;karRbkYtRtUvlt; bEdlRtUvbgcrUbrag RtUveRbI
R)as;]bkrN_dUcxageRkam
- EdkbnH qgkat;m:asuInkinrmUlEdkbnHKansam
- Edkmuxkat; qgkat;m:asuInEdlKansam sgt;PaBkkit - ]bkrN_esIg eRbIEdkRTnab; nigjjr
KUscMNaM (B & I)
kargarEdlsresrkEngEdlRtUvkat; nigTItaMgEdlRtUvecaHrn.l. enAelIsMParGMBIEDkRtUveRbI
EdkbnHsg;suIl nig]bkrN_.
kargarkat; nigdMeNIrkar (B & I)
kargarkat;
- RbePTnkarkat;KWkarkat;eday handbill, kat;eday]sn/ kat;edayrNa
- kgkrNIkat;edaybMBan eFVIEdkbnHeGaymankMras;tUcCag 13mm.
- enAeBleRbI]bkrN_k,alkat;eday]sn eRbInUv]bkrN_k,alkat;edaysVyRbvtiCaeKalkarN_
kgkrNIkat;eday]sn dak;nUvbNlBTCMuvijRbEhl 3mm.
- karedayrNaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Edkmuxkat; beRKagbgMEdlRtUvkarkat;tictYcbMput.
- RbePTkarkat;edayrNa rNakat;mMu/ rNa hdwk, rNa friction. kagarkat;cgr (B & I)
- Motch : enHKWCasBaankarKanesaPNPaBEdlbnSl;Tul;enAelIExSbnat;kat; edaykarkat;
eday]sn. muxrbs;vaRtUv)ansMrYledaykarRtduseGayswk edIm,IsnisuxCak;lak;.
- Burr : vasMEdgedaykarkat;;edayeRbIm:asuInkat; Edl)AneFVIeGay)ak;EbkEpkxH.
RbePTnkargarecaHrn (B & I)
- 82 -
kargarecaHrn
- eRbIR)as;enAeBlkMras;neRKOgbgMmanTMhMmineGayelIsBIkarbEnm3mm elIGgt;pitFmtan rIev
bbULg.
- karecaHrneRbIkgkrNIkMras;tUcCag 13mm btUcCagGgt;pitrIev 9mm. kargarxYg
- eRbIenAeBlkarecaHrnsMrab;bULgtg;sgx<s;
- enAeBlEdlkMras;neRKOgbgMelIsBI3mmeRcInCagGgt;pitFmtanrIev bbULg
- karxYgeFVIeLIgkgkrNIkMras;neRKOgbgMFMCag13mm
- kgkrNIRtUvkardMeNIrkartictYcneRKagbgMem nigbnbnab;/ krNIelsI13mm bnicbnc eFVIrn
xYgedayEdkxYgCaeKalkarN_.
- eRbI post em b cistern dak;enAkEngEdltMrUvkarCasMgat;CamYynwgFugeRbI beRKagbgMem
rUb5-2 karxYg nig]bkrN_xYgBRgIkrn

bULgtg;sgx<s;/ bULg nigGgt;pitrnnbULgTMBk;
Ggt;pitrnGnuBaatineRKOgbgMmuxtMNr
Ggt;pitrnRbehag
eQaH
Ggt;pitGkSFmta
(d)
d<20
rIev
bULg
Pinn
d>=20
volt
volt TMBk;
epSg
volt TMBk;epS
volt
d < 130
- 83 -
(d)
EpkxageRkam + 1,0mm
d EpkxageRkam + 1,5mm
d
d >= 130
bULgrgkMlaMgTajx<s;
d < 27
d >= 27
EpkxageRkam + 1,0mm
d
kargarxYgBRgIkrn
- kgkrNIEdlmankarekIteLIgnUvsameRbHtUcenABTCMuvijelIrnedaykarecaHrn/ cUrecaHGnurn
EdltUcCagGgt;piteRBagTuk3mm b6mm ehIyyksameRbHecjedayBRgIkeGaybuinGgt;piteRBogTuk
edaykarxYgBRgIkrn.
- kgkrNIenAeBlpMtMeLIg rnGgt;pitepSgKa eFVIkarlagsMGatrnedaykarecaHrnBRgIkkarpM
tMeLIgbeNaHGasn (B & I)
- eRbIenAkgkarpMeRKOgbgMenAeBlkargarpMtMeLIg. eFVIkgeKalbMNgedIm,Ibgakarpas;brrUbrag b
rlMnUveRKOgbgMEdl)anpMEdl)anedaysarkMlaMgxageRkApl;mkelIvamunnwgkargartMeLIgem bkargarpSar
cab;epIm.
- eRKOgbgMnImYyRtUveFVIkarpMtMeLIgbeNaHGasneday volt b pinn 1~2 nigkMNt;rnneRKOgbgM
edayGacclt)an.
- kgkrNIbULgbeNaHGasnmanPaBjwkjab;xaMg )aj;rIev20 eTA30ncMnYnrIevsrubmunnwgdak;
muxtMNr.
- kgkrNIEdlpMedayrIevbeNaHGasn )aj;rIeveRcInCag15ncMnYnsrubrIevTaMgGs;kgkadanTaMg
mUl.
karpMtMeLIgtYem (B&I)
- kar)aj;rIev
- rwtedaybULgFn;nwgkMlaMgTajx<s;
- rwtedaybULg
- pSar
karRtYtBinit (B&I)
- RtYtBinitesaPNPaBxageRkA
- RttBinitkarvayRbharedaysMelg
karlabfaMkarBareRcH (B&I)
- 84 -
- bnab;BIsMGatsarFatuFUlIEdletagsielIbnSMneRKOgbgMneRKagbgMEdkEdldMeNIrkarpMtMeLIgcb;
sBVRKb; eFVIkarlabf aMeRcHmunnwgdak;Rtg;cMNucTItaMg.
- ebIeTaHRbsinCavaRtUv)anvatTIedayebtugkeday labedayfaM graphite kgkrNITukeGay)anCa
eRcInem:agmunnwgeGayvatTIedayebtug.
- tMbn;EdlminRtUvkarlabfaMkarBareRcH
tMbn;EdlpSaenAnwgkEng/ enAEk,rcugsgagnkEngpSar100mm/ RtYtBinity:agm:t;ct;nUv
karpl;nUv\TiBlnrlkEdlmanel,nelOnCagsMelg. EpkEdlricrilbnicmgedaymuxtMNbULgEdl
Fn;nwgkMlaMgTajx<s;.
EpkEdlRtUvcak;ebtug
EpkEdlRtUvtPab;edayknas;/ r:ULknas; nigEpkEdlqgkat;karkat;.
EpkEdlxagRtUv)anb:HmuxKaeTAvijeTAmkedaykarpMtMeLIg.
eRKOgbgMEdleFVIkarbiTmuxkat;mineGayxl;ecjcUlEpkxagkg.
3> karPab;edayviFIepSg
3>1 karPab;edayrIev
RbePTnrIev (B&I)
rIevk,almUl/ rIevk,almanrn/ rIevk,alsMEb:t/ rIevk,almUlmanrn.
]bkrN_EdleRbIR)as;)aj;rIev (B&I)
Joe riveter, jjr pneumatic, rivet holder, ]bkrN_kib rivet
sItuNPaBkMedArIev (B&I)
munnwgeFVIkar)aj;rIev kMedArIevnUvsItuNPaBsmRsb 900 eTA 1000 M C RbsinebImankrNItictYc
EdlkMedAmansItuNPaB600 M C vanwgmaneFVIeGayrIevmankartantwgENnminlRbesIr nigpas;brKuNPaBn
sMParEdkenAeBlEdllTplkMedAkgkrNIelIsBI1100 M C.
- cMnYnmnusSEdleFVIkar)aj;rIevkgmYyRkumKW3nak; kgmYyfbrimaNnkargarEdlsMercBI500 eTA
700 rivet
- sm<nlMdab;n Copula
Copula Cnl; Cnl;mMu.
KMlatrvagrIev nigrIev
pitch KWCacMgayrvagGkSrIev nigGkSrIev bcMgayrvagGkSrn volt nigGkSrn volt.
- 85 -
KMlat pitch nrIev KWmandUckgtaragxageRkam

pitch
pitch Gtibrma
bTdan
Gb,brma
pitch
eRKOgbgMrgkMlaMgTaj eRKOgbgMrgkMlaMgsgt;
tMlTabCagn 12d, tMlTabCagn 8d,
2,5 d
4,0 d
kMNt;cMNaM
Ggt;pitrIev
30t
15t
t:kMras;EdkbnHesIgCageK
cMgayCay KWCacMgayBIcugmuxneRKOgbgMeTArnnrIev. vamantMldUcxageRkam
- tMlcMgayCaytUcCageK enAeBlEdlKankarCMnYseRcInTisedA Stress 3 KWmantMlFMCag 2,5d.
- cMgayCayCaGtibrmaTabCag 12 t
- mantMltUcCag 15 cm
karRtYtBinitrIev (B&I)
bnab;BIkar)aj;rIevcb; RtYtBinitnUvesaPNPaBnrIevxageRkA bsMercnUvPaBminsatnrIevedaykar
dak;sBaaGviCmannkarRtYtBinitedayjjr. kgkrNInkarrkeXIjPaBminRbRktInrIevRtUveFVIkar)aj;
k,alrIevenaHeLIgvij.
viFIEbgEckPaBGaRkk;rbs;rIev (B&I)
- rIevNaEdlGacGRgYr)an
- TMrg;nk,alrIevNaEDlminCab;
- rIevNaEdlk,al nigGkSrbs;vaminsuIKa
- rIevEdlekIteLIgnUv Offset elIk,alva k,alrIevmansamEbk
- rIevEdlk,alrbs;vaminenAsitCab;CamYynwgEdk rIevEdlmancenaHrvagk,alrIevnigsMParEdk
- rIevEdlmanKuNvibtiepSgeTot
lMdab;nkar)aj;rIeveLIgvij (B & I)
- eRCIserIsk,alrIevEdlmaneRKaHfak;tictYcedIm,IPab;sMPar
- xYgmgeToteday]bkrN_xYg
- rnEdlxYgehIyRtUvsMGatedayEpsVanxYgBRgIkrn
- )aj;rIeveLIgvij nigRtYtBinit
Bnl;RbCMusBbeckeTs (B&I)
- ExSbnat; gauge : ExSbnat;EdlPab;GkSkNalrvagrIev nigrIev
- gauge : EdlCayrvagExSbnat; gauge nigExSbnat; gauge
- 86 -
d:
- cenaHKMlat cMgayrvagrIev nigxagneRKOgbgMbBar cMgay composure nkargar
rUb5-3 cenaHKMlat
3>2 karCMnYsmuxtMNedaybULg muxtMNbULgTUeTA
GnuvtcMeBaHsMNg; (B&I)
- xageRkamsMy:abpHkMBs; 9m
- xageRkamElVgnGaKarRbEvg 13m vaGacTTYlyk)ancMeBaHRklapsbtkmEdlelIsBI
3000 m2
viFIbganUveLasuIEdlFUrlug (B&I)
- eRbIEdkRTnab;
- eRbInUveLAsuIEdlPab;eday]bkrN_sit
- eRbIeLasuIEdlmanBIrEpk
- pSareLasuI
- RtUvvatTIedayebtug
rUb5-4 karxYgBRgIkrn
viFIEksMrYl volt EdlRbRBwteTaminRtwmRtUv (B&I)
- 87 -
- rn volt Edlqgkat;eTAvijeTAmkelIsBI 0/5mm EdlekIteLIgrvagbnHEdkEdldak;RCYsKaenA

eBlpMtMeLIgkarpas;bredaytMNbnHEdk.
3>3 dMuEdkRtecok
kEngGnuvtn_ (B&I)
- cMNucnFwmF
- cugn truss
- enAelIkMralssrEdleRbICaTUeTA
Ggt;pitnrnkgsm<nCaTUeTA
- enAeBlGgt;pitGkSFmta d < 130 = d - 0.5mm EpkxageRkam
- enAeBlGgt;pitGkSFmta d >= 130 = d - 0.5mm EpkxageRkam
3>4 muxtMNbULgFn;nwgkarTajpc;x<s;
enAeBlEdlsMNg;Edl volt manGaMgtg;suIetEdlbegItedayEdkkabUnkMedAx<s; bsMelahEdk
nigkareFVIKWFM KWRtUvkarkmkrCMnaj. EdlcMnuc yield KWCatMlFMCag 7t/cm PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgFMCag
9t/cm .
2
rUb5-5 bULgEdlFn;nwgkMlaMgTajx<s;
KuNsm,tikgkareRbIR)as;bULgFn;nwgkMlaMgTajx<s; (B&I)
- sMelgsat;
- vaKaneRKaHfak;edaysarePIg eRKaHfak;edaysarkarPyxacKWtic
- GaMgtg;suIetntMBn;tPab;KWFM PaBrwgmaMn copula KWFM
- karEktMrUvkEngEdlmanPaBGaRkk;gayRsYl
- ]bkrN_sagsg;Cab;ENk nigsmBa
- 88 -
- karrwtbnwg)anl ehIyeLasuIminrlug
EpkTUeTA (B&I)
- ]bkrN_rwtbNwg impect, wrench, torque wrench
- EpkTUeTAnkarrwtbNwgsMNg;
dUcenHeKGac)ankMlaMgTajn volt bTdan eFVIdUcenHedIm,IbnwgbULgFan;kMlaMgx<s;. eFIVkartPab;
tMbn;edaylMdab;nkarrwgbnwgCabeNaHGasn/ KUscMNaM/ rwtbnwg.
KUsbBaak;edayviFInkarRKb;RKgedaykarrmYl bviFmI YybgVileLasuIedIm,IrwtbNwg bnat;BIKUsbBaak;
nUvcMNUcxusqgxHEdlminmanenAkg volt edIm,IrwtbnwgbULgFn;kMlaMgx<s; rwtbnwgedaysarEdkRTnab;1
RTab;k,alxag)atn volt nig)atneLasUI nig circumvolve eLasuI.
vakayCapxagEdlcMnYnn tribometer nxagEdlricbnicmgRtUv)an wild edaysanPaBeRcH
BNRkhmeRcInCag 0/45.
eFVIy:agenH 80nbTdan tensis GacmktamrykarrwtbnwgelIkTImYy.
edIm,IeFVITTYl)anbTdan tensis n volt enAkgkarrwtbnwgcab;taMgBIelIkTI2.
eFVIkarrwtbnwgdl;cugBIGkSneRKOgbgM.
edIm,IRtYtBinitkarrwtbnwgeRcInCag10 ncMnYnn volt beRcInCag1 BIRkum volt nImYy.
edIm,IRtYtBinitbnab;BIkarrwtbnwg (B&I)
- c,ab;nkarRKb;RKgkarmYlrgVil eFVIkarmYleday +10% (90%~110%) kgmFmPaKnkMlaMg
mYybgViledaydgmYyfI.
- c,ab;mYllbgVileLasuI eFVIedaydgmYyfIedIm,IrwtbnwgelIkTI2 EdlbgVilcMnYneLasuIkg
120o+30o
- karhamXat;nUvPaBGaceRbIR)as;vijnUv volt : bULgFn;nwgkMlaMgTajx<s;minGacykmkeRbIvij

)aneT bnab;BIeRbIR)as;mgehIy.
viFItmuxtMNedaybULgFn;kMlaMgx<s; (B&I)
- kartPab;edaykarkkit Stress bnkneRKOgbgMpl;eGayedaykMlaMgkkit
- karTajedaysm<n Stress bnkneRKOgbgMpl;eGayeday Stress kMlaMgTaj
- sm<nn bearing stress : stress n volt pl;eGayedaykMlaMgkat;pc; nig stress rn volt pl;
eGayeday bearing stress .
- 89 -
rUb5-6 viFItmuxtMNedaybULgFn;kMlaMgx<s;
3>5 kartmuxtMNredaykarpSa
PaBFn;nwgPaBTn;exSayenARtg;kEngpSamuxtMNr
PaBFn;nwgkMlaMg
PaBTn;eexSay
RtYvkarkmkrCMnaj.
GacsnSMsMccMnYnsMParGMBIEdk.
karRtYtBinitKUsbBaak;KWBI)ak.
GaceFVIeGayTMgn;nsMNg;Rsal.
vaKansMelg nigrMjr .
stress BIKuNPaBnsMParxH\TiBlFM.
karpl;nUv stress KWefr.
karbMElgedaykMedAnkarpSaKWmankarRBYy)arm.
minmanCMrabTwk.
RbePTnkarpSamuxtMNr (B&I)
pSaredayFrGKisnI (arc welding) (B&I)
viFIbBalKanUveCIgkMralelah nigFUbpSaRtUveRbICamYyKaedIm,IbegItkMedA eRBaHeCIgkMralelah nig
FUbpSabegItFGKisnI GKisnIEdleRbIkMedAedayGNatePIgGKisnI eTAnwgeGLicRtUnic.
karpSaedayFUrGKisnICamYynwgkarRKbedayeGLicRtUt. karpSaedayd
-karpSaedaydEdleRbI stick flux sMbk eRKabBIelIFUbpSa.
- vIFIEdleRbIFrGKisnIEdlekIteLIgrvageCIgkMralelah nigFUbpSaeGLicRtUtGKisnI)anrlay
nigpSareCIgkMNlelah.
pSaeday]sn (B&I)
- karpSaEdleRbIcMehHkMedA]snnGuksuIEsn nigGaesTIELn
- viFIrMlay nigbBalelahmYyEpkedayeRbIkMedAx<s;EdlekIteLIgenAeBll,ay]sn nwg
GuksuIEsneqHecjBIk,albMBg;pSar.
- 90 -
- vamanesaPNPaBCagkarpSaedayFrGKisnI ehIyGacpSareRKOgbgMEdlmankMras; 1 mm .
pSaedaykMedA (B&I)
- layEdk mild steel eTAkgPak;garemSaGaluymIjm nigEdkGuksuItedIm,IbegInTMenaenkarrMlay
FatuEr: nigemkanicntMbn;EdlRtUvpSar
- RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karpSarEdk/ mild steel, EdkbnHRkas;/ Edk rait .l.
FUbpSa (B&I)
- FUbpSaKWpSMeLIgedaybNlEdlkayeTACakarpt;pg;elahCaBiess nigeRsabedaysarFatuEdl
eKeGayeQaHfa flux
- Ggt;pitnbNl 1mm KWCabTdzannFUbpSa nigGgt;pittUcKW3/2mm ehIyGgt;pitEdlman
RbsiTPaBx<s;KW 6mm nigFmtabTdanRbEvgKW40cm.
- Flux vaKWCasaFatuminEmnelahEdlrab;bBalkgkareRsabelIFUbpSa. sarFatuGutsuIt
bRbkbedayeRKaHfak; .l. EckrMElknigykecj.
flux KWCasMParEdleFVIskmPaBrMlay/ skmPaBbEnmsMelah/ sMrab;esrPaBnFrGKisnI/
karBarFrGKisnI/ RbtikmrMlayFatuEr:KImI.
flux KWCasarFatuKImIbEnmEdleRbIsMrab;pkGuksuIt/ elIkElgsMeNIm/ elIkElgkarCMrujnkarvay
sMrab;karrMlayelah.
flux RtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;ykGuksuItecj.
tYnaTIrbs; flux (B&I)
- sat;xl;enAkEngpSa nigbgaanUvsmtPaBRbtikmGuksuItkm bnIRTItkm
- begItGuIyu:grYmTaMgekasika nigeFVIeGayFrGKisnImanlMnwg
- eFVIedGuksuItkmnkarrMlayelah/ karhVwkhVWny:agl
- bEnmnUvkarlt;y:agldl;eCIgkMralelah niggbegInFmCatirbs;va.
- Gacm_EdkEdlRKbelIpntMbn;pSa nigBnWtnUvel,nnkarcuHRtCak;npEdleLIgrwg.
karcat;cMNat;fak;edaymuxtMNpSatamTMrg; (B&I)
karpSaedayCusmuxKa (B&I)
- 91 -
rUb5-7 RbePTnmuxtMNpSa
- niyay)anfakarpSarCulmuxKadUcqwgRtIsaDIn
- bnkGtibrmasMrab;karpSarcgrsMrab;muxtMNCulmuxKa/ pSaBImag bTaMgsgxag KYrRtUvkMNt;eKal
karN_RKwHnPaBFn;nkMlaMgTabCagneCIgkMralEdksMrab;kartmuxtMN/ pl;nUv effictive throat esIbFMCag
kMras;sMParKWTTYlnUvPaBrwgmaMl.
- KWeRbITUlMTUlaykgkarpSarsMParepSgCaeRcInrYmTaMg mild steel .
- Throat eFVIeTAtamkMras;nbnHEdkesIgkgcMeNameRKOgbgMTaMgBIr EdlR)afacg;pSar.
- bEnmEdkBRgwg
kgkrNIpSaedayd pSaedaybEnmedayBRgwg 3mm BIxageRkam.
kgkrNIpSaredayFrGKisnI Seobeumeojideu pSaedaybEnmEdkBRgwg 4mm
- TMrg;cgrKW H, I, J, JJ, K, U, V, X, RbePTRCugbBait .l.
rUb5-8 RbePTcgr
karpSabuitRCug (B&I)
- vaRtUv)anpSatambeNayCaynpaMgbnHEdkEdldak;CanelIKa bmuxtMN T . karpSarbuitRCug
GaceFVIenAkgTItaMgepSg nigpaMgNamYynpaMgbnHEdkTaMgBIr bbnHEdkeTAnwgeRKOgbgMEdkRkas;Cag.
- 92 -
- karpSarbuitkgkrNIEdlmMucenaHeCIgkMralelahEdlpSaKWTabCag60 M beRcInCag 110 M minRtUv

)andak;bnk Stress .
- karpSarbEnmEdkBRgwg 0.15 + 1 mm BIxageRkam btUcCag 3mm S: tMlneCIgpSa
- throat KW 0.7s
- RbEvgneCIgpSaQrelIRbEvgnRCugEdlxICag.
- suBlPaBnRbEvgpSaKWkat;bny effective throat 2dgsMrab;RbEvgpSaBitR)akd.
- TMhMbuitRCug KW throat + EdkpSaBRgwg
- suBlPaBnRbEvgpSaeFVIedayeRcInCag decuple nTMhMbuitRCug beRcInCag40mm
- enAeBlEdlmMubegItedaymuxtMNRbePTGkSr T nkarpSabuitRCugtUcCag 60 M nigFMCag 20 M pSar
edaymuxtMNrCulmuxKa ehIynwgeFVIedaykarpSabuitRCugenAeBlmMutUcCag120 M nigFMCag60 M .
rUb5-9 nimitsBaankarpSa
karRbugRbytkgkarsagsg;edaykarpSa (B&I)
- yknUvsarFatuminsuTecjBimuxeRKOgbgMEdlRtUvpSa
- enAeBlEdlsItuNPaBTabCag 0 CM pac;karpSa
- RbsinebImanxl;ecjcUl tMeLIg nigpSakgkEng)aMgxl;
- bnab;BIkarpSacb;ehIy/ sMGat bnab;mkRbmUlecalnUvGacm_Edk nigkarsac
- minRtUvpSaenAeBlEdlpnkMralelahesIm PaBgayRsYleFVIkarfycuH/ sameRbHekIneLIg
karRtYtBinit (B&I)
- munnwgcab;epImpSa cenaHTMrg;/ lkNnTItaMg/ c,ab;rMubiT
- 93 -
- enAkgkargarpSa FUcpSa/ ExSePIgGKisnI/ karcat;EcgeGLicRtUt

- enAeBlEdlkargarpSacb;sBVRKb; mankarBiesaFn_RtYtBintnUvkarRCabsMBaFTwk/ karvinicy
esaPNxageRkA/ karRtYtBinitedaybMElgkaMrsI X nighama RtYtBinitnUvrlksMelg ultzasonic .l.
nigkarRtYtBinitedaykarkat;RtUveCosvag.
RbePTnKuNvibtinkarpSa
rUb5-10 RbePTnKuNvibtinkarpSa
Slaf inclusion : )atuPUtEdlGacm_EdkRtUv)anlayCamYyelahEdlRtUv)anpSa.
Under cut : edaysarEtkMralelahrlay/ EpkEdlelahrlaymin)anpSaPab; ehIybnSl;nUv
rnRbehag.
Overlap : kMralelahenaHmin)anlaybBalKa ehIyeKagBIelICaynelaedaykarpSa
Blow hole : dMu bRbehagEdlekIteLIgedaybeBaj]snenAeBleLIgkk brMlaynUvelahrlay
Crack : bnab;BIkarpSa)anbBab; sameRbHenaHekIteLIgenAeBlcuHRtCat;
pit : sameRbHtUcEdlekIteLIgenAelItMbn;pSa
Imcomplete Penetration : EpkEdlEdkRtUvpSaenAsl;kgrnmin)anpSaPab;
Crater : EpkEdlrMuBknEdkpSaedayFrGKisnICIkdUcTMrg;RkL.
Fish eye : KuNvibtiEdleFVITMrg;EPkRtI. )atuPUtEdldMupM nigGacm_EdkkayCadMuBNR)ak;.
Weeping hole : rndtUcEdlekItmanelItMbn;pSa
Sputter : )atuPUtEdlGacm_EdkeLIgrwg
mUlehtuEdlnaMeGaymanKuNvibtielIkarpSa (B&I)
el,nnkarpSa
bBaabNalmkBIcrnGKisnI
PaBrIraldalCak;lak;nPaBGaRkk;
PaBGaRkk;nFUbpSast
CMnajrbs;CagpSa
- 94 -
lMdab;nkarpSakgkarsagsg;
enAeBlEdlviFIsm<nepSgKaenaH sPaBnkarEbgEck stress eTAtamEpknsm<n
enAeBlenHeKeRbIlayKanUvrIev nigbULgFn;kMlaMgx<s; vaTTYlnUv Stress GnuBaatierogxnrbs;va
enAeBleKeRbIlayKanUvrIev nigbULg rIevTTYl stress
enAeBleKpSabnab;BIrwtbnwgbULgFn;kMlaMgx<s; vaTTYlnUv stress GnuBaatierogxn
kgkrNIeKrwtbnwgbULgFn;kMlaMgx<s; bnab;BIpSa pSaTTYl stress GnuBaati
enAeBleKeRbIbULgFn;kMlaMgx<s;/ rIev/ bULg/ karpSakgkareFVImuxtMN TwkbnSaCaGkTTYl stress
End tap : edIm,IkarBarnUvKuNvibtielITwkbnSa eK)anbegItnUvbnHCMnYybEnmEdlPab;CaBiessRtg;
cMnuccab;epIm nigcugbBab;ntMbn;pSa.
rUb5-11
End tap
4> kargarkardan
4>1 lMdab;kgkartMeLIgeRKagqwgEdkenAkardan
- 95 -
rUb5-12 eQaHneRKOgbgMEdk
erobcMlatRtdagGkSkNal tMeLIgnUvbULgeCIgtag cak;ebtugbMeBj nigbUkBRgab)ayGr
eGaykMritkMBs; nigrabesI dak;Pab;eCIgbnHkMralEdk tMeLIg Pillar pMtMeLIgbeNaHGasn Ek
tMrUvkarbMElg pMtMeLIgem RtYtBiinit labfaM
4>2 viFIedIm,Idak;EdkbULgTMBk;kgebtug
eKeRbI volt EdlmaneLasuIBIr nigEdkRTnab; nigcugbBab;n volt RtUvmanExSexAecjmkeRkAeRcInCa
TMhMeLasuI 3 .
rUb5-13 viFIdak;bULgTMBk;kgebtug
viFIdak;Pab;mun (A) (B&I)
- 96 -
dak;bULgeTAkgTItaMgnsMNg; nigbnab;mkcak;bMeBjebtug. eKRtUvkarPaBCak;lak;kgkarsagsg;

nigsMNg;eRKagbgMEdlmankarKitBIsuvtiPaBFMdMusmRsb.
viFIbgb; bULgTMBk;bnab; (B) (B&I)
Epkk,aln bULgRtUvdak;enABIeRkambrievNkMralCamun edaybMBg;TIbragCIvLavEdlGacRKb;RKg
tameRkay.
karEktMrUvTItaMgn volt KWGaceFVIeTA)an nigeRbIR)as;enAkgsMNg;EdlmanmaRtdanmFm.
viFIdak; bULgTMBk;tameRkam (C) (B&I)
enAeBlEdleFVIkarcat;ebtugedayxVHTMnukcit eKKYrbrBIkardak; bULgTMBk;muncak;ebtugmkdak;
eRkaykarcak;ebtug rYcbnab;mkbMeBjeday grout .
viFIenHGaceRbIR)as;)ansMrab;sMNg;Rsal nigkarEktMrUvTItaMgGaceFVIeTA)an.
4>3 karbUk)ayGrBIxagelIEpkxagelineCIgtaMg
EpkxagelIneCIgtaMgRtUvbUkerday)ayGrsmamaRt 11 kMras; 3 sm edIm,IeFVIeCIgkMralrabesIl
\texaHEdlRtUvpSaPab;.
RsTab;p)ayGrTaMgmUl viFInkarsagsg;EdlRtUvbBab;eCIgkMralssredayp)ayGrTaMgmUl.
bMeBjedayEpktameRkay dMbUgbUk)ayGrEpkkNalnbnHeCIgkMral nig):atCMuvijtameRkay
viFIbgb;TMBk;tameRkay bnab;BIRtYtRtalMnaMedaykMritkMBs;eLasuI nigdak;Pab;bnHeCIgkMral viFIbUk
bEnm)ayGrBTCMuvijtameRkayRtUvGnuvt.
5> TMrg;EdkEdlmanTMgn;Rsal
5>1 eRKagbgMEdkTMgn;Rsal
eKmanTMrg;EdkEdlmanTMgn;RsalCaeRcInRbePTEdlmankMras;BI1/6 eTA 4mm . muxkat;EdkEdl
Pab; lip nigbnHkgcMeNamTMrg;EdkEdlmanTMgn;RsalRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eRcIn.
5>2 lkN
kgcMeNamsMParGMBIEdkmantictYcEdlPaBFn;nwgkMlaMgbegag nigkMlaMgTat;FM. edaysarEt
flange FM RklapnkaM gyration FMCagRklapmuxkat;rbs;va. edaysarEtEdkbnHmankMras;esIg
karekagtamtMbn; karbMElgCaEpk thaw .l.qab;ekIteLIg.
eKRtUvkarkarEfrkSaBiesskMueGayeLIgeRcH.
6> eRKagbgMbMBg;TIb
- 97 -
6>1 sMNg;EdkbMBg;TIbTMgn;Rsal
- KWCaeRkambgMEdleRbIEdkbMBg;TIb
- vaCasMNg;EdlmanTMrg;Rsal nigesaPNPaBxageRkAlsat nigTMrg;neRKOgbgMsamBa ehIy
tMlsMNg;Tab
- TItaMgeRbIR)as; KWeRbIsMrab;eragcRkmaRtdanFM/ XaMgdak;\v:an;/ salGtBlkm/ sYnstV/ bnb;
BiesaFn_rukCati .l.
- lkN
edaysarvaCamuxkat;biTCit GaMtg;suIetKWesIKaenARKb;TisedA. vaxaMgcMeBaHkarekagtamtMbn;.
edaysarvaCaeRKOgbgMEdlminbt;y:agxaMg karpM nigkartMeLIgKWmansuvtiPaB.
eTaHCakMras;vaesIg Et\TiBl flexure KWFM
dMeNIrkarnmuxkat;BI)akehIymuxtMNkayeTACasaMjaM.
- lMdab;ndMeNIrkarpM
KMnUrlMGitBIcMgay karftcMlgTMhM KUscMNaM kat; pM tMeLIg
7> viFIkarBarePIgcMeBaHeRKagbgMEdk
RbsinebIsItuNPaBekIneLIgdl; 500 eTA 600 M C GaMgtg;suIet nigm:UDuleGLasitnsMParEdk
mun nigeRkayxusKa 50 BIsItuNPaBFmta.
7>1 viFI)aj;faMkarBar
)aj;faMkarBarBIelIpneRKOgbgMEdkEdllabedaysarFatusit. vamansMLIf/ magsila/
vermiculite .l. enAkgsMPar .
7>2 viFIdak;
sarFatuFn;nwgePIg nigGuIsULg;kMedA dUcCaebtugTMgn;Rsal bTwkkMe)ar)ayGrdak; nigeFVICasarFatu
karBarePIg karBar)any:aglenABTCMuvijsMParGMBIEdk.
7>3 viFIbUk
sMNaj;Edk nigebtugTMgn;Rsal rWkMe)arbUk nigGVICaeRcIneTot.l. nigGaceRbICasarFatukarBar
ePIgBTCMuvijsMParEdk.
7>4 viFIPab;bnHka)asic
biTPab;bnHka)asikCMuvijeRKOgbgMEdk
- 98 -
sMParBIbnHka)asikmandUcCa bMBg;TIb asbestos silicic calcium, karkMe)arbUkTMgn;Rsal/

asbestos, bMBg;TIbsMLIf/ bnHkarebtugTMgn;Rsal autochaved, bnH p.c .l.
- 99 -
CMBUk6
kargarCagkMe)ar nigkargarkar:U
1> kargarCagkMe)ar
1>1 RbePTn\d
\dTUeTA
\dRkhm KWCa\ddutEdlpliteLIgy:agsuRkit
\dexA KWCaRbePT\ddutEdrEtminsUvsuRkit
\dBiess
\dcak;Bum< KWCasMParEdlmanragBiess EdlpliteLIgkgkareRbIR)as;enAkgkEngBiess.
\dEdlmanTMgn;Rsal KWCa\dRbehagEdlmanTMgn;Rsal. vaRsal ehIyCaPak;garGuIsULg;
sMelg nigkMedA vaKWCaRbePT\dl.
\dRkal ktaRsUb KWCaRbkarxHEtb:ueNaH PaBCab;lab;ehIynigGaMgtg;suIetFM.
\d Soft grazed : KWCa\dEdlmanpmageRKIm
\ddut KWCa\dEdlpliteLIgBIdI\dEdldutenAkgsItuNPaBx<s;.
rUb6-1 TItaMg\d
\depSgeTot
\dsuIm:g; KWCa\dEdlpliteLIgBIsuIm:g; nigxSac;. TMhM nigragrbs;vadUcKa nig\dRkhmEdr.
sg;darKuNPaBn\dsuIm:g;
ktaRsUbTwk
karEbgEck
dg;suIetFMgYtxl;
ersuIsg;kgkarsgt;
N/mm2 (kff/cm2)
\dRbePT A
\dRbePT B
ticCag 1/7
ticCag
eRcInCag 8 82
eRcInCag 12 22
- 100 -
kMrit1
RbePT\d kMrit2
C
eRcInCag 16 163
eRcInCag 82
eRkam 7
eRkam 10
* 1kgf = 9,8 N
dgsuIetsMgYtedayxl; = m:as; (Kg) n\d maDn\d (l)

* kkaRsUbTwk = epSImTwk - enAelIlkxNst enAelIlkxNst
* xSac;EdleRbIR)as;manTMhMmFmtUcCag 19mm cMeBaHxSac;EdlmanRKab;litGaclayeTAtamkar
smrm .
\depHFgf KWCa\dEdlpliteLIgBIepHFgf nigsuIm:g;
\dGacm_Edk KWCa\dEdlpliteLIgBIGacm_Edk
\dsMgYtedaykMedARBHGaTit KWCa\dEdlpliteLIg edayeRbIkMedARBHGaTit
\d clinker : KWCaRbePT\dEdleRbIsuItuNPaBx<s;enAkgkareqIr v amanGaMgtg;suIetx<s;ktabWt
bRsUbTwktictYc bu:EnRTg;RTayGaRkk;.
1>2 TMhMn\d
karEbgEck
RbEvg TTwg kMBs;
kMNt;sMKal;
210mm 100mm 60mm
RbePTEdlmanrYcmk TMhM
+3
+4
ehIy BI munmk kMritGt;eGa8 +3
190mm 90mm
57mm
RbePTsg;dar TMhM
1>3 l,ay
l,ayEdllayenAkgrUbPaBstenAmuneBleRbIR)as; bnab;mkeTIbEfmTwk. dMeNIrsMxan;CageK n
l,ayKWersuIsg;cMNg PaBrs; KWCakarsMxan;
GRtankarlay
- GaRtalaynl,aysMrab;sagsg;KW 13 12 enAkugkrNIsMrab;karsagsg;kMeNag
- GaRtalaysMrab;tMNrcug (Pointed) KW11
- cMNat;fak;nxSac; KW 1,2 ~2,5 mm bnab;BIcak;TwkcUll,ayvacab;epImkk kgryeBl1em:ag
ehIybnab;BI10em:ag vaminbneToteT.
kareFIVeGayl,ayRbesIreLIgedayeRbIPak;garepSgenAkgkarlayl,aysuIm:g;.
tMNrCagkMe)ar
*
- 101 -
- cenaHqas;tamryTTwgerobeday 10mm RbBnFas;

- tMeyarRTg; EpkxagelIkgRtaMgva mindac;BIKa/ b:uEnkarsagsg;vamanPaBgay ehIy\TiBlKWeTA
elIrUbPaBlemIl.
- tMNrbMEbk tMNrtamryTTwg vaminbneT eTaHbICakugRtaMgEpkxagelItMrg;mkEpkxageRkam
keday.
rUb6-2 tMNrkgkarerob\d
cugntMNr
lMdab;nkarsagsg; karerob\dbBab;eday- tMNrsgt;/ tMNkatRTg;/ cugtMNr/ karrkSakarsag
sg; ehIynigkakarBar cMeBaHEpkxageRkamBiEpkxagelIEdleCInelOn.
tMNrRTg;kat;erobRbEhl8mm RbBnFas;
cugtMNreRbIR)as;l,ayEdlmanGRtalay 11 b 12 . tMNr\dpSaedayl,aydak;CMuvij\d
eGay)anRKb;RKan; ehIyGnuvtdEdl edaysabRBa)ayGr. eRbIR)as;Pak;garFn; nwgTwkcMeBaHl,ay cug
tMNr. RbsinebIsgt;eTAelIrUbPaBlRss;nkarerob\d eRbIR)as;suIm:g;s brUbFatuEdldak;BN.
RbePTtMNr tMNrkat;Rtg;/ tMNrbgr/ tMNrqt/ tMNrbBait/ tMNrmUl/ tMNrrag V, tMNrmux\d
karerobcM\dedayeRbItMNrcugelOnehIybgarplitpleGaymanesaPNeTotpg.
- 102 -
rUb6-3 tMNrenAkgkarerob\d
4>1 cMNat;fak;\dCBaaMg
CBaaMgRTTMgn;
CBaaMgEdlTTYlbnkBIrcnasm<nxagelI ehIybBaneTAeGayRKwH CaFmtavaenAxageRkAnGaKar
vaKWCaCBaaMgRTbnk. b:uEnenAeBlEdlsagsg;CBaaMgRbePTenH vaCar)aMgxagkgnGaKar.
CBaaMgr)aMg Car)aMg-CBaaMgminrgnUvbnk
KWCaRbePTCBaaMgEdlTTYlrgnUvbnkrbs;va. eRbIR)as;enAEpkxagkgnGaKar beRbIR)as;tictYcCa
CBaaMgxNenAkgrcnasm<nebtugGaem.
CBaaMgRbehag
eKalbMNgnCBaaMgRbehagKWcab;epImeRbIR)as; bTb;Tl;nigsMeNIm bCaCBaaMgGIusULg;nCBaaMgxag
eRkA. dak;cenaHenAkgkNalnkEngEdlRtUverob\d ehIyero\dCaCBaaMgBIrCan;. sarFatuhVIlGMBICBaaMg
Rbehag EdleyIgdwgdUcCaGuIsULg;nCBaaMgrwg.
1>5 karerob\d
karerobcMtambeNay\d CaviFIsaRsnkarerob\dEdleRbIR)as;kMras; \dCaEpknCBaaMg Edlsg;
0,5B kMras;nTisedAbeNay.
karerob\dtamTTwg\d erobkMras; 1.B EdleyIgGacemIleXIjmux\d vaCaviFIkgkarerob\dkg
RbePTkMeNag/ bMBg;epSg>>>.
karerob\dbBar CaviFIsaRserob\dbBar EdleyIgGacemIleXIjbeNay\d
- 103 -
karerobcM\dEbblMG CBaaMgRbePTenHvaminRTbnk EdlmkBIelIeT. eFVIrnenAkgCBaaMgehIydak;

bgan;d.
cMNat;fak;cMeBaHkarerob\d
erob\dtamrebobGg;eKs
- KWCakarpl;nUvRbePTerob\dmYyEdlmanPaBmaMmYnxaMg
- karerob\dtamGg;eKsmanFas;CYrKanbeNay\d nigTTwg\d
- eRbIR)as;EkgenAelIRCugnk,alCYrnImYy
reboberob\dtamRbeTshULg;
- manlkN nigviFIsaRsdUcKa nigkarerob\dtamrebobGg;eKs
- enAeBlEdleFVIkareRbobeFobCamYy karerob\dtamGg;eKs cMNucepSg
- eRbIR)as;Ekg 3 enAkgkarerobtambeNay\d
- vaKWCalkNTUeTAPaKeRcInenAkgkarerob\d
rUb6-4 KMrUnkarerob\d
kareob\dtamEbb)araMg
- erobbeNay\d nigTTwg\denACYrEtmYy
- vaCarcnasm<nminsUvmansuvtiPaBBIeRBaH tMNrRtg;ekIteLIgeRcIneBk
- vamanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkEngEdlenAEpkxageRkAGaKasat ehIyminRtUvkarrcnasm<nGaMgtg;suIet
- KuNsm,tienAkgkareRbIR)as;y:ageRcInBak;kNal
karerob\dtamEbbGaemrickaMg
- enAeBlsagsg;RtUvkareRKagCBaaMgBIr EpkxageRkayerobtamGg;eKs ehIyEpkxagmuxtamviFI
erobmux\d
- 104 -
- erobCYrTI1 tammux\d bnab;BIerobtambeNay\d 5CYr tMeLIgCYrmux\d.

1>6 viFInkarerob\dneRKOgnImYyrbs;GaKar
karerobssr
-ssrRtUvykmkenAkgcMNuckNal ehIyQrRtg;eTAelI
- sMercykTMhMmuxkat;ssr tamGaRtaTTwg\d/ ehIyeFVIkarEbgEckERkgelatMNrRtg;ekItman
eLIg.
- erobeGaymanlMnwgRKb;RKan; enAkEngEdlkMlaMgtampepk bplb:HBal;eTAelIGVIEdlrBwgTuk.
karerobRKwH
-RKwHEdlerob\dKWCaeCIgtagCab;bn
- ktaRCabTwkn\dvamantictYc EdleRbIR)as;eTAelIRKwH ehIyGaMgtg;suIetvaFM.
- )atRKwHGnuvtedayebtugrcnasm,nEdlmankMras; 20-30 cm b13nTTwg)atRKwH b23 n
kMras;TTwgCBaaMg.
- enAeBleFVIRsTab;eRkamRtUveFVImMuFMCag 60 M
- enAeBlEdlerobCYrTI1 RbEvgEkgRTesIeday 1/8 B CYrTI2 EkgRTeFVI B
- RsTab;xageRkamnRKwH\dRtUverobeGayFMCagkMras;CBaaMgDub ehIyerobBIrRsTab;.
- begItRsTab;epkFn; nigsMeNIm kgTItaMgsmrm cenaHExS nigkMralCan;TI1 edIm,ikarBar karelc
eLIgnUvPaBesImeTaCBaaMg\d
- biTRsTab;Fn;nigsMeNImenAkgkMras; 1-3 sm edayeRbIl,ayFn; bl,ayGsal;
karerob\dcgrecj
KWCakareRbIR)as;enAkgkrNImincg;eGayCBaaMgBIrb:HKaeTAvijeTAmk vaCaviFIsaRsGnuvtcMeBaHtMNr
Rtg;EdlKYrekItmaneLIg.
karerob\dCaeFj
eRbIR)as;sMrab;karerobCBaaMgkatTTwg. TItaMg\ddak;ExVgKaeTAnigCBaaMgxagkgEdlmanEkgRTeday
~B
karerobCBaaMgRbehag
viFIenHKWTukRbehagenAcenaHkNalnCBaaMgsMrab;Tb;Tl; nigsMeNIm bCaGIusULg;nCBaaMg ehIy
sagsg;CBaaMgenAEpkxagkg nigEpkxageRkA.
TMhMncenaHCBaaMg 0,5B, 5-10 cm vaCakarsmRsb.
- 105 -
kartPab;nCBaaMgxagkg nigCBaaMgxageRkA GNuvteday\d/ kargarEdk/ EdkPaCn_ nigsMNaj;.

kMras;CBaaMgxageRkA cMeBaHCBaaMgRbePTRTbnk RtUverobeGayFMCag 1B ehIykMras;CBaaMgxagkg
erob 0,5 B .
begItRbBnbgrecjenAelIEpkEdlCYbCamYyRKwH begItRbBnbgrEdlbMBg;manmuxkat;20sm kg
kEng 2m .
karerobtMeNag
EdleFVIwedIm,IbBanbnktamrybBarEdlmkBIEpkxagelInkarebIkcMkrelIEpkxagsaM nigxageqVg.
kMlaMgTajminmanekIteLIgenAelIeRKOgCMlab; EpkxageRkameLIy kMlaMgenHvaGnuvtmkelIprabn
kMeNag enAeBlEdlbgrmanTTwg 1m x 1,2 m . cMgaynkMeNageRcInCag 2,0 m enAeBlEdlbnk
RbmUlpMFMEdlGnuvtmkelIva dUecHFwmRtUvmanPaBrwgmamxaMg. BRgwIkeGayeRcInCag20 sm enAkgCBaaMg
EpkxageqVg nigxagsaM.
karBnl;BakbeckeTs
- Rbdab;vas;kMeNag EdlGkbgt;eRbIR)as;enAkgkMeNagedIm,IerobplitplenH
- kMeNagragmuxBUefA kareRbIR)as;shkm\dedayPaBlitln;nragesteQI ehIyeRbIR)as;est
eQIkgkarerob.
- kMeNageCIgEcv viFIsaRsnkarerob\dEdlerobtMNagedayBIrCan;enAeBlEdlkMeNagmanTTwg
FM.
erobeRKagbgc
bitl,ayCMvijeRKagbgc nigtamryepknigbBar ehIyGnuvtkarerobeGay)anRtwmRtUv. cenaH
eRKagbgc nigCBaaMgRtUvdak;l,ayeGay)anCit.
erobTVarbgc
EpkxagelInTVabgcRtUverob\dbBaredagepgbnicRbEhl 15 M \dEdlerobbBarerobeGaydUc
Ka
enAkg\dCBaaMg bbitPab;RbEhl 1/8 - B BICBaaMg. tMelIg\denAcugEpkxagelInTVarbgc
eRkameRKagbgc RbEhl 1/5 sm .
Et\dsMrab;TVarbgcerob 1,5B nkM<ras;CBaaMg/ tMelIgkatFgf bbnHsgsIenAeRkambgc Gnuvt
dUcenHkarTb;Tl;sMrab;TwkdMeNIrNa)anl.
- 106 -
kartMelIgeRKagbgc
- eRKagbgcRtUvplitenAkgeBlEtmYy enAeBlcab;epImerob\d. EpkbgcEdlTak;TgeTAnwg
l,ay b\dRtUvsMgYt niglabfaMkarBarstVsit.
- RbsinebIkargarerobcM\dRtUv)anbBab; cMeBaHeRKagTVarbgcenAEpkxageRkam )anrMlgputeTA
RbsinebIeyIgtMelIgeRKagTaMgenaHRtUveGayl,ayenaHrwg)an1fsin.
- TaMgenHKWCaGaTiPaBkgkartMeluIg ehIyKWCaviFIsaRstMelIgcugeRkaybMput.
- karkb; bbBaH\delI cab;Pab;eTAnigEdk CMuvijeRKagbgckgkrNItMelIgeRkayeKbMput.
1>7 lMdab;TUeTAnkarerob\d
bMrugRbytenAeBlsagsg;
- \dRtUvykmkBinit \dEdlminlRtUvykecjCabnan;
- \dEdlRtUverobenARCug minRtUveFVIeGayxUcxateLIy KYrRbugRbytenAeBlkab;bMEbk\d
- \dEdleRbIenAkgkarerob RtUvykeTAtamlMdab;
- muneBlerob\deLIgedayl,ayGaceFVI\deGayRbesIreLIgKWRBYsTwkeTAelI\d
- l,ayEdlcab;epImrwgminRtUveRbIR)as;kgkarerobeLIy
- karkt;RtalMdab;nka)arIbBar
kMBs;nkarerob\dkg1f
TItaMgneRKagbgc
TItaMgnbULgyufa karcab;Pab;CamYyEdk nig\deQI
tMNr
- kart\deLIgTI1 btMbUgminGaceRbIkUnRbeyal/ dIr:U bGa)arIeLIy
- eRbIR)as;l,ayEdlmanGaMgtg;suIet FMCagGaMgtg;suIet\d
- kMBs;GtibrmaEdlerobkg1feRkam 1/5m 20CYr GnuvttamrebobsamBa 17CYr eCos
vagkarrgnUvkugRTaMgFM muneBll,ayenAesIm.
- sMGatCBaaMg ehIyGnuvtkargartMNrcug (Pointed Joint) ehIytMNrcugenHcab;epImeGay)an
muneBlbBab;kargarRbcaMf .
- EfrkSa\dbnab;BIerobehIy.
sameRbHnCBaaMg\d
- 107 -
krNIxVHxatenAeBlelIkKMeragbg;
- karRsutminkPaBKanRKwH
- min)anBIcarNankarebIkcMhTMhM nigkarcat;Ecgmin)anRtwmRtUv
- GaMgtg;suIetnRbEvgCBaaMgminRKb;RKan;kMBs;/ kMras;nCBaaMgBI\d
- plb:HBal;EdlbNalmkBIbnkminesI/ bnkRbmUlpMFMnigkMlaMgepk
- min)anBicarNaenAelIkarcat;EcgnCBaaMg
- kMBs;nGaKar nigbg;minesIPaBKa
krNIxVHxateTAelIkarsagsg;
- PaBminRKb;RKan;GaMgtg;suIet nigPaBeGLasicnsMPar
- EpkshkmnsMParepSgKa
- PaBminRKb;RKan;kgkarbMeBjl,ayeTAkgFwm
- kgVHxatkgkarsagsg;lMeGog
karpusecjnkargarerob\d
- emSAkMe)ar (Cao) CamYy nigkardUrDIGuksuIdEdllayenAkgl,aycab;epImhUrecjedaysarTwk
EdleFVIeGayRCabcUleTApn\dCBaaMg GBawgehIy)anCaeFVIeGaysMParesIgekIteLIg.
karcab;kMeNItnkarpusecj
- CBaaMg\dlukluyedayTwkePg
- PaBminlnsMPar
- karrkSaTukmin)anl
viFankarN_kgkarbgar
- eRbIemKuNRsUbTwktic ehIyPaB)asicdMeNIrkar)anl
- layPak;garFn; nigTwkeTAkgl,aytMNr ehIysagsg;eGayeBjelj
- )aj;faMeRbg):ar:ahVIneTAkgCBaaMgedIm,IkarBarCMrabTwk
- begItrcnasm<ndUcCatMbUlXaXaMg cgExS >>>.l.
- bnyGaRta W/C TwksuIm:g; elIsMParsMrab;lay ehIyeRbIxSac;RKab;FM
- eRbIR)as;suIm:g;EdlmanPaBm:t;FM
- 108 -
2> karsagsg;\dsuIm:g; \dbk

2>1 cMNat;fak;nrcnasm<nbk
PaBgayn\dbk - CBaaMgRTbnk - CBaaMgminRTbnk CBaaMgr)aMg.
bkBRgwg Carcnasm<nEdlBRgwgedayEdksstamryepkCamYynigrybBarenAkg\dbk
ehIyJat;ebtugbEnm.
bkBum< rcnasm<nEdlminTan;)aneRbI ehIyeRbIebtugbkedIm,IeFVIBum<ehIycak;ebtug.
karbegItrcnasm<nBIeragcRk plitpliBIebtugEdlplitenAeragcRk bebtugmanm:asRsal/ TMhMFM
2>2 sMPar
karEbgEck
- RbsinebIcat;bkebtugCaRbePT KWCakarEbgEckenAkgmUldannm:Ud/ GVIEdlEbkBIFmtanigRbePT
Fmta.
- cMrUedImKWCaRbePT BI, RbePT BM, RbePT BS, ehIynigRBePTBIeBlmun b:uEnRbePT BI CamUl
danRKwHenARbeTskUer:.
- RbePTnbkEdlEbkBIFmta
bgcTVarbk KWCabkebtugBiess sMrab;erobTVarbgcenAxageRkam
LaMgtUbk Ubk lkNBIessnbk U EdlnaMmkeGayGacsg;eRKagbgcEpkxagelI nigCa
kMlaMgssEdkBRgwg ehIyjat;ebtugeTAkgenaH ehIyeFVICaLaMgtU.
TMhMnbk
rUbrag RTg;RTay
TMhM mm
kMritGt;eGan mm
RbEvg
kMBs;
CMerA
190
+2
bksg;dar
RbePT BI
390
190
150
100
\dbkEdlEbkBIFmta
TMhMEdltUcCageKnmuxkatEdlFMCag 90mm
- 109 -
rUb6-5 RbePTn\dbk
KuNPaBsg;darn\dbk
dg;suIetEdlst ersuIsg;kgkarsgt;GMBIpEdl
ml/m h
ktaRsUbTwk
karEbgEck
edayxl;
FM N/mm Kgf/cm
kMrit A
ticCag 1/7
eRcInCag 4 41
kMrit B
ticCag 1/9
eRcInCag 6 61
kMrit C
eRcInCag 8 82
eRkam 10
eRkam 10
- xagpFMEdlsgt;edaysMBaFxl; RbEvg x TTwg
- rYmbBalPaBRCabTwknbkeTAelIPaBTn; nigTwk
- dg;wuIetEdlstedayxl; m:as;rbs;bk (kg) / maDrbs;bk (l)
- ktaRsabTwk m:as;esIm - m:as;st m:as;st
2>3 lMdab;TUeTAnkarsagsg;\dbk
lMdab;elxerogEdlRtUvsresrenAkg Shop drawing
- sresrRbePTnbk nigbg;EbgEckkMBs;nbk
- RtUvEtsresrTMhMrvagGkSnCBaaMg
- sresrTMhMxagkgneRKagbgcehIynigkarebIkcMhrepSgeTot
- sresrTItaMgdak;cUlnssEdk muxkat;ssEdk nigcMnYnrbs;va
- sresrkarerobebtugesIm
- sresrTItaMg nigkardak;cUln\deQI nigbULgyufa
- sresrbMBg;Twk nigkarbgr/ TItaMgExSbNajGKisnI nigTMhMRbGb; >>> .l.
lMdab;sagsg;nkartMelIgbkebtug
3
- 110 -
BRgag erobcMEpkxageRkam nigepSImTwk karbegItka)arItamrybBar erobcM\dbk

dak;ss mesh nigtMelIgssEdk bMeBjebtug.
bMrugRbytenAeBlerob\dbk
- bnab;BIsMGatEpkxagelinbnHebtugehIy bRKwHRtUveRsacTwkeGay)anRKb;RKan;
- TaMgenaHKWCabnHesIg enAkgkMras;nbk ehIykMras;nkarerobcMbkdUcxagRkas;par.
- erobkMBs; m 6Can; kg1feTAtamsg;darehIyminRtUvhYs 1/5m 7Can;eLIy
- kgkarerobcMRtUveRbItMNrcug (Pointed Joint) nkarEtglMGbnab;BIerob)an2-3RsTab;ehIy
eFVIkarsMGatEpkcMehogn\dbk.
- enAeBlEdlminmankarkMnt;BIRbePTtMNr kgkarerob\d eyIgGaceRbIkartPab;edaytMNr kat;
Rtg; (Racked Joint)
- kMras;ntMNrtamsg;dar 10mm ehIyl,ayRtUvEtmanPaBsitlkgkarcgPab;.
- eRbobeFobrbs;EdlerobrYcehIy nigrbs;EdleTIberobfIeFIVkarBiniteGay)anRbwteRbonGMBIRTg;
RTay/ TMhM nigGaMgtg;suIet. bnab;mkvas;TMhM ehIynigkMhusCamFmnkarerob\dbk.
2>4 cMNat;fak;nkarsagsg;suIm:g;bk
PaBgaykgkareroc\dRbePTbk
- eRbItMNrbMEbkenAkgCBaaMgRTbnk
- kMras;nkarerob\dbkdUcEpkxagRkas;par
- GaRtalayl,ay 13 ~ 15 ehIyGaMgtg;suIet 1/3 ~ 1/5 dgnGaMgtg;suIetbk.
- TTwgtMNrRbEhl 10 mm RbsinebIdak;kal;;smGuIRduksuIdxHeTAkgl,ay/ sMrab;karrkSaTuk
ehIyefr vabegIneLIg.
bkBRgwg
bnab;BIsMercykkarerob\dedaytMNrRTg;ehIy vaKWCakarBRgwgssEdkbBar nigBRgwgssEdk
epk ehIydak;edIm,IkarbMEbkkMlaMgkt; nigkarkac;EdlFak;mk.
RbEvgssEdkBRgwg
- dak;EdkeRcInCag 40 d edayKantMNrBIEpkeRkamFwmeCIgtagrhUtdl;Can;xagelI
- tPab;pvExVgeGayCab;Ka
- eRbIR)as;ssEdk 10- 13 edaydak;cenaHEdk 40sm b80sm
- 111 -
- dak;ssEdk 13 enAkgRCugCBaaMg bCBaaMgkat;/ CMuvijTVar

- eRbIR)as;Bt;mMu 30 M xagkgEdlbBarRTg;eTAelI
- kgkrNIpmuxkat;ssEdkdUcKa Rkas;CagvtEdldak;PaBCab;sit)anlehIykgRTaMgekIneLIg.
ssEdkepk
- eRbIEdkssFmta 10 cenaHEdkBI60-80 sm
- dak;ssepky:agNaeGayvapl;kMlaMgeTAbk RkaslCag15sm
- Pab;tMNrTTwg nigtMNrbeNayminRtUveRcInCag 25
- bgb;RbEvgeRcInCag 40
- ebIsineKeRbIbkss mesh (#8~#10) edayCMnYsEdkepk RtUvykcenaHy:ageRcIn 60sm
karbMeBjl,ay nigebtug
- cenaHnkMBs;kgbkFmta3RsTab; ehIykartPab;nkarcak;Cab;bnTItaMgdak;RbEhl5sm xag
eRkam kgEpkxagelIbk.
- l,ayebtugEdlRKbssEdkBRgwgRtUveGaymankMras;eRcInCag 2sm.
FwmCBaaMg
FwmCBaaMgerobcMeLIgedIm,IBRgwgCBaaMg nigTTYlbnkBIbg;es nigEhVmdMbUl.
eKalbMNgnbegItFwmCBaaMg
- bgarkareRbHbBar
- cab;Pab; nigtPab; nRbEvgEdkss
- eFVICatMNagCBaaMgdac;BIKa cMeBaHbnkEdlGnuvtmkhYsenAkgCBaaMgeGaymankMritesIKa.
karerobcMEdk
- kMalaMgssEdkemnbYsFmta 10- 13 / b:uEnFwmsMxan;FMCag 12 enAcenaHkNalFwm.
- EdkkgFMCag 10 cenaHvaticCag 30sm
FwmLaMgtU
- enAeBleRbIR)as;LaMgtUBIbkebtug RtUvdak;RbEhl 20-40 sm kgCBaaMgEpkxageqVg nigxagsaM
. enAeBlEdleRbIR)as;plitplBIeragcRkdak;RbEhl 20 sm kgCBaaMgEpkxageqVg nigxagsaM.
- dUckrNIxagelIGacbMePcecalenAeBlEpkxagelInbgcCaEdkFwmBIebtugGaem.
- ssEdkerobcMdak;eRcInCag 40 d kgEpkCBaaMg.
- 112 -
FwmeCIgtag
tYnaTIrbs;FwmeCIgtag
- bgar PaBRsut minesInRKwH
- TMhMnFwmRKwH
TItaMgnFwmeCIgtag
CMerA
TTwg
kMralCan;eTal
kMralCan;2/3
kMralCan;eTal kMralCn;2/3
- eRcInCag45 sm -eRcInCag 60 sm
EpkxageRkamnrn
- eRcInCag112 - eRcInCag 112 30-40 sm 60-90 sm
CBaaMg A
nkMBs;Edllyecj nkMBs;Edllyecj
- karerobcMssEdk
Edkssemdak; 9- 12 b:uEnEpksMxan;enAkNal kMlaMgFMCag4PaKCan;ssEdkFMCag 12
Edkkgdak;EdkFMCag 6 cenaHticCag 30sm.
kMras;n)atRKwH ykkMras;FMCag 15 sm.
rcnasm<nnRTg;RTaybk
- dak;ssEdkBRgwgeTakgrnn\dbk ehIycak;ebtugeTAkgenaH. bkEdleRbIR)as;manRTg;RTay
enAtamBum<dUcCa RbePT RbePT / RbePT
- kareRbIR)as;tamRbePTBum<xagelIvamanryeBlxI CagkareRbIBum<eQI.
- kMBs;EdlerobkgmYyfRtUvBicarNaeTAelIprab smtPaBRTRTg;sMBaFnkarcak;bMeBjebtug
dUecHkMBs;RbEhl 1m CakarsmRsb.
- enAeBlcak;ebtugeTAkgbk TI1RtUvRbs;TwkeTAkgbkmuneBlcak;ebtug.
- kMBs;Edlcat;mg 1b2 RsTab;xagkg
- kartPab;edayebtugeTAkgTab 5sm eTAkgbkEpkxagelIvaminsUvmanrbwgb:unaneT cMeBaHtMNr
tamTTwgnigbeNay\d.
KuNvibti
- l,aysuIm:g; edayGt;layxSac; Fak;cUleTAelItMNr dUecHkarsitTaj nigekItmaneLIg .
- manPaBlM)akenAkgkarbgab;
- karbBaak;BIPaBlM)ak dUcCalTplnkarsagsg;
- 113 -
- vamankarlM)akkgkarbBaak;R)ab;BIlTplnkarsagsg;
- vamantMNreRcIn ehIyGaMgtg;suIetexSay
CBaaMgRTbnk
- sarsMxan;nCBaaMgKWTTYlrgnUvbnktamryepk nigrybBar
- RbEvgCBaaMgRTbnkticCag 10 m.
- kMras;nCBaaMgrgbnkeRcInCag15sm b:uEnpgEdreRcInCag150 ncMgayepkBIcMnucsMxan;.
- kMBs;CBaaMgtamkarkMNt;
karkMNt;kMBs;tamcMnYnnRsTab;bk
rcnasm<nbkebtugGaem
cMnYnRsTab;nbkBRgwg
kMBs;Edllyecj
rcnasm<nbkkMrit A
kMralCan;TI1
eRkam 4m
rcnasm<nbkkMrit B
kMralCan;TI2
eRkam 7m
rcnasm<nbkkMrit C
kMralCan;TI3
eRkam 12m
cMnYnCBaaMg (cm/m ) = RbEvgsrubnCBaaMgRTbnk (cm) / pkMral;Can; (m )
3
3> karsagsg;kar:U
3>1 KuNPaBsarFatuBiessnkar:U
RbePT
suItuNPaB)asit ktaRCabTwk faMlabeGayrelag BN kEngeRbIR)as;
eRKOgGMBIdIdut 700-900 M C eRcInCag20
Gt;eRbI
s
eRKOgGMBIdIdut 1000-1300 M C eRcInCag10
eRbI
s
eRKOgf
1300-1400 M C eRcInCag8
Gt;eRbI
kar:UCan;
kar:U clinker
BrsWELn
1300-1450 M C eRcInCag1
eRbI
s kar:UeRKOgGnamy
3>2 RbePTnkar:U
kar:UEdlKansarFaturelag
eRbIR)s;kar:UCan; EdlminmanCatirelagenAelIprbs;va.
kar:UCamYy nigfaMrelag
kar:UEdlmanfaMrelagenAelIp eKeRbIR)as;sMrab;pxageRkAnGaKar.
- 114 -
kar:U
Masiac :
kar:UEdlmanTMhMtUc bTMhMBit Cargakaer:EdlTMhMrbs;va 4sm/ EdleRbIR)as;kMral
Can;.
rebobplitpkar:U
kar:Uqt/ kar:U cloth patten, kar:U clinker
3>3 bMrugRbytenAeBlGnuvtkargarkar:U
karEbgEck kar:UeGay)anRtwmRtUv ehIyeFVIkareRbobeFobTaMgRsugeTAelIbnH kar:UelIkargarEdl)an
EbgEck.
lMdab;nkarerob kar:U
erobBIEpkxagelIedjcuHmkeRkam .
lMdab;nkarerob kar:UCBaaMgxageRkA
erobBIeRkameLIgeTAelI. karlayl,aystsMrab;kargarkar:UeRbIR)as;enAkgyeBl3em:ag. enA
eBlEdlcak;TwkehIylayeGay)ansb; ehIyGaceRbIkgryeBl1em:ag.
karerobcMp
- BinitRsTab;eRkamERkgmansameRbH bEpkEdlminl RtUveFVIkarCYsCulCakarcaM)ac;.
- ykPaBminleTAelIRsTab;xageRkamecj BIeRBaHvaeFVIeGayRsTab;xageRkamrlat; bKanPaBxaM
eFVIdUcenHkarPab;GacdMeNIrkar)anl.
- enAkgkrNIEdleRbIR)as;kar:UEdlRCab bRsUbTwk RtUvyk kar:UTaMgenaHeTARtaMTwksinmunnigykeTA
erob.
- kgkrNIEdlerob kar:UenArdUvekA ehIyenAEpkxageRkAGaKarRtUveRsacRsb;TwkenAelIRsTab;
eRkammunmYyf.
sg;darTMhMntMNrkgkarerobkar:U
karEbgEck RbePTkar:UEdlmanTMhMFM TMhMFMCaTUeTAenAkgGaKar TMhMtUc kar:UpMrUbtUc
sg;darTMhMntMNr
9 mm
6 mm
3 mm
2 mm
r:gkar:U
karsagsg;tMNrcug (Pointed Joint)
- GaRtankarlayl,ayntMNrcug Gnuvteday |:|
- enAkgkrNIEpkxag\dFM karsagsg;tMNrtammuxkat;\dehIycab;BIelIcuHeRkam.
- 115 -
- bnab;BIerobcM\dehIy RtUveFVItMNrcug btMNrlMG bnab;BI24em:ag kngeTaedayRbs;TwkeTAelIp

erob\d ehIyeFVItMNrlMGrkgPaBesIm.
- karbitrg kar:UeFVIbnab;BIbt kar:UpmuxehIy3em:ag.
3>4 viFIsaRsenAkgkarerobkar:U
karerobcMkar:UkMralCan;
vIFIsaRsenAkgkarerob
matka
karerobkar:UsMrab;kMralCan; - bnab;BI)anbBab;EpkxageRkamnCBaaMg beCIgCBaaMgerobcMdak; kar:U
- bnab;mkBRgayl,ayenAelIkMral cgExS rknIv:U nigbBaak;BIkMritEdlRtUv
bBab; kMral;l,ay10mm
- karlayl,ay karlayrwgefr 13
- l,ayEdlBRgayenAelIpmg 6-8m2
- enAeBlerobkar:UebokemSAsuIm:g;RbEhl 3mm
karerobkar:U
- erobcMpMkar:UtUc tamEpkrbs;va
karerob kar:U Clinker
- Pab;RbEhl 2mm x<s;CageromehIy
- l,aydak;eGayrabesI
- BRgayl,ayenAelIperobmg 6-8 m2
karerobkar:UCBaaMg
vIFIsaRsenAkgkarerob
matka
karsgt;edayemSAbdrsit - viFIsaRsnkarsagsg;KWbitl,ayenAelIEpkTI2 ehIysgt;kar:U
- kMras;l,ayRbEhl 5-7 mm/ bitl,ayeGaymansamFt GnuvtrebobenH
eFVIeGaykarbitPab;xam)anl.
- emSA bdrsitGnuvtn_BOEpkxagelIsMrab;karerobkat;TTwg
- sg;daremSA bdrsit dMusnwkemSA bdsit 1/5-2m2 kar:U 3-4 m2/ CrCab;
sit 2m2
karbitemSA bdrsit
- vaKWCaviFIsagsg;edaydak;l,ayenAelIkarmageTot ehIybitPab;eTAelIp
ebtug
- bitr:g;kar:U bnab;BIerobcM 6em:ag ehIy
- 116 -
- kg 1f bitkar:UCBaaMgcMeBaHkar:UEdlmanTMhMFMeGay)ankMBs;70-90sm.
- TMhMkar:UtUc 120-150 sm
- kMras;nl,ay 20-25 mm
emSACab;sit
- kgkrNIkar:UxattUcEdleRbIemSACrsit CMnYsvijedayl,ay
-bitCrCab;sitkMras; 2-3 mm enAelIpkar:U
- kgkarerobedayeRbIl,ayRtUvTukeGayvastRKb;RKan; ryeBl1GaTit
sMrab;rdUvekA nigryeBl2 GaTitsMrab;rdUepSgeTot
karcak;ebtug
- bnab;BIbitkar:UenAelIBum<EpkxageRkAehIyvaCaviFIsaRsenAkgsagsg;edIm,I
cak;ebtug
- smtPaBRTRTg;sMBaFxagekItmaneLIgenAeBlcak;ebtug ehIytMNrGac
BRgayeLIg
3>5 karsMGat/ karrkSa nigkarkarBar
- karrkSaBITisedABIBnWRBHGaTit bePgBHdl;b:HBal;BIEpkxageRkAGaKar
- enAeBlsItuNPaBTabCag 2 M C eRbIR)as;karRbqaMg bTb;Tl;ngi karkk bkarrkSakMedABiess.
- bnab;BIerobkar:UkMralCan;ehIy karrkSakMueGaymanFUlI bkarhamXat;mineGayedIrelIryeBl
3f.
- karsMGatedaysMLI bkdMunRkNat; bnab;BIbitr:gkar:UehIy
- kgkarNIeRbIR)as; GasuIdGIRdUkLric karlayTwk30dg sMrab;]sSahkmEdlecosminrYckg
karlagy:agsuRkitdUcCaTwk.
3>6 karBinitbnab;BIbBab;karsagsg;
karBinitedayvay beKaH
- eKaH bvay nigBinitbnab;BIl,aykayeTACaqwg
- karelceLIgnUvsameRbHenAkgPak;garsagsg;
etsRtYtBinitGnuvtenAeBlEdlerobkar:UehIyGs;ryeBl4s)ah_kngputeTA.
lTplnetssMercRtUvEtFMCagkMlaMgCab;sit 4 kg/cm
2
- 117 -
CMBUk7
sMNg;BIeQI
1> sMPar
1>1 critlkNneQI
KuNsm,ti nigryeBlxIneQI
KuNsm,ti
ryeBlxIneQI
- dgsuIettUc ehIymanPaBgayRsYlkgkarplit - vagayeqH
- cMNuceqHeLIg450 MC / cMNuc Flash 250 M C
- GaMgtg;suIetFMCagdg;suIet
- lkNnaMkMedAtUc
- pas;bredayFmCatineQIedayPaKrynGRta
- PaByWt nigPaBmaMmYcFM
sMeNImKWFM
- BIeRBaHeQImanBN bRkLaEdlmantMlsMrab;Ca - karxUtxacedaysarxl;/ stVliy TaMgenaHeFVI
sMParpliteRKOgsgarwm nigCasMParsMrab;EtglMG eGaymansamexA
- vamaneRcInRbePT ehIymanTinpleRcIn
- PaBCab;zitefrKWexSay
RbePTneQI
eQI-swkRsYctUc eQIRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;y:ageRcInCasMParsMrab;sagsg;.
eRbIR)as;Carcnasm<nBIeQI CasMParsMrab;eRKOgdMbUldUcCabgb;/ epagCaedIm.
eQIswkFM sMParneQIEdleRbIsMrab;kartubEtg dUcCaktaeRKOgsgarwm TaMgenaHKWCadMueQIEdlrwg
nsMParBIeQI
rUb7-1 QUsBRgag
- 118 -
PaKrynGaRtasMeNIm
muxeQIepSImeCaK
BIeRBaHeQIEdlminTan;kab;vakstEdr KWCasPavEdlmkCaPaKryn
GRtasMeNIm30
dMunsMParBIeQIsMgYtedayxl; GaRtasMeNImneQIEdlsMgYtedayxl;EdlmanlMnwg GRtasMeNImrbs;
vaman15 Etb:ueNaH
dMunsMParBIeQIsMgYteBjelj karsMgYtdMueQIedayxl;vast)aneRcInCag/ KWCasPavEdlmkCaPaKry
nGaRtasMeNIm 0
eragcRk nigRTg;RTayeQIGar fak; A : eRkam 18
fak; B : eRkam 20
fak; C : eRkam 24
criklkNnGaRtasMeNImCaPaKry
- RbsinebIPaKrynGaRtasMeNImmkCatUc eQIcuHfy KWPaByWtGt;maneRcInCagcMNucssepSIm
eCaKeT/ vaCasmamaRtkgkarbnyPaKrynGaRtasMeNImkgrUbPaBeRkamcMNucssepSImeCaK.
- RbsinebIPaKrynGaRtasMeNImmkCatUc TMhMeQIcuHfy ehIyGaMgtg;suIetneQIekIneLIg.
kgkrNIEdlPaKrynGaRtasMeNImx<s;CagcMNucssepSImeCaK GaMgtg;suIetekIneLIgGaRsy
edaykMritnkarst.
lkxNsMgYteBjelj
kMritnkarrYmmaD
- emKuNrYmmaDneQIRsayvax<s;eRcInCagemKuNnkarrYmrbs;eQIxwm
- emKuNrYmmaD 0/35 nGkSrbs;eQI < emKuNrYmmaD 0/8 nTisedAGgt;pwt < emKuN
rYmmaD 14 nTisedAmMuxagsaMnTisedAGgt;pit.
- ersuIsg;kgkarTaj KWFMCagersuIsg;kgkarsgt; ehIyersuIsg;kgkarsgt;vaFMCagEdkTb; nigkMlaMg
kat;.
- GaMgtg;suIetnTisedAEkg nigsseQI TisedAGgt;pit vaRbEhl 10-20 nTisedARsb
nigGaMgtg;suIet.
- ersuIsg;kgkarTaj > ersuIsg;Bt; > ersuIsg;kgkarsgt; > EdkTb;nigkMlaMgkat;
- PaKrynGaRtasMeNImmkCaTab/ GaMgtg;suIet ekItmaneLIg
- 119 -
viFIsaRsnkarGPirkSeQI
TisedAkaMrsIBnWRBHGaTit RbsinebITisedAbeBajBnWenAkgBnWRBHGaTiteRcInCag30em:ag emeraK
eFVIeGayeQIBukrlYy nigsab;edaykMlaMgkaMrsInGURtarIyUelt.
vdUvkalnTwk RbsinebIykeQIRtaMkgTwk xl;minGaccUleTA)anemeraKEdleFVIeQIBuk nigsab;
GnrFan)at;Gs;.
p carbon : eFVIdUcCaenAkgkarcab;epImlabfaMedIm,IkarBarsMeNIm/ CMrabTwkedayeRbIEr:nIs/
xkRbkSN/ faMeRbg/ >>.l. ehIynigbgaremeraKBukrlYy bkkarxatk,atedayBBYkstVlitEdleFVIeGay
Gnraydl;eQI. enHKWCaviFIsaRsEdleKeRbIR)as;CaFmta nigCaeRcIneTotpg.
viFIlabfaM
t,g/ Cr
- karbgar nigkarkat;karsuIexSayehIyeRbIGacBIelI
- karRCabcUlmin)anl enAkgsItuNPaBFmta
- vamanBNexA/ ehIykEngEdleRbIR)as;TarkMNt;
faMlabeQIkMueGayBuk - mansmtPaBx<s;kgkarbgarnigkarkat; bsuI ehIyrwgmuaMenAkgPaBesImEt
tMlx<s;
- mankinminl minGaceRbIR)as;)ankgbnab;
- karRCabcUl)anl Gaccak;cUleTAkgCMerAneQIGac
- l,ayfaMenHmanBNetatpaM eRbIR)as;enAEpkxageRkAEdlminRtUvKitBIKMehIj
vaeLIy
PCP
- vamanBNehIybgar nigkarkat;karsuI)anl
(Pentachlore phenol)
- GaclabenABIelIva
- rMlayedayTwkbnSarneRbgbnab;mkGaceRbIR)as;)an
1>2 rdUvkalneQI
rdUvst rdUvR)aMg
eQIRtUvEtstCakarcaM)ac; elIkElgEteRbIR)as;sMrab;RKwHbuk/ CaFmtastrhUtdl;eRcInCag13 n
eQIminTan;kab;. cMeBaHrcnasm<nBIeQImEdlcg;)anKWRtwmEt15/ cMENkeragcRk nigeQIEdlmanrag
nigsMParCaeRKOgsgarwmKWstrhUtdl;enARtwm10.
eQIEdlstedayFmCatimanlkNl
- 120 -
- karERbRbYledaykarrYj bdac;FayminGacekItmaneLIg
- karBukPuy brlYyEdlekIteLIgedayemeraK Gacbgar)an
- rhsenAkgkarplitGVImYy ehIyGaMgtg;suIetl
rdUvkalneQI
rdUvkal
matika
rdUvkalrukrs
- rdUvkalrukrs RbsinebIyksMPareQIecjBITItaMgrbs;vaeRcInCag
1qaM rukrbs;va nigGs;edaysarkarFak;ePg nigGasuIt.
- rdUvkalnTwk RbsinebIeyIgdak;eQIkgTwkRbEhl6Ex rukrs;rbs;
vanwgehIrenAkgTwkswg bTenenaH
- RbsinebIeyIgykeQIeTAesar rukrsrbs;pas;eTAy:agrhs
rdUvkalFmCati
- eQIGacTTYlkaMrsIpal;BIBnW/ ePg ehIyenHCaviFImYyEdlsMgYt
edayxl;.
- eFVIkEngdak;eQIeGayputBIdIeGayeRcInCag20sm edIm,IkMueGayRsUb
sMeNImBIdI
- enAEpkxagcugnpmuxkat;eQIRtUvlabeRbg bfaMedIm,IbgarkareRbH
- ryeBlstnbnHeQIEdlmankMras;3sm cMeBaHeQIEdlmanswk
tUc RbEhlrbs;va cMeBaHeQIEdlmanswkFMRbEhl1qaM
- rdUvkalFmCati
rdUvkalsib,nimit
- karsMgYteday dMLnimitcaelOnehIymanGaMgtg;suIetsin Etkar
cMNayeTAelI]bkrN_vamantMlx<s; ehIyfeTotpg.
- c,ab;cMhuy viFIsaRsenHKWGnuvtedaykMedAedIm,IsMgYtenAkgbnb;
sMgYt.
- beckeTskMedA viFIenHKWGnuvtkMedA nigxl;stenAkgbnb;sMgYt.
- c,ab;suBaakas dak;eQIenAkgdugsuILaMgehIymiucy:agENn ehIy
sMgYtenAkgsItuNPaBx<s;kgrUbPaBsMBaFTab.
2> karEbgEckneQI
2>1 karEbgEcktamtMbn;eRbIR)as;
- 121 -
rcnasm<nBIeQI
GaMgtg;suIetKYrEtFM ehIyRtUvEtRtg;lehIyeRKOgFM
RbePTneQI eQIRss;/ eQI larch, Oregon ehIymanersuIsg;l ehIyFMmingayxUcxateday
stVlit.
bMErbMrYlenAeBlstPaBrYj brYmmaDRtUvEttic ehIyminRtUvelceLIgnUvkEngBukbrlYyeLIy.
eragcRk nigRTg;RTayneQIman
eragcRkehIy nigRTg;RTayeQIGacEdlmanpt;Ggaj;val nigmanKMrUreTotvaritEtsat EtvaRtUvman
PaBrmYl be)aticeTIbCakarRbesIr.
RbePTneQI eQIRss;/ Rss;Rkhm/ eQI maple, zelkova nig lauan ebong ... .l.
2>2 karEbgEcktamsg;darTMhM
TMhMminTan;QUs eragcRk nigRTg;RTayeQIGarTMhMGakat;edayrNaenAkgeragcRk KWeRbI
R)as;edIm,Ircnasm<neQI. eQITMhMRbePTenHsMbUrCageQIEdlQUsehIy
TMhMEdlQUsehIy
TMhMEdlbBab;ehIyKWeQIEdlQUsrYcehIy KWeRbIR)as;sMrab;pliteRKOgsgarwm.
ktaneQI
1 m3 = 1m x 1m x 1m
3> shkmneQI
3>1 shkm
karEbgEcknshkm
kartPab; viFIsaRsshkmKWykeQIPab;KabnayeGayEvg
tPab;edaytMNr EdlyksMParBIeQIBIrdMudak;CamYyKaedIm,IbgaMKaeTAvijeTamkedayEkg Edk
Ekg bykmkdak;CamYyKabgaMeTAvijeTAmkbeBag.
kargarRkalkar Pab;bnHkarbIEdlmanTMhMtUc tamcMehogkar/ EDleFVIeGayTMhMenaHFMTUlay.
bMrugRbytenAkgkartMelIg
eFVIedayRTg;RTayFmta ehIyrwgmaMdUckargarEdk.
- 122 -
rUb7-2 RbePTntMNreQI
GnuvtedayesckIBayamTMhM 3mm nrnsVan
kartPab;
tMNredaytMNab;k,alGENg tMNrtMNab;k,alGENgCasg;darnkeTsCageQIdcMNan.
- kartPab;neRKOgBIrEdleFVIeLIgedayjjr nigtMNab;k,alGENg
- eKeRbIR)as;enAkgRKwH/ Sleeper, purline, kMralCan;
rUb7-3 RbePTntMNreQI
tMNredayTl; EdltPab;eRKOg2 paMgkgxagEtmYy
- 123 -
- cMehogneQI benAxagcugnmuxkarcab;eGaynwgenAelIdMunImYyenAEpkxagcugTaMgBIr pg ehIyKW

CakartPab;.
- eRbIR)as;canRKb Edlpl;plRbeyaCn_y:agsMxan;dl;kMlaMgTaj
- eRbIR)as;knas;xas;/ Dubel sVanrn
tMNrrMubBait
- vasmRsbkgkartPab; purline
tMNrbBaitray vamanlkNlRbesIrCagkartedaytMNrrMubBait
- RbEvgnkartPab;RtUveFVIeday 2/5-3/5 dgneQI
- eRbIR)as;enAkgkartPab;ssr/ nig purline
tMNrqwgRtI eRbIR)as;enAkgtPab;Bidan rnUt/ bgb;/ epag/ pan
tMNrbuitmMu kgkartPab;edaybBaitedaykat;eRKOgBIrEhIytPab;KaeGaykayeTACaeRKOgmYy
- RbEvgnkartPab;RtUveFVIRbEhl 1/5-2/0 dg ntMNrrbs;eRKOg
- eRbIR)as;enAkgkartPab;epag, bgg;/ karrMuBn/ karkMral/ rnUt
- tMNredaylkcgr nigjjr vaCalkNTUeTAkgkartPab;kgkarTb;st;kMueGaydMueQITaMgenaH
sNkeTAmk. tMNredaybgrnigBnjeRbIR)as;CaeRcInkgeragcRkpliteRKOgsgarwm nigtMNredayTl; k
dUcKaenHEdr.
kartPab;edaytMNr
viFItMNrBak;kNal-RtYtKa
- vamanlkNsamBaehIyeKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTA
- bnab;BIykkMras;Bak;kNalecjehIy/ dak;Pab;eTAvijeTAmk
tMNrExg
- tMNrtPab;neQIEdlykeQIBIrEpkmkdak;ExVgKa
- eRbIR)as;enAeBlEdlBRgIkfwmenAkgTtpH benAeBlEdlBRgIkeRKOgEpktMbUlenAelIFwm
- CaemepkEdldak;ExVgxagelITMrCaFmtaeKeRbItMNrRbePTenH
lak;RCugeTelIsa
- dMueQItUckat;cMkNaledayEckCaBIr ehIytPab;EdltMelIgenAelIrnBIrneQIdMuevg.
- eRbIR)as;kgkartPab;Rkvat;Fwmnepag
- 124 -
tMNr Miter :
- tPab;edaytMNr Miter
Bnj
mlEdltMeLIgenAelIrnneRKOgEdl)aneFVIesgkartPab;enHenAxagcugndMueQI
BnjxI
bnab;BIeFVIrnBnj vaCaviFItMelIgBnj eTAkgrnBnj
- RbEvgrbs;va 13 -12 nkMBs;rbs;eRKOgBnjEvg
- BnjEdldak;becjmkeRkAEvgsMrab;dak;dMunsMParBIeQItMNrBnj ragkgar
- Edlragrbs; Bnj emIleTAdUckgar
kargarsil,Rkalkar
tPab;bnHeQIEdlmanTTwgtUctamrycMehog/ edIm,IeFIVeGayeQIenaHmanTMhMFMKWeRbIR)as;sMrab;
kMraleQIbkarplitCasnwkTVar.
viFIvayEdkeKalenAelIbnHkar tMNrRtg;/ tMNrlak;/ tMNrRTnab; kargarecaHrnsil,
kar/ tMNrEjk.
viFIvayEdkeKalBIcMehogbnHkar tMNredayBnj nigdMNab;/ tMNrcgPab;Ka.
rUb7-4 tMNrxagcug
3>2 karBRgwkedayEdk
- 125 -
EdkeKal
- EdkeKalRbEvg BI2/5-3/0 dgnkMras;rbs;eQIEdlRtUvvay.
eRbIR)as;EdkeKalenAcugnmuxeQIBI3/0-3/5
dgnkMras;sac;eQI.
karerobcMkEngnEdkeKaltUc
- 12 d BIEKmnkEngEdlbnkeFVIGnrkm/ cenaHBIEdkeKalmYyeTAEdkeKalmYyeTotRtUveRcIn Cag
10 d
- eFVIBIEKmnkEngEdlbnkmineFVIGnrkmeGayFMCag 5d
- FMCag 5d kEngNaEdlrgnUvkMlaMgTajeRcIn
- kMras;neQIctuekaNEkgRtUvFMCagdaEm:tnEdkeKalkgkartPab;.
- vayEdkeKaleGay)aneRcInCag 4 enAkgkEngmYy
- EdkeKalGaceRcHsuIedaysarsMeNIm]sn rcnasm<nepSgeTotEdleFVIBIsgsI/ sMN):ahaMgFn;
nigeRcHsuIKWGaclabfaM.
vIs
visRtUvmYlehIyeGaycUleRcInCag13nRbEvgEdkeKaly:agTabbMput. viseFIVeGaymankaer:kg
kareRbIR)as; CaBiessenAeBlTTYlkugRTaMgFM. sMParGMBIEdkeRbIR)as;CaeRKOgrcnasm<nvisEdlpliteLIg
BITg;Edg eRbIR)as;kgeragcRk nigeQImanRTg;RTaybgcTaVrCaedIm.
Cramp : KWeRbIR)as;cMeBaHkarbBalKarvageRKOgeGayRtg;
bULg
RbePT bULgFmta/ bULg tap, bULgcugBIr/ bULgmanyufa/ bULgRsYc.
kareRbIR)as;
- bULgmanTMBk; eRbIR)as;enAkgkargarRKwH
- bULgBr kartPab;n Purline nigFwmEvg
Dubel :
vaCaRbePTnKnas;EdleFVIeLIgsMrab;kartMelIgshkmneQI EdleRbIR)as;CamYyrnsVan EdlQr

Rtg;enAkgkMlaMgkat;.
Dubel rgnUvkMlaMgkat; rIrnsVanrgnUvkMlaMgTaj/ vamantYnaTICaGkcgPab;edIm,IkarBarkMueGayeQI
TaMgenaHcltBItMNr.
- 126 -
Edkcg bBr
EdktMNrnRTg;RTayCaExSRkvat; vaCakargarEdkEdlxYgrn brnvIs. kargarEdlBRgwgERkgela
cenaHneRKOgTaMgBIrKYrEtcMhr.
RbePT BrFmta/ T Br/ EdkRCug/ EdksMrab; BrFwm
Edkkg
EdkkgEdlBt;kgRbePT C nigeFVIeGaykargarEdkritEtrwgmuaMgeLIgenAkgkartPab;edaytMNr
kareRbIR)as; enAeBlEdltPab;FwmRkv:at;kgeCIgKt/ enAeBlEdltPab;eCIgKt nigFwmRkv:at;.
EdkBrrag L : EdlBt;eTAtamRTg;RTay L ehIyeFVICaEdkBr. eRbIR)as;enAkgtPab;nRCug
tamepk btPab;nRbEvgTTwgneRKOg.
kar eRbIR)as; eRbIR)as;sMrab;ssrneRkag)al;LgnRCugnigkartPab;edaytMNrtamryTTwg.
PaBCab;sit
RbePT kav/ EdleFVIeGayRkas;/ RbePT)asic
l<dab;EdlFn;nigTwkCagKW
Silicone epoxy > Phenol > melamine > Urea > Glue
lMdab;nPaBsitrwgmuaM
Epoxy > Urea > Melamine > Phenol
4> rebobplit
4>1 lMdab;BeRgog
kargarBeRgog
bnab;BIRkitenAelIExSGkSncMNUckNalnsMParBIeQI ehIyRkitkarkat; ehIyGnuvtkarkat;eQI.
karkat;
kat;sMParGaRsyeTAtamTMhMEdlpl;eGay
karerobcMeRKOgtubEtgBIeQI
eFVIkargarsMerc ecaHrn/ lkcgr
4>2 GMBIkargarsMerc
karQUs-RKIbeLIg
- 127 -
karQUsedaym:asuIneRcInEtenAmanPaBRKwm
karQUsmFm
KWCakarQUsCasaBrEdl
karQUssMerc
kMritnkarQUsEdleFVIedIm,IeGaymanPaBsuRkiteTAtamkMras;Edlcg;)an ehIyvamanlkNesIg.
4>3 karsitBum<
dMunsMParBIeQIEdlQUsehIyRtUvkat;RCugTaMgGs;. bBab;edayykcgrehIysitBum<GaRsyeday
karcaM)ac;.
5> kartMelIg
5>1 TVavbgc
karbegItvisalPaBenAelImUldanEpkxagelInsMNg;BIeQI ehIynigeRKOgEdlCaembeNayn
EpkxageRkambMput nCBaaMgEdlCab;nigssrEdleyIgdwgdUcCaTVar nigbgc.
bnab;BIbgb;bULgmanyufaeTAkgebtugmUldanrYcmk/ erobcMl,aysMrab;kMral edIm,IkarBarsMeNIm.
5>2 ssr
lMdab;nkartMelIg TVarbgc > ssr > vN > EdkbBaH
tMelIgssrneRKag)al;Lg enAkgkEngEdlkaymkCaRCug bkssrkNalnCBaaMg.
ssrneRKag)al;Lg enAkgsMNg;BIeQI BIRsTab;xageRkameTassrCan;elIeFVIeLIgBIeRKOgEt1
ssrBIbMBg;KWEbgEckedaysmaCikepk kEngnssrplitBIEdkbMBg;tamkgssrneRKag)al;
Lg.
5>3 Cnl; bbg;)aj; (Brace) :
vaKWCaemsMrab;Tb;kMlaMgEdlmktambeBagenAkgkarsagsg;EdlmanRCugbYn.
kEngEdlCnlbg;)aj; (Brace) nigEdkbBaH (Stud) CYbKa GkEdlrgnUvkMlaMgenaH KWEdkbBaH rI
Cnlbg;)aj;minrgnUvkMlaMgeT. Cnlbg;)aj;EdlenAPaKxagcugntMNrrvagssr nigFwm nigkarxiteTArk
TMhMbg;)aj;epSgeTotRtUvtPab;edaybULg bedaykargarEdkrmYl.
sg;darrerogrynbg;)aj;
bg;)aj;EdlrgnUvkarsgt; KWCaeQIEdlmanpmuxkat;FMCag13nssr bsMParEdlman
kMlaMgkgFMCagkMlaMgkgssr.
- 128 -
bg;)aj;EdlrgnUvkMlaMgTaj
KWCaeQIEdlmanmuxkat;FMCag15nmuxkat;ssr bsMParEdlmankMlaMgxagkgFMCag besICamYy
ssrBRgwg bkFMCagGgt;pit 9mm.
5>4 eCIgKk
vaKWCabegalEhVmEdlCaEpkkNalntMbUlEhVmeCIgKk. vaRtUvEtFMdUcFwmRkvat;edIm,IeFVItMNrenA
kgkartPab;.
5>5 FwmRkv:at;
vaKWCaembeNayEdlzitenAkgbg;epk EdlTTYlrgnUvkMlaMgTaj vaeRcInEtenAEpkxageRkamn
EpktMbUgehVm ehIysMxan;bMputenaHenAkgkartMelIgeRcInEteRbIbULgbgb; bbBaH bkeRbICMNab;enAkgkar
tPab;enAEpkxagelIFwm.
5>6 Wall Plate :
KWCaeRKOgEdlbegIteLIgedIm,iTTYlrgBIFwmtMbUlmkelIssr bEpkxagelInCBaaMg.
5>7 Ridge Pole :
begIteLIgeRkamEpkxagelIndMbUlehIyvaKWCa purline Edldak;bgg;BIelI .
- 129 -
CMBUk8
kargarkarBarCMrabTwk
1> viFIsaRsedaycMNat;fak;minRCabTwk
1>1 Tb;Tl;nwgRCabTwkxng
BIeRBaHviFIsaRseFIVeGayebtugxggzitenAelIsMBaFTwk EdlcUleTAkgrcnasm<nminRCabTwkeday
rcnasm<nxng.
1>2 PaskarBarCMrabTwk
KWCaviFIsaRsEdleKeRbIR)as;RTg;RTayhVIlminRCabTwk RsTab;dMu bsMPardak;eTAtamkEngedIm,I
karBarCMrabTwk.
1>3 kareRbIR)as;GgFaturavCaPas;karBarCMrabTwk
vaCaviFIsaRskarBarCMrabTwk EdleFVIeLIgBIhVIlminRCabTwkesIgdUcCaTwksuIm:g;edIm,ITb;Tl;nigCMrab
Twk.
2> cMNat;fak;nkarsagsg;sMParEdlmanCatiCMrH
2>1 CBaaMgeRkAminRCabTwk
CaviFIbUkPab;l,ayFn;nigTwkeTAEpkxageRkAnCBaaMg.
2>2 tMbUlFn;nigTwk
vaKWCaPaBFn;nwgTwkntMbUl
2>3 bnb;Fn;nwgTwk
vaKWCakargarEdlenAxagkgnGaKarminRCabTwkEdleRbIR)as;Twk.
2>4 GaKareRkamdIFn;nigTwk
TaMgenaHKWCaEpkxagekg nigxageRkAFn;nigTwkedayviFIkarBarCMrabTwknGaKareRkamdI.
kareRbobeFobrvagPaBFn;nigTwkEpkxagkg nigxageRkA
karEbgEck
Fn;nigTwkEpkxagkg
Fn;nigTwkEpkxageRkA
karerobcMp
minRtUvkar
RtUvkar
sMBaFTwk
enAeBlEdlsMBaFTwkexSay
lTPaBsagsg;edayKankarTak;
TgkgsMBaFTwk
- 130 -
eBlevlasagsg;
kMritnPaBlM)aknkarsagsg;
esdkic
rebobsMBaFTwk
karkarBar
lkNnGaKareRkamdI
minTak;TgnigeBlevlakgkarsagsg;
samBa
vamantMlefakebIeRbobeFob
minGaceFVIeTA)an
RtUvkar
enAeBlEdlGaKareRkamdIrak;
cab;epImmuneBlsagsgsMxan;
sKsaj
tMlx<s;
CakarcaM)ac;
EdlmincaM)ac;
enAeBlEdlGaKareRkamdIeRCA
3> cMNat;fak;edaykareRbIR)as;sMPar
3>1 Gasal;Fn;nigTwk
sMPar
Gasal;FmCati Gasal;FmCatiKWCavtEdlgaykgkarpas;brrUbragrYmpSMedayRKYsf rwg nigeRbg
Edlqgkat;eTAkgdI bRCabcUlcenaHf. TaMgenaHKWbegItedaykMedARBHGaTitxl;GuksuIdkm nigGMeBIn
RbBnCaeRcIneTot.
Gasal;eRbgkat
PaBmaMnGasal; manPaBsit nigPaBCab;)anl. BIeRBaHvaTn;RCay ehIyexSay
eKeRbIR)as;vaenAkgGaKareRkammdIedIm,iTb;Tl;nigTwk.
Gasal; Blown : cMNucTn;x<s; eKeRbIR)as;CaeRcIn ehIyTUlMTUlay sMrab;plitpl Gasal;Edl
manKuNPaBx<s;.
Gasal;pSM layeRbgstV eRbgbEn nigemSAxniCedIm,IbMEbk Gasal; nigCaplitply:agRbesIr
tamEbbFmCati. vaCaplitpldmanKuNPaBx<s;kgcMeNAm Gasal;CeRcInRbePT. tMlktax<s;.
Gasal;bzm EdlrMlay Gasal;edayTwkrMlayvt edIm,IeFVIeGayxaMCab;RbesIreLIgnRsTab;
karBarTwk.
plitpl Gasal;
Gasal;hVIt plitplEdl Gasal;eRCotcUl EdlrMlayedaykMedAenAelIRkdas Edlplit
eLIgBIsarFatueGayeTACahVItsMrab;rUbFatuxniC.
Gasal;tMbUl CaplitplEdlyk Gasal;eTA)atenAelIRkNat;TaMgsg;xag ehIy)atrUbFatuemSA
xniC ehIybBab;enAeBlEdl Gasal;RCabcUleTAkgRkNat;Gs;.
- 131 -
sMParRkaledayBum< Gasal; Gasal;kar:U/ Gasal;bk >>>>.l.

karBnl;beckeTs
kMritnkarcUL vamansarsMxan;Nas; ehIyCasg;daredIm,IsMercfal bminlnsMPar Gasal;.
enAeBlEdlsgt;edayTMgn;100g edaymlkgry5vinaTI kgsItuNPaB 25 M C EdleFVI)an 0/1 mm.
cMNucTn;RCay sItuNPaBEdleTAdl;kglkNrwgrhUt enAeBlEdlGnuvtkMedAeTAelI Gasal;
lMdab;nkarsagsg;
kMralCan;TI1 Gasal;RsTab;bzmlabeday)aj;
kMralCan;TI2 lab Gasal; Blown
kMralCan;TI3 RtdagmkeRkA ehIyPab;eday Gasal; Felt
kMralCan;TI4 Gasal;biT)aMg
kMralCan;TI5 Pab; Spreading xageRkA Gasal;tMbUl
kMralCan;TI6 Gasal;biT)aMg
kMralCan;TI7 nigTI8 GnuvtsareLIgvijdUcTI5 nigTI6.
lMdab;nkarsagsg;kgkrNIminbM)at;RsTab;ersuIsg; nigTwk
erobcMp sagsg;RsTab;Fn;nigTwk sgt;RsTab;Fn;nigTwk l,aykarBar sagsg;tMNr
karrIkeLIg
bMrugRbytenAkgkarsagsg;RsTab;karBarTwk
bnab;BICYsCulkEngEdlxUcxatrYcehIy RtUvTukeTagst bnab;mkRtUveFVIRsTab;karBar CMrabTwk
edayeRbI)ayGrEdlmankMras; 15mm ehIyGaRtalayKW 13 .
EpkRCugRtUveFVIeGayTUlay rgVg;cUl3-10 sm edIm,IgayRsYlenAkgkarPab;RsTab;Fn;nigTwk.
sItuNPaBsMrab;rMlayGasal;enAcMNucrlayKW +140 C ehIyCaFmtaeKeFVITabCag 210 C .
RbsinebIsItuNPaBTabCag 0 C kargarRtUvpaksin. kartPab;Gsal;dMbUlRtUvtedayexVg edaydak;KgelI
Ka 9sm. kMras;l,aykarBarRtUvdak;eGayeRcInCag 6sm.
3>2 TwksuIm:g;Fn;nigTwk
lMdab;nkarsagsg;
karerobcMp
- ykGVIEdlb:HBal;dl;karsagsg;ecjBIp
o
- 132 -
- CYsSultMbn;Edlminl nigkEngmansameRbH edIm,IeGaypTaMgenaHmanGaMgtg;suIetRKb;RKan;

RbsinebIpEdlerobcMenaHst/ bnab;BIsMGatehIy RtUvBRgavl,ayTb;Tl;nigTwkRbEhl 5-10
naTI edIm,IeGayRCabcUleTAkgp)anl.
tMNrrIkmaD
- CMerA 6mm / TTwg 9mm/ cenaH 1mm
- karsagsg;tMNrrImaDdUcCakarPab;BIpaMgmYyeTApaMgmYyeTot
- sagsg;ERkgelaTwkvaRCabCMuvijtMNr
bMrugRbytenAeBlsagsg;
- GaRtankarlaypSMnsMParsMrab;Tb;Tl;nigTwk RtUveFVIeGaymanreboberobry ehIyGaRsy
eTAtamsItuNPaB/ nigsMeNIm
- karbgarPamkarrMhYtnTwk
- RbsinebImansameRbH ekIteLIg 100 vaTak;TgeTAnwgRsTab;xageRkam.
RsTab;l,ayFn;
- biTl,ayFn;elIprcnasm<nnCBaaMg/ kMral/ >>>.l. ehIyrgcaMRbsiTPaBnkarTb;Tl;nigTwk
enAeBlxagmux.
- smtPaBTb;Tl;nigTwkRtUvEtFMCagGaMgtg;suIetnl,ay
- brimaNeRKatRKatnRsTab;xageRkam va)anbegInPaBCab;sitCamYynigprbs;va. kMras;RsTab;
eFVIeday 6-9 mm kugmYyelIk ehIykMras;RsTab;srubeday 12-25 mm .
- RsTab;xageRkammankMritbitCab;RbesIrCag bnab;BIcak;ebtugBIeRBaHvamincaM)ac;stTan;eT.
Pas;minRCabTwkGnuvtedayGgFaturav
GgFaturav-RbePTeRbgGnuvtCaPas;minRCabTWk Fn;nigTwkEdlminPaKeRcInCaRbePT
eRbg nigxaj;eFVICaPas;nimti kmEdlmankMras;BI0/5-1mm .
- RbsinebIenAkgenaHmanbrimaNsMeNIm/ lTPaBsagsg;GaceFVIeTA)an .
- dak;RsTab;karBar
- eCosevogkarsagsg;kgsisirrdUv nigrdUvePgFak;
GgFaturav-RbePTTwkbnSarGnuvtCaPasminRCabTwk
- 133 -
rMlayekAsUsib,nimit edayTwkbnSar ehIynigRTg;RTayPas;minRCabTwkn 0,5 ~0,8 mm eTAtam

c,as;rbs;va.
- karerobcMp KWRtUveGaystRKb;RKan;
- RbsinebIsagsg;RsTab;TI1rYceRscehIy kargarRsTab;bnab;RtUvGnuvtbnab;BI 1/5 - 2 em:ag
)ankngputeTA.
- sMParrwtbnSaGaceqH)angayEdleKhamXat;Cadac;xat BIeRBaHvagayeqH ehIyxaMgeTotpg
dUecHenAeBleFVIkarCamYyvaminRtUveFVIenAkgbnb;EdlminCiteLIy.
- enAeBjbMeBj bbBab;RsTab;Fn;nigTwkehIy RtUvsagsg;RsTab;karBarmYyeTOt bnab;BIkargar
minRCabTwkrYcmk BIeRBaHvamanrUbPaBexSayenAxageRkA.
GgFaturav-RbePTCr GNuvtCaPas;minRCabTwk
- c,ab;minRCabTwkcMeBaHkarbiTCreQIPaKryeRcInCasnwkesIgEDlmankMras;BI 0,1 ~0,2 mm
- vasmRsbenAkgeragcRkKImI/ RsTab;karBarCMrabTwksMrab;kMral
3>3 kardak;sMParminRCabTwk
lMdab;nkarsagsg;
erocMp RsTab;tMbUg RsTabCab;sit Pab;snwk begItRsTab;karBar
viFI nigRbePTCab;sit
TaMgGs;enHCakarbit/ ExSPaBCab;sit/ cugPaBCab;sit
karsagsg;TUeTA niglkN
BIeRBaHsmtPaBmineRCabTwkvalRbesIrCageK ehIykarsagsg;vamanlkNsamBa EdlGac
sagsg;eTA)ankgryeBlxI.
EbgEckFn;nigCMrabTwkedaysMrab;edIrbGt;.
PaBCab;sitrvagkEng enAeBlEdleKtCan;elIKa eRcInCag 5 sm/ enAeBlEdlvaTl;nigtMNr
eRcInCag 10 sm.
eFVIetssakl,gdak;TwkeGaylicryeBl 24em:ag CMerA 5cm enAkgcMNucmYy.
3>4 karbitsMParkarBarCMrabTwk
vaCaviFIsaRskgkareRbIR)as;sMParminRCabTwkeTAtamkEngkMNt; eRbIR)as;enAkgtMNrCamYy
sMParEdlkaymkBIRbePTepSgKaEdlenACMuvij karCYsCulsameRbHTaVr nigbgc>>>>.l.
- 134 -
FmCatin Sealing :
- RtUvEtFn;nigGakasFatu
- RTg;RTayPas;Cab;ehIy karBarEpkxagkgnGaKar
- Pas;RtUvEtFn;nigTwk
- karPab;CamYysMParepSgeTotKYrEtl
RbePT
RkakFgf RbqaMg-nigrcnabTnPaByWt
Sealant : rcnabTnPaByWt
3>5 kareRbobeFobkareRbIR)as;Gasal; nigTwksuIm:g;edIm,IkarBarCMrabTwk
matika
Gasal;
TwksuIm:g;
karerobcMp
stl\texaH/ CYsCulrebobeFVI sttamFmta/ CusCulrebobeFVI
manlkNsamBa/ RtUvkarRsTab; m:t;ct;/ minRtUvkarRsTab;)ayGr
)ayGrenAelIkMralebtug
\TiBlBIEpkxageRkA
tUc
kardwgCamFm
PaByWtnRsTab;minRCabTwk FM
esIrEtKan
GMBIkarekItmannUvsameRbH RbsinebIeRbobeFobnigEtminCYbRbTH karekItmaneLIgl
TMgn;nRsTab;minRCabTwk
xnvapal;CakartUc b:uEnCaTUeTAkar ebIeFVIkareRbobeFobKWtUc
karBarCabnan;CakargarFM
kMritnkarlM)akkgkarsagsg; manPaBsuaMjaM
samBa
ryeBlnkarsagsg;
yUr
xI
karBarbnan;
caM)ac;edayxanmin)an
mincaM)ac;
CMenOCak;elIskmPaBminRCab CaFmta
minTukcit
RbRBwtikmsMPar
manPaBsksaj/ Etc,as;las;
eTaHCavamanlkNsamBaEtkar
eCO)antic
vamingayRsYl
gayRsYl
RBMEdnnkarCYsCul
vamanlkNTUlMTUlayehIykarBar GacCYsCuleTA)antamkEngkMNt;
bnan;kgkarsagsg;eLIgvij
- 135 -
tMlCYsCul
RsTab;karBarCMrabTwk
kargarbBab;
tMlx<s;
nig KWminc,as;las; ehIyBi)ak
- 136 -
minefak minf
KWgayRsYl nigBitR)akd
CMBUkTI9
kargarbBab; bsMerc
mineRbICamYy eRbICamYyTwk
1> kargarbUk
1>1 sMParEdleRbICamYyTwk
sMParEdlmanRbtikmCamYyTwkdUcCasuIm:g; l,ay magsilabUk ehIyeFVIeGayrwgeLIg ngman
GaMgtg;suIetFMCaglMdab;.
1>2 sMParEdlmineRbICamYyTwk
vaKWCasMPardUcCakal;smGIuRduksuId/ )ayGrdUlUmIt Cal,ayEdlrwgy:agsuRkitenAkgxl;.
1>3 karEbgEck niglkNnsMParsMrab;karbUk
karEbgEck niglkNnsMParsMrab;karbUk
karEbgEck
RbePT
smasPaBeRKOgpSM nigKuNPaBBiess
KuNPaBdI\d dI\d
- EdlrlayehIyRc)ac;CamYydI\d + xSac; + ss
- eRbIR)as;enAkgkarsagsg;CBaaMgbUkPk;nbnHkarFmCati/ ):an
RsTab;TImYy/ RsTab;TIBIrbUk
KuNPaBkMe)ar )ayGrbUk - Edllay nigRsTab;CamYykal;smGuIRduksuId + xSac; + ss
+ emSAsit
)ayGrdUlUmIt - EdllayehIyRc)ac;CamYym:aej:suI + kMe)ar + xSac; + ss
- minGaceRbIR)as;cMeBaHGaKareRkamdIEdlTIenaHmansMeNImeRcIn
KuNPaBmag )ayGrmag - Edllay nigRc)ac;CamYy magsila + xSac; + ss + Twk
sila
sIla
- vaKWCaGBaRkitPaB ehIybegInel,neGayelOn
suIm:g;
l,ay
- suIm:g; + xSac; +Twk
* sslIdNUGuId vaCasMParsMrab;bUkEdllayCamYyemSA kk (cork) sarFatuBN >>>.l. Edl
KWCa sMParyWtcMeBaHm:aej:suIl,aysuIm:g;. eKeRbIR)as;EtedayEdkpg/ kMralCan;EdlRtUvbBab;.
lkxNnRsTab;xageRkamcMeBaHkarbUk
- 137 -
KMeraEdlcg;)an KWbiTenAelICBaaMgeGay)anl ehIyrwgmaM. RsTab;xageRkamKYrEtmanPaBrdibrdub

eRKIm dUecHeTIbmanPaBCab;sit)anl ehIy sMParsMrab;karbUkkdMeNIrkar)anlEdr ehIysameRbHk
mantic.
Admixture EdleRbIR)as;CasMParsMrab;karbUk
emSAsitesAsmuRT
- vaKWCaTwkEdlpliteLIgedayeRbIesAsmuRTdUcCaesABNetat.
- RbsinebIeRbIR)as;kgkarlay)ayGrsMrab;bUk
Hair eram/ sMParsssMrab;laykgl,ay
- vaCa sMParnsshVIRbUGuIt EdllayCamYyl,aykgeKalbMMNgedIm,IkarBarkareRbHcMeBaH
l,ayEdlmandIeRcIn.
- enHKWCakarcBIRbePTssdUcCa sss/ Rkdas/ sarFatumineqHCaedIm.
- TaMgenHKWCakarbUkRsTab;TI1/ RsTab;etat/ nigRsTab;eRkayeKbgs; bnHeQI
- Pab;eTAnigdIenAelIbnHeQI ehIyvaCa sMParsMrab;bgareBll,ayFak; bMrugRbytkgkargarbUk
eRbIR)as; sMParEdlmanKuNPaB ehIylayeGay)ansuRkit. RsTab;xageRkamRtUvEtepISmTwk
eGay)anRKb;RKan; edayGaRsyeTAtamkarcaM)ac;. RsTab;xageRkamRtUvEtxat;eGay)anledIm,IbegInkar
Pab;. kMras;nRsTab;bUkRtUvykenAkgkMriteRkam 6 mm elIkElgEtkMralCan;. kMritnCMerARsTab;bUk eK
KitenAkgPaBepk. bnab;BIkarekIteLIgnUvsameRbH kardak;eBlevla eGay)anRKb;RKan;kgkarEklMGr
eLIgvij. kMLgeBlsagsg; bkarBRgwgRbugRbytcMeBaHdMeNIrTgk b\TiBlrbs;va.
1>4 karlay
)ayGrsMrab;bUkBIsuIm:g; Portland eRbIR)as;enAelIEpkTaMgBIr KW Epkxagkg nigEpkxageRkAn
CBaaMg. vaGaceRbIR)as;enAkEngNaEdleKdak;bgajeGayeXIjcMeBaHkaresIm,
RbEhl 0/028 m3 nmaDl,ayBIRbePT Portland 1m n)ayGrsMrab;bUklayCamYyGaRKIeKt
xSac; ehIynig 0,007 - 0,009 m KWCa sMParBIsuIm:g;. dUecHGaRKIeKaKRtUvEtsat/ RtwmRtUv ehIytam
RbePT bcat;fak;)anl CamYynigcegamnRKab;litrhUtdl;TMhMGtibrmaEdlKitCaPaKry 3/3mm enAkg
karlaydRbesIr/ TMhMGaRKIeKKKWCasmamaRtnGRtal,ayTwksuIm:g (W/C) EdltMrUvenAkgkarbMeBjmaD
EdlcenaH. kardak;GaRKIeKtRKab;lithYskMNt;eTAkgl,ayvaeFVIGaRtankarlayekInelIgnUvsuIm:g; bTwk.
dUecHkarlayRtUveRCIserIsCamunnUvRbePTl,ayEdlGRsyeTAtamEpkEdlRtUveRbITaMenH KWCa
mUldanRKwHn)ayGr.
3
- 138 -
xwmsarnGaRtalayEdleRbIR)as;suIm:sg;eRcIninKyreRbIeLIy. CaTUeTAsmamaRtKYrEtsuIm:g;1Epk
edayRtUvdak;bBalkMe)arpgenAeBleRbIR)as; y:agehacNas; 3beRcInCag5Epk nxSac;exSaytammaD
rbs;va. rhUtdl;mankarpas;brFMenAkgKuNPaBxSac; EdlmanBImunmkenAtamTItaMgepSgKa/ tamsmamaRtRtwmRtUvnxSac;cMeBaHsuIm:g; KYrEtkMNt;edaykarlaysakl,g btambTBiesaFn_EdlmanBImunmk Ca
mYynigRbPBFnFanenAkgtMbn;enaH.
karbBab;edayPaBrwgmuaMvaGaRsyeTAnwgkarcat;fak;)anRtwmRtUvnGaRKIeKt BIFn;litrhUtdl;Fn;FM.
enAeBlEdlPaKrYmpSMliteRcIneBk eKRtUvkarRKab;FMcUlrYmpgEdr.
karxVHbrimaN W/C enAkgl,ayvaeFVIeGayl,ayKansmtPaBkargar/ b:uEnkarbEnm W/C eRcIn
eBkenAkgl,ayvaeFVIeGaymankarrYmmaDxaMg nigelceLIgnUvsameRbH. m:agvijeTotenAkgxSac;RKab;lit
sMbUreTAedaydI\dmanPaKryx<s;enAkgenaH EdlvaeFVIeGayrYjenAeBlst. dUecH GaRKIeKt KYrEteRCIserIs
eGay)anRtwmRtUvehIyykcitTukdak;CaTIbMput. karlaylKWgayRsYlenAkgkargar niggayeFVIkarCamYy
samRBa)ayGr. va)anbgajBIPaBCab;rbs;sitlenAelIpeKal minFak;l,aycuHmkeRkam. karlayRtUv
kMNt;sMPareGaymankPaBKakgsmamaRtEdlvaCYysMrYlenAkgkarbWt bRsUbehIynigBN. )ayGr
sMParEdlpSMKYrEtmanPaBkPaBenAkgkarkk bPaBCab;enAeBldak;TwkcUl. sMParTaMgGs;RtUvlay
bBalKaeGay)ansBVl. dMeNIrkarlayGacRbRBwteTA)anbnab;BIsMParTaMgGs;dak;bBalKaeTAkgFug
layrYcehIy y:agehacNas; 5naTIEdreTibcab;epImlay. brimaNEdllayKWGaRsyeTAtamTMhMkargar
pgEdr dUecHKYrlayy:agNaEdlGaceRbIR)as;Gs;kgryeBl 3>12 em:ag. karlayeLIgvijedIm,IPaB
)asicRtUvGnuBaati b:uEnminRtUvEfmTwkeT.
enAeBl)ayGrRtUvbBantamm:asuIn TwkKYrEtltMrUv niyayrYmKWmanPaBgayRsYlykeTAeFVIkar.
enAeBlvas;edayekansg;dar 50.8 x 102 x 152 mm saMKYrEtBI 63/5 eTa 101/6mm enAelIm:asuInlay
nigBI 50/8 eTA 82/6mm enAelIk,alTueya. k,alTueyaRbEvgBIm:asuIneTAkEngeFVIkarKYrEtRtg; ehIyxIrit
EtRbesIr minRtUvEvgCag 60/96 m eLIy
karlaysuIm:g;CagkMe)ar nigsuIm:g;)asic
suIm:g;CagkMe)ar nigsuIm:g;)asic plitBIeragcRk CamYynigPak;gar)asicenAkgxnva. karbEnmkMe)ar
bsarFatu)asiceTakgvaCakarcaM)ac;. vamanlkNgayRsYlenAkgkarlayenAelIkardan BIeRBaHvaminRtUv
EfmEtTwk nigxSac;Etb:ueNaHeT. pgEdrsuIm:g;)asic bsuIm:g;CagkMe)arGaclayrYmKaCamYysuIm:g; Portland
enAkgmaDesIKaenAeBltMrUveGay)anersuIsg;FM. suIm:g;)asic nig suIm:g;CagkMe)ar dac;edayELkBIKa benAkg
karbBalKaCamYy suIm:g; Portland GacnigeRbIsMrab;.
- 139 -
karlay suIm:g; Portland :

suIm:g; Portland KYrEtbMeBjbEnmCamYykMe)ar/ enAkgkarlay suIm:g;)asic nig suIm:g;CagkMe)arRtUv
kMNt; smtPaBkargar niglkN)asicrbs;vaeGayehIyCaeRsc. sMrab;karbUkRsTab;ecal mYyEpkn
suIm:g; Portland Gaclay)anrhUt 1>14 EpknkMe)ar bk1Epkn suIm:g;)asic bmYyEpkn suIm:g;Cag
kMe)ar. sMrab;bUkRsTab;bBab;1Epkn suIm:g; Portland GacrlayCamYyEpkn)asic suIm:g; b12cMeBaH
2EpknkMe)ar. BN nigTTYl)anRbsinebIlay suIm:g;s nigxSac;EdlmanBNRsas sMrab;bUkRsTab;sMerc.
PaB)asicEdlplitBI xbiC/ stV/ bEn bsMLIEkv Gacdak;bEnmeTAkgl,aysMrab;RsTab;TI1/ b:uEn
RtUvdak;eTAtambrimaNEdlsmlmedIm,ITTYl)annUvPaBCab;sit blkN)asicEdltMrUvEtb:ueNaH. kg
cMeNamRbePT nigPaBCak;lak;nPak;gar)asic nigERbRbYleTAtamRbePTnGaRKIeKt kgenHcg;niyayBI
xSac; RsTab;bUkehIynigcritlkNnkarkarGnuvt. cMeBaHsMParEdlCassminRtUveRbIeGayhYs
RbmaNelIsBI3 nm:as;BI suIm:g;. karlayral;sMParTaMgenaH KYrEtkMNt;eTAtamkarvinicy.
1>5 karGnuvt
l,ay suIm:g; PortlandminKYrGnuvtn_ kgGakasFatuRtCak; Fak;RBil bcMeBaHpmankMlak.
sItuNPaBnkarbukKYrEtrkSavaeGaymansItuNPaB 10 M C bkx<s;CaggenAkgeBlGnuvt ehIyy:agehac
Nas; 24em:ag bnab;BIkarbUkehIy. enAeBlEdlsItuNPaBFak;cuH l,ay suIm:g; KYrEteRbIkMedAedIm,IRbqaMg
bTb;Tl;nigkarkkenH. karbUkedaydnl,ay suIm:g; Portland cUlrYmeday]bkrN_bUraN ehIykar
Gnuvt Edl)anbgajBIeCaKCyCaeRcInstvtSmkehIy. dUecHkarGnuvtedaym:asuInkmanKuNsm,tixHEdr.
l,ayesImGacbBantamrneTACan;xagelIedaysMBaFEdlGnuvtedayel,n CYnkalBi)akkgkarecosvag
minGnuvtedaydmin)anEdlminGacbM)at;)an.
karGnuvtedaym:asuIn lTplrbs;vamanlkNkPaBCagTaMgkMras;BN EdlmanlkNlRbesIr
CagkarGnuvtedayd. m:agvijeTotvamanPaBxHdUcCaPaBeRKIm GacnwgTTYl)anl eday)aj;Twk. CYn
kalenAeBlEdlbUkRsTab;sMerceKGnuvtedaym:asuInenAelIkarbUkRsTab;eKaledaydehIy. CaTUeTA
l,ay suIm:g; Portland Gnuvt)anenAelIRsTab;TaMg3 RsTab;pgEdredayGaRsyenAelIkarRTRTg;rbs;kar
sagsg;.
kargar 3 RsTab;
karGnuvt3RsTab;tMrUveTAelIEdkBRgwg ehIyCYnkalEpkeTAelImUldanEdlrwgpgEdr. TaMgenaHrYm
man RsTab;san;/ RsTab;BN nigRsTab;sMerc bUksMrubkMras; 22/3 mm . RsTab;nimYyGnuvtdac;eday
- 140 -
ELkBIKa ehIyGnuBaatiedaydak;aKxHcUlrYm. RsTab;sac; nigRsTab;BNCYnkalvadUcRsTab;eKal b

RsTab;mUldan.
RsTab;TI1 Edl]btmeLIgedayeRKOgm:asuIn bdCamYynigkarBRgwgdrwgmaMpsMrab;RsTab;dUcteTA
enAelImUldanrwgRsTab;eRKImCYnkaleRbIR)as;CMnYsRsTab; scratch .
RsTab;TI2 pl;bEnmnUvkMras; nigPaBrwgmuaM ehIyeFVIeGayR)akdkMritkMBs;psMrab;Gnuuvt RsTab;lMG
bBab;. RsTab;nImYyKYrEt rkSasMeNImeGay)anRbesIrenAmuneBlGnuvtRsTab;bnbnab;eTot.
RsTab;bUkeRKIm
pbUkeRKImKWRtUvmanPaBeRKImeGayRKb;RKan; ehIymintMrUveGayeFVIqtExVgeLIy RsTab;bUkeRKIm
KYrrkSasMeNIm BI12 - 24 em:ag muneBlcab;GnuvtbUkRsTab;etat.
RsTab;qt
RsTab;qt KWCaRsTab;TI1 EdlBRgwgeTAelIelahFatu ehIyGacnigCaRsTab;TI1 enAelImUldanrwg
EdlmansmtPaBRKb;RKan;enAkgkarcgPab;EdlmincaM)ac;RsTab;eRKImk)an. kMras;RsTab;qt KYrEtticCag
9/5 mm BIkMras;nRsTab;mUldan bRkdasEdlCYyKaMRT. vaKYrEtGnuvteGayesICamYysMBaFRKb;RKan;
edIm,IRc)ac;l,ayenAtamrym:asuIn. kEngcenaHrvagelahFatu nigkarCYyKaMRT KYrEtbMeBjeGay)anm:t;
ct; dUecHelahFatuRtUvbgb;eGay)anRtwmRtUv. pEdlRKbdNb;minRtUveRcInCag 10 npBRgwgEdlenA
sl; eLIy. RsTab;qtRtUvEtrwgmuaM ehIypTaMgmUlKYrEtqUtExVgeRTt edIm,Ipl;PaBgayRsYlkgkar
GnuvtRsTab;etat.
RsTab;etatGnuvtbnab;BIRsTab;qt )anrkSasMeNIm nigrwgRKb;RKan; ehIyedIm,ITTYlbnkRsTab;
bnab;eTot. RbsinebIRsTab;qt stvaKYrEtepSImmgeTot edIm,IRtYtBinitkarbWtTwkenAmuneBlEdlGnuvt
RsTab;etat. kMras;RsTab;etatKYrEt 9/5 mm ehIykMras;nRsTab;TaMgBIryagehacNas; 19/1m.
RbsinebIGaceFVI)anRsTab;etatKYEtGnuvtsrubTaMgRsugeTAelIbnHCBaaMgedayKankarbBab;. kar
pakkargarKYrEteFVIenAkEngNaedIm,IgaykgkarGnuvtbndUcCatMNrRtYtBinit/ RCug/ RCugepabCBaaMg kEng
cUlEdlmanTVar/ TIebIkcMhr bExSbnat;epSgeTot kEngNaEdlmankarpas;brrUbPaB/ EdlGacbgajenA
elIRsTab;sMercminKYreFVIeLIy. RsTab;etatRtUvRtYtBinitedayr)aEdkmYl nigbnat;eqor edIm,IeGay)an
kMritkMBs; nigvaynPaBeRKImkPaB.
- 141 -
rUb9-1 karbUk
RbsinebIkargarenHGnuvtedaym:asuInkeday kkarRtYtBinitenHRtUvGnuvtedaydEdr. RbePTdUcKa
nsamEdlGENtKYrEteRbIsMrab;pTaMgmUl edIm,IeGayR)akdfamanlkNdUcKanvaynPaB. CMerAKUs b
pEdlxus KYrEtecjmkxagrelag BIeRBaHvaminerog ehIyGacCamUlehtunkarRsUb bbWtTwkminesIKa b
GacecjmkelIpsMerc. RCugxageRkAKYrEteFVIeLIgCamYybnat;ekor bbnat;kMENr enAeBlEdlRCugBRgwg
bEnmmin)aneRbI.
bnab;BIkareFVIeGayesImpKYrEtGnuBaatieGaymanPaBstkPaBenAmuneBlGnuvtRsTab;sMerc.
RsTab;sMerc
RsTab;etatKYrEtepSImkPaBenAeBlEdlGnuvtRsTab;sMercedayd. karepSImminmantMrUvsMrab;kar
GnuvtbBab;edaym:asuIn. RsTab;bBab;KYrEtmankMras;y:agehacNas; 3/2 mm dUecHkMras;sruby:agehac
Nas; 22/2 mm rUb16xageqVg.
karGnuvtedaym:asuInenAelIRsTab;bBab;eFVIenAkgBIr beRcInCagbnbnab;Ka. karqgkat;elIkTI1
KWeFVICamYyeRKOglayBRgavEdlGnuvttMbUgeK edIm,IeGayc,as;las;faTMhMnRsTab;etateBjeljehIy.
karGnuvtbnbnab;Ka vaRkas;edIm,IGPivDvaynPaBbBab;tambMNgEdlcg;)an.
eragcRk)anerobcM suIm:g;eRKImsMrab;BasCBaaMgbBab; edIm,IeGaymanPaBkPaBnBNenAkgRsTab;
bBab;. karpas;brCajynkarlMGr pbBab;vaGaceTA)ansMrab;karGnuvtedayviFIkdUcCaedaym:asuIn.
RsTab;sMercEdlrabesI vanigQaneTArkkarlabeTotdUecHKYrEtrkSasMeNIm. enAkgkarplit
suIm:g;eRKImsMrab;BasenAelIpsMercCaFmtaeK)andak;nUvPak;garrkSasMeNIm dUecHkarrkSasMeNImCYnkal
mincaM)aneT kgktaxHEdlvaminTUeTA plitplxHeFVIeGayxUcp BIeRBaHvaCamUlehtueFVIeGaymansam
RbLak;npBNeTAvij. RsTab;bBab;KYrEtEfrrkSaenAkgsItuNPaBmYyeGay)anRtwmRtUv ehIyCaBiess
y:agehacNas; 48em:ag bnab;BIGnuvtehIy.
- 142 -
kargarBIrRsTab;
CYnkalkarGnuvt3RsTab; eKeRbIR)as;enAelIprbtug nigperob\dCaBiessenAeBlEdlcg;begIn
PaBrwgmuaM nigkartMrUvEpkxagkMras;. dUecHkarGnuvt2RsTab; vapl;PaBRKb;RKan;eTAehIysMrab;PaBrwgmuaM nig
PaBCab;lab;enAelImUl;danrwgenaH. enAkgkarGnuvt2RsTab; RsTab;mUldaneTalCMnYsRsTab;qt ehIy
nigRsTab;etat ehIyvaedIreTAtamRsTab;sMerc.
kMras;sruby:agehacNas; 15/9 mm.
RsTab;mUldan
elIkElgenAeBlEdleRbIPak;garKImI pEdlRtUvbUkRtUvepSIm ehIyeGayR)akdvamankarkPaBenA
kgkarRsUb. kMras;RsTab;mUldanKW 9/5 mm EdlRtUvGnuvt minRtUvKUs dUcenAkgkarGnuvt3RsTab;eLIy
EdlGnuvtedaym:asuIn cMeBaHRsTab;bBab;. RtUvpl;edayPaBeRKImGENtenAelIRsTab;mUldan dUcKanig
RsTab;etatenAkgkargarbIRsTab;.
karGnuvtedaym:asuIn3RsTab;mUldan sagsg;eLIgCamYykarGnuvtxHEtb:ueNaH CamYynigkar
GnuvtbBab; edaycab;epImRtYtBinitedayr)aEdk samGukEdlGnuvtedayddUckargarbIRsTab;Edr.
RsTab;sMerc
kMras;RsTab;sMercKYrEt 6/4 mm/ vaGacnwgGnuvt kgPaBxusKanvaynPaBedayd bedaym:asuIn
dUcCakargar3RsTab;Edr.
1>6 karrkSaTukeGay)anyUr
l,ay suIm:g; Portland tMrUveGaymanTwkRKb;RKan; sItuNPaBsmlm edIm,ICYysMrYldl;kareFVI
RbtikmCamYyTwkedayPak;gar suIm:g; edIm,IeGaymanrbuwg nigkkrwgkgm:as;rbs;va. kardak;bgajnl,ay
enAkEngEdlFMTUlay vamanTMnak;TMngeTAnigmaDrbs;va Edlmankar)at;bg;yagqab;rhsnsMeNImeday
sarkarrMhYt. karrkSasMeNImnRsTab;nImYyeGaylmRKb;RKan;sMrab;bnRbtikmKImICaFmta k,alTueya
GacltMrUveGay)aj;TwktUcsMrab;karrkSaTwkTukeGayyUrExSTwkRtUveTAnwgcMeBaHk,alEdlebIkvil beRcaH p
minKYreRbIR)as;eLIuy. karrkSasMeNImmintMrUveGay)aj;enAkgcenaHnkarkkeLIy/ b:uEnenAkMLgeday
EdlsegteXIjmanPaBstelcecjmkelIpxageRkA. edayehtufa karhYr)anekIneLIgCamYykarekIn
eLIgncracrxl; nigsItuNPaBx<s; tMrUveGay)aj;Cajwkjab; CaTUeTAeGaymanPaBrs;revIkedayTwkekA
]N. m:agvijeTotkarxUcxacGacekItmandUecH RtUvkarBar)ayGr suIm:g; Portland Rss; BIkMedA nigxl;
st. kgkarbEnmsMeNImeGaylmRKb;RKan; tMrUveGaykarlay)ayGrCamYynwgTwkeGay)anRtwmRtUv
- 143 -
ehIyRsTab;nImYy GacrkSasItuNPaB y:agehacNas; 10 M C ehIycMeBaHRsTab;sMerckRtUvrkSakg

sItuNPaBdUcKa ehIyy:agehacNas; 48 l bnab;BIbUkehIy. enAkgGakasFatuRtCak; vaGacCakarcaM
)ac;RtUvkMedATwksMrab;layl,ay ehIypl;karhumBT bbiT)aMgCMuvijkEngeFVIkargar. CaTUeTAkarRBmTTYl
ykTWklmRKb;RKan;enAkgkarlayl,ay EdlCaRTkarcaM)ac; enAkgkarplitKuNPaBl,ay ehIyvakmin
EmnCaTMrg;eTogTat;nkarrkSasMeNImCaTUeTApgEdr. Gnusasn_)anpl;enAkgrUb 19EdlEpkeTAelIkar
snt;TukCamun EtktaEdleCaKCyenaH v aGaRsyeTAtamlkxNnGakasFatu bGaRtanTwkkgkarlay
pgEdr.
karGnuvt
karrkSasMeNImTukeGay)anyUr
ryeBlkksrub
RsTab;sac;
12 eTA 24 em:ag
y:agehacNas; 48 em:ag rvagRsTab;nImYy
RsTab;BNetat 12 eTA 24 em:ag
y:agehacNas; 7f rvagRsTab;nImYy
RsTab;sMerc
12 eTA 24 em:ag
y:agehacNas; 48 em:ag bnab;BIGnuvtehIy
rUb1 taragkarrkSaTukeGay)anyUrn)ayGRsuIm:g; Portland
kgEpkxH eKminsUvKitGMBIkarrkSaTuksMeNIm KWCaskmPaBmYyeT ehIyRsTab;nImYyGnuvtPam
eGayEtRsTab;enaHrwglRKb;RKan;edIm,IRTva)an. vIFIsaRsenH CYnkalehAfa { karRtYtBIeRkay} edayBwg
Bak;eTAelIkarkarBaredayFmCatinRsTab;nimYyedIm,ITuksMeNIm ehIyCYysMrYlnRsTab;eRkam. kar
GnuvtepSgeTotedaykarbUkRsTab;nImYy minticCag 24em:ag cenaheBlevagRsTab;nImYy nigRsTab;
sMerc. viFIrkSaTuksMeNImeGay)anyUrKYrEteRCIserIsedayEpkeTAelIkarTTYlykkarGnuvteTAtamTItaMg
enaH Edl)anbgajBIskmPaBRbBNIEdlKYrCaTIeBjcitenaH. RKb;TMrg;rkSasMeNImTaMgGs;ByampgEdr
enAkgkarEfrkSa RsTab;sMeNImkPaBBImun bGnuBaatvaedIm,IkayCakarstkPaBmYy. CaBiesscMeBaH
RsTab;mUldan bRsTab;BNetat BIeRBaHPaBkPaBnBNenAkgRsTab;sMerc vaGaRsyeTAelIkarbWt esI
PaBenAkgRsTab;mUldan.
kgkarrg;caMdyUr rvagcenaHnRsTab;mUldan nigRsTab;sMerc)anbgajenAkgrUb64 EdleFVIeGay
R)akdfaRsTab;BNetat nigstkPaB. enAeBlEdlmanryeBlxIrvagRsTab;nImYyvaRtUvGnuBaateGay
rkSasMeNImenAelIRsTab;mUldanvaCakarcaM)ac; ehIykarbnrkSasMeNIm rhUtdl;karGnuvtRsTab;sMerc.
tamtaragxagelI)anbgajBIkarGnuvtbnKay:agrhs EdlGacrkSasMeNImbn vaGacCatMrUvkarcaM
)ac;mYy bnab;mkeToteyIgGacpl;GnusarNsIBIryeBlxInkarrkSasMeNIm ehIyBnaeBlbnbnab;
enAkgkarsMgYt.
- 144 -
1>7 karRtYtBInitsameRbH
karelIkKMerag)anRtwmRtUvkgkareRCIserIssMPar sMrab;RTRTg;karsagsg; nigsMrab;karGnuvtn
l,aysuIm:g; Portland edIm,IeGaymansameRbHtUcbMput. karelceLIgnUvsameRbHenAelIRsTab;bUkBI
1> kugRtaMgrYmmaD
2> clnanrcnasm<n
3> karTb;eGaynwgEdlbNalmkBIeRKOgcRk beRKOgm:asuInGKisnI bkarERCtERCknCBaaMgbBIdan
4> muxkat;tUcenAkgkarerobkar:U EdlbNalmkBIcMNucesIg pebIkcMhrbbMlas;brenAkgsMPar
sMNg;
kugRTaMgrYmmaD
l,aysuIm:g; Portland laypSMnigTwkkayCal,ayesIm bnab;mkksteTAtamryeBlkMNt;mYy
ehIyvaQaneTArkkarkkehIyrYjkugRtaMgeTAxagelIkgPas;)ayGr. karekIteLIgnUvsameRbH enAeBl
EdlkugRtaMgrYj elIshYs PaBmuaMnPas;. dUcenHeKcg;)annUvkMtitnkarrYjmaDenHeGaytUcbMput. karrkSa
sMeNImeGay)anRtwmRtUvedim,IkarkarBarnUvsItuNPaBEdlx<s;hYseBk. l,ayRtUveGayvasteTAtamsMrYl
ehIymanlkNkPaB GBawgeFVIeGayersuIsg;ekIneLIg ehIyPaBrYjsVitfycuH. PaBrYjsVitenHkGaceFVI
eGaymantic)anEdr tamrysmamaRtnkarlayeGay)anRtwmRtUv.
smamaRtenAkgkarlay
ktaEdlsMxan;CageKenAkgkareFVIeGaymansmamaRtenAkgkarlayEdlman\TiBleTAelIlMnwg
rvag ersuIsg;enAkgkarTaj nigkugRtaMgrYmmaDenAkgkarbUksMerc EdlTaMgenaHmanGaRtasuIm:g;/ GaRtaTwk
ehIyniglMdab;KuNPaBnGRKIeKt.
mankarlayxHdak;GRtasuIm:g;x<s;/ lTplCaTUeTAenAkgkarbUkCamYy nigkarcab;epImeLIgx<s;nUvkar
rYjmaD lMnwgcMeBaHRBMEdnxH edaykarbegItersuIsg;. kareRbIR)as;TwkhYsRbmaNenAkgkarlay eFVIeGay
maDTeT nigryeBlnkarhYtekIneLIg eFVIeGaykarrYjmaDeLIgx<s; nigmanersuIsg;Tab.
karcat;fak;xSac;min)anl tMrUveGaybEnmTwk nigsuIm:g;eRcIn edIm,ITTYl)annUvsmtPaBkargarrbs;
l,ay buBVehtuenHehIyeFVIeGaymankarrYjmaD nigeRbHRsaMekItmaneLIg.
karRtYtBnittMNr
enAeBlEdlGnuvtl,aybUkeTAelICBaaMgerob\d bebtug karRtYtBinittMNrenAkg)ayGr KYrEtrYm
KaCamYytMNrenAkgRsTab;mUldan. bEnmkarRtYtBinittMNedIm,ITb;Tl;nigPaB/ eRbHenAkgRsTab;bUk
- 145 -
sMercCaFmtamintMrUveGayeFVIeLIy/ BIeRBaHRsTab;EdlenAeRkameK nigtsUTb;Tl;. karGnuvtl,ay suIm:g;

Portland eTAelIEdkBRgwgkarRtYtBinittMNrKYrEttMelIgenAkg)ayGr mineRcInCag 5486mm BIKaeT/ RTg;
RTayCabnH (panel) mineRcInCag 13/94 m2 .mYypaMg bmuxkat;CaeRcInEpkkarRtYtBinittMNrGaceRbI
R)as;kgrUbPaB CatMNrbBarenAkgCBaaMg ehIynigsMrab;tMNr kgkarkarBarEpkxageRkam.
tMNrmuxkat;eRcIn manRbsiTPaBkalNakugRtaMgrYmmaDRtUv)anfycuH dUcKaenHEdr cMeBaHclna
DIepr:g;Eslnrcnasm<nenARtg;TMr. tMNrEdk tamryepk CatMNrminRCabTwk ehtudUecHehIyeKRtUv
eRbIsMPartMrUveTAtameKalbMNgenH.
2> faM
2>1 sMPar
vaCakarkRmNas;EdlmanfaMmYyl bmanBNPWfa enAeBlEdllabbBab;enAelIpCaeRcIn.
kugcMeNamkktaTaMgGs;enH RtUvEtBicarNaeTAelIlkxNnp/ viFIsaRsnkarGnuvt/ lkxNBa)al/
esvaEdlrMBwgTuk nigTMnak;TMngeTAnwgTMgn;nlMnwgtMldMbUg Pak;garEdlelceLIgmk nigPaBCab;lab;rbs;
va. BIeRBaHfaMRKb;RbePTTaMgGs; b kRbBnsMercedayPaBfaTaMgGs;RtUvEt BinitEdldUcCaEpkmYy vaKWCa
kareqatlg;mYyEdlminGaceFVIeTA)an kgkareRCIserIsykfammklabedayKankarBicarNaeTAelIpEdl
RtUvlabenaHeLIy ehIyCajwkjab;eKBi)akyl;Nas; kgkareRCIserIsfaMlabsMerc edayKankaryl; dwg
BIpxagelIEdlRtUvlab CaTUeTAvaminGaceTarYceT enAeBlEdleyIgeRCIserIsykfaMEtmYyRbePTEdll
sMrab;labeTAelIp vaKYrEtrayeQaHfaMTaMgenaHEdlCYbRbTH nigkarpl;GnusarNcMeBaHsMParEd l
smrmeRcInCageKsMrab;faMnimYy. faMKWCal,aynPaKpSMtUclit ehIyrwgdUcCaBNGENtenAkgGgFat;
ravmFmEdlehAfa CayanbnaMpv. BNpl;nUvzamBlkgkarbiT)aMg nigBN.
EpkCayanrYmpSMeday 1 TwkrMlay eRKOgBRgav EdleFVIeGayR)akdnUvPaBefr Edlcg;)an
sMrab;karlabedayCk; r:UL bsMrab;)aj; ehIy 2 Pak;garEdlcgrwtPaKpSMBNenAkgPaBCab;sit nhVIl
faM kMLgeBlEdlst. faMRbePTxHsttaFmta edaykarhYtnTwkrMlay. faMRbePTepSgeTotcUlrYm
edayRbtikmKImI dUcCakarhUtedayTwkrMlayCaedIm.
faMCaeRcIn)anbgajBIPak;gar cgrwtEdl)aneRbIR)as;enAkgva Aluyd latex, dI/ eRbgCreQI/
ekAsU/ Guytan . sMParRbePTxH)anbajBIPaBGacpas;br bERbRbYlenAkgKuNPaB.
PaBl,Il,aynplitkmxHGacCaktasMxan; kgkareRCIserIsfaMsMrab;labsMerc. ktisBn
plitkm TaMgenaH EdleyIgGacdwg)antamry]sShkmsagsg;.
faM Latex :
- 146 -
faMlab Latex nig Sealer KWCafaMeRbgEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;labenAelIpbnHmagsila/ b:uEneKkGac

eRbIR)as;)anpgEdrenAelIpbUk vamineXIjssenAelIbnHmagsilaeT vadUcCaTwkrMlayesIgtMbUgGBawg.
vastelOn dlGnuBaatieGayeFVIlabeLIgvij enAkg1em:ag/ ]bkrN_sMGatKWCaTwk ehIyvaersuIsg;CamYy
Catik,g.
faM Alkyd :
faMlabRTnab; Alkgd nig Sealer RTnab;CaFmtapliteLIgeday Alkyd Kankin/ EdlKWCaGkcg
Pab;eTAelICreQI Alkyd Kankin nxniC. RbsinebIcg;labvaCamyysareTot RtUvrgcaMryeBlmYyyb;.
eKeRbIR)as;vasMrab;pxagkgelIkElgEtpRkdas/ bnHmagsila / nigpEdlmancMNuHCatik,gskmdUcCa
bUksMeNIm bpbUk berob\d.
eRbg
GkEdlcgrwtsMrab;eRbgRTnab;)at nig Sealer RsTab;)at KWCarebobnkarsMgYteRbg EdlCajwk
jab;manbrimaNCreQIenAkgenaHEdr. lkNnsMParenH vaRsedogeTAnwg Alkyd RsTab;)at blabmun
eK elIkElgEtvaTn;RCay ehIyRkst RbsinebIeyIgcg;lanmYysareTotRtUvrgcaMmyyyb;sin eTIblab
mYysareTot)an. eyIgGaclabvaenAkgkMras;esIgKankin nigCaxniCFmta.
karlabeGNam:xagkg
eGNam:EdllabBIkgGacfaCa Alkyd, latex beRbgmUldan b:uEnPakeRcInCa Alkyd . karlab
xagkgmanlkNlenAkgkarbiT)aMg nigmanPaBrelagxab;. vamanlkNrwgENn EdlsMrab;karBarnUvkar
RCabcUlnkarlab eGNam:BIelIva.
rUbFatu eGNam:ebItamkaryl;dwgva KWCaRbEPTfaMEdlFn;)anyUr eKGaceRbIR)as;va labBIeRkamfaM
BN b;uEnvasmRsbcMeBaHpTaMgLayNaEllabRsTab;sMercrelag-PW nigBak;kNalrelag vamansar
sMxan;cMeBaHkEngNaEdlbBab;edayPaBrelag. eGNam:-labxagkgCaFmta eKeRbIR)aslvasMrab;lab
ykBNeRBOg sMrab;labxageRkamBNnRsTab;sMerc. faMRbePtenHvaKanbrimaNBNhamXat;eRcHeT
b:uEnGaceRbIR)as;valabenAelIelahEdlKaneRcHcab;. vastRKb;RKan;kgryeBl1yb; RbsinebIeyIgcg;
labmYyCan;eTotBIelIva. eKlab Latex RsTab;xageRkamGacsckgryeBl2-4em:ag labeRbgRsTab;eRkam ryeBlsty:agehacNas; 16ema:g muneBllabmgeTot.
faMlab Latex EdlhamXat; bfaMBN-EdlhamXat;
faMlabRTnab; Latex -hamXat; GacrlaykgTwkmubeBlEDlvaminTan;st faMRBePTenHgayRsYl
enAkgkarGnuvt ehIykgayenAkgkarsMGateLIgvijEdr. eKGnuBaatieGayeRbIR)as;vasMrab;labEtmYy
- 147 -
RsTab;sMrab;karlabsMerc ehIyCaFmtavastkgryeBl1em:ag. faMRbePTenHvaFn;)anlcMeBaHkarkat;ui

b:uEnvaGacbgajkareFVIeGayRbLak;edaysareRcHRbsinebIminmanviFankarN_karBar edaylabfamkarBar
CMrabenaHeT.
faMCreQI
faMCreQI)an)at;sabsUnBIelITIpSa vapyBIfaMRbePT Alkyd-mUldan/ nigBNEdleK)anbegIn
KuNPaBeGayrwtEtRbesIreLIg. dUecHehIymanfaMRbePTxH sMrab;labelahxageRKAenAEtplitCamYyCr
eQI CayandEdl CaBiessfaMTaMgenaHsMrab;rcnasm<nEdk. vapl;esval nigkarkarBar b:uEnvaqab;)at;bg;
PaBrelagCagplitplEdlplitCamYy Alkyds .
Alkyd eGNam:
eGNam: Alkyd sMrab;eRbIR)as;EpkxageRkAEdlbBal eGNam:lMGenAkgenaH. eGNam:lMG
rcnaeLIgsMrab;eRbIR)as;enAelIEpkxageRkAneQI. CaFmtavapliteLIgCamYyeRbgCreQIyUr. sMrab;mUl
ehtuenH eKrcnavaeLIgasMrab;kargayenAeBllabedayCk;/ vaRkst CaFmta 3-4em:ag eTAmYyyb;.
CatYy:agvapliteLIgenAkgPaBrelagx<s; BNfa bPW ehIybgajeGayeXIjnUvPaBcaMnBN nigPaB
relagrbs;va.
faMRbePTenH minFn;cMeBaHkEngNaEdlRtUvmanersuItg;x<s;cMeBaHGasuId/ Gal;kalI btMkarEpkKImI
epSgeTot. Alkyd-suIlIkUn manxwmsar nigPaBCab;maMeRcInCag eGNam: Alkyd Fmta.
faMGaluymIj:m
faMGaluymIj:m eKaledACaTUeTAeKbBalvaeTAkgRbePtfaMFn;nigdMedA.
faMFn;nigcMehH
faMBnacMehHpliteLIgCaRbePTnelxerog vapgkat;tamrUbmny:agm:t;ct; nmuxgar beTAtam
eKalkarN_pg nigsMrab;lablMGpg. plitplenHeKeRbIvalabBIelIpCBaaMgEdleqHeral edaylagCMrH
CBaaMg ehIylabEpkxagkgedaysamBa. rhUtdl;manfaMRbePTxHeTotEdleKeRbIR)as;cMeBaHTwksMeNIm
x<s; )any:agsmrmeTAtameKalbMNg kb;uEnktaTaMgenHRtUvEtkMNt;Camun.
GNatePIgEdleralenAelIpva minEmnCarUbFatunfaMeT b:uEnvaGaRsyeTAelIcMnYnRsTab; nigkMras;
faMEdllabeTAelIpenaH ehIynigktadTeTot. kMritnkareraledayGNatePIgfaMGacERbRbYlenAeRkam
lkxNepSgKa. edayELkfamGacmanRbePtEdlmingayeqH ehIyEdleFVIeGayGNatePIgeralticenA
elIp EdlmingayeqH bu:EnmanbnSl;nUvePIgtictYcenAelIpEdlgayeqH. ehtudUecHehIy faMEdlman
- 148 -
kMritTabenAelIpEdleqHgay nigCanicCakalmanGNatePIgticeralenAelIpEdlmineqHgay. RbsinebI

minGnuvtkarlabbMeBjeTAelIkMritnkareralenaHeT kMritnGNatePIgeralnigminGnuvt)aneT.
faMlabemSAsuIm:g; Portland :
faMlabemSAsuIm:g;pliteLIgBIsuImg: ;BNs/ smRsbCamYyBNehIyFmtamanlaybBalPak;gar
minRCabTwkbnicbncenAkgenaH. suIm:g;s eKlayCamYyTwkenAmuneBlGnuvt. karlayCamYyTwksuIm:g;
Portland tMrUveGayesIm ehIYpEdlRtUvlabkRtUvrkSasMeNImEdr enHKWCakarENnaMnplitkm. faMlab
RbePTenHmansarRbeyaCn_sMrab;karbBab;pbUkeRKIm ehIyCaBiessvamantMlefakeTotpg. eKal
karN_rbs;faMenHvaminsUvl b:unaneLIysMrab;eFVICaRsTab;eKalkgkarlbfaMepSgeTotBIelIva.
faMlabbrievNsBaasMKal;
faMlabbrievNsBaasMKal;/ EdlCynkaleKehAfa faMlabcracr/ vaqab;st/ lMhUtic/ smtPaBl
enAkgkarlak;xn/ Fn; niglMhUenAelIGasal; ehIyCaFmtamanPaBrelagTab. faMlabbrievNsBaasMKal;
sMrab;pv highway GaceRbIR)as;CacMNaMgpak bmincMNaMgpat. faMlabminmancMNaMgpat eKeRbIenAEpkbMPW
xagelI ]TahrN_dUcCaenAcenaHcMNtrfyn. faMlabCacMNaMgpatGacsMrab;RbePTTMlak;-cuH CamYynig
kBak;mUl bsMParRbhak;RbEhlEdldak;bEnmbnab;BIlabrYc bkRbePTlayCamYyfaM CamYynUvtMNt;
cUl enAmuneBllab. faMlabRbePTenHCaFmtamanPaBCab;maM ehIyGacemIleXIj)anlmuneBlkMNt;.
faMRbePTlaymuneBllabenHgayRsYlenAkgkarGnuvt. cMnYnticndMNk;mUl GacFak;cUleTAkgfaMmun
eBllay edIm,IPaBgayenAkgkaremIlBIcMgay. FmtafaMlabbrievNsBaasMKal; manlkNrabesI dUc
enHvaminsUvlsMrab;karEbIR)as;enAEpkxagkgdUcCakMraleragcRk bElVgsala kEngEdlsmUhkmsUr
snwk vaCabBaa. faMlabCasBaaRtUvEtmanPaBrelag bBak;kNalrelagsMrab;eKalbMNgxagelI.
- faMeQI faMeQIplitBIBN BrenAkgeRbgF beRbgsMgYtdTeTot. faMRbePTenHgayRsYlenA
kgkarlab ehIyvamanPaBesIgeTotpg. faMeQImanBIrRbePTKW
- faMeQIedaydak;bBalBN / RClk;BN nig
- faMeQI
- BNfaMeQI BNfaMeQI KWCafaMeQIEdlmanbrimaNBN EdlCaTUeTAenAkgBNefr. RbsinebI
eyIglabeRcInRsTab;vanigRsGab; EdlCa\TiBleTAelIvaynPaB bnab;BIlabehIy. lkNBiessrbs;va
KWsMrab;;labenAelIsac;eQIEdlminsUvesIeFVIeGayesI. faMeQIenHvaminrlayeLIyenAeBlEdllabv:aerIs
beGNam:enAelIva.
- eRbgRKab;F
- 149 -
eRbgF)anmkBIkarelarva ehIyvaKWCafaMeRbgmYyRbePTsMrab;labsMercenAelIeQI EdleKeRbI

R)as;BIburaNmk. vamantMlefak ehIygayRsYlenAkgkarGnuvt/ karEfrkSa nigkarCYsCul.
v:arnIs
v:arnIs KWCakarlaybBalKanCreQI/ eRbgsMgtY nigTwkrMlay. vaCaplitplkMbu:g EdlmanhVIlPW
fa enAeBlmanPaBrabesI/ latm:t; brelagx<s;. v:arnIserobcMeLIedaymanBNBIPWfa eTABNetatcas;
cMeBaHKuNPaBxH. v:arnIsPaKeRcInsMrab;labenAelIpxagkgEdldak;bBalCreQI Alkyd, b:uEn v:arnIs
eGb:UXI-eGesJI kGacrk)anpgEdr. v:arnIsCreGlUGUras;many:ageRcInnaeBlbcb,n eday v:arnIs Alkyd
EdlCajwkjab;manBNsaMg EtcaMBN)anlRbsIr.
v:arnIseGb:ukXI (epoxy) manKuNPaBBNl ehIyFn;nigCatik,g. v:arnIs Alkyd BNtMbUgl
ehIycaMeTotpg b:uEnGaceRbH ehIyrbkeTAtameBlevla. saMgetricxHmanPaBCab;l b:uEnGacCaMbnic
eTAtameBlevla. karRCabcUlnkarlagneRbg b v:arnIsesIg KYrEteRbIR)as;enAelIsac;eQIEminRtUv
esIgeBkeT.
enAeBlEdllab v:arnIs ehIy sMParTaMgenaHKYreRbIR)as;Pak;garbiT)aMgBIkaMrsI eRBaHvaGacehIr
BN RbsinebIGnuvt)an vaminRtwmEtrkSaBN)anenaHeT EfmTaMgGacrkSaPaBCab;rba;va)aneTotpg.
v:arnIsRbePTxHeTot manbBalPak;garEdleFVIeGayesIgdUcCa Silica. vaminmansrsMxan;dUc
v:arnIsrelageT ehIyvaFn;nwgsamrlat;tic. v:arnIssMrab;kMral vamanPaBqab;st ehIyFn;)anl man
BNelOg ehIyFn;nwgsMNit.
v:arnIslMG niglabkEngBiess minRtUvkarPaBrwgdUc v:arnIskMral bkEngKitluyeT b:uEnKYrEtFn;
cMeBaHkarRtYtBinit ehIyKYrEtKanPaBst-sit. CaFmta Alkyd )anbgajBIKuNPaBnBNrbs;va
nigcaMBNeTotpg.
v:arnIs spar KWCa v:arnIsEdldak;bEnmedIm,Ipl;nUvPaBFn;cMeBaHTwkGMbil.
Sealer faKWCaTwkrMLay v:arnIsesIgEdlRCabcUleTAkgsac;eQI edImIbgarnUvkarelceLIgnUvsam
nigrntUcenAelIsac;eQI. eKeRbIR)as;vayy:agTUlMTUlay ehIyRbsinebIehor blabRCul Gacykecj
edayCUtenAeBlEdlvaesIm bxat;ecjenAeBlvast RbEhl15em:a . karxat;pl;karBary:agl kb:uEn
RtUvkarkMlaMgBlkreRcIn. plitplenHpl;nUvPaBrelImrelagCamYynwgPaBCn; nigsamswk brlat; ehIy
nigcaMBNeTotpg.
suILic
- 150 -
plitplsuILicsMrab;labsMerc EdlmanlkNRbhak;RbEhl nig v:arnIsEdr. vaqab;st/ manBN

Rsal ehIymankarFn;nigBN)anlGt;exaH. vaminmanPaBFn;cMeBaHkarRbLak;eT EtgayRsYlenAkgkar
CYsCulenAelIpEdllabrYcehIy ehIymankarxUcxat vaminFn;CamYyTwk nigGal;kul b:uEnFn;nigeRbg
kat nigTwkrMlayepSgeTot. suILicCajwkjab;eRbIR)as;dUcCalablagenAelImunnigxat;bBab; bdYcCa
RsTab;fa bkCa Sealer faMeQI.
- xkRbkSN
xkRbkSN KWCaRbePTfaM EdleKlabenAelIpeGayrabesI ehIyrelag/ b:uEneKkMr nigeRbIR)as;va
enATIvalNas; dUcCaenAelIeRKOgnsMNg; b:uEneRbIR)as;vaenAkgkarlabsMerceTAelIplitpleRKOg
sgarwm.
KuNsm,tisMxan;rbs; xkRbkSN KWvaminmanRbeyaCn_enAelIkarbBab;plabedayRbjab;Rbjal;.
xkRbkSNGaceRbIR)as;enAkgkarlabsarCafI.
- b:UGYrtan (Porgurethane) :
plitkmxH)ancat;fak; b:UGYrtan dUcCa v:aenIs. b:uEnxHeTot)anehAfa skRbkSN. dUecHenAkgkta
xH vamanlkNdUcRbePTfaMTaMgBIr b:uENvaminBiteT. vaTaMgenaHmanlkNBIrRbePT KWCaeRbgEkErbg
nigrUbmnnkarrkSasMeNIm. eRbg b:UGYrtanEkERbEtkg EdlCasMParfa EdleRbIR)as;CaeRcInbMput
enAelIpxagkg. vaFn;nwgTwk ehIymanPaBCab;x<s; vaGaceFVIeGayRsTab;labRkas; nigrelageTotpg/
b:uEnvamanPaBqab;rhsenAkgkar)at;bg;PaBrelag enAeBlEdleRbIR)as;enATItaMgxageRkA. vamnGac
eRbIR)s;labBIelIsuILic eFVICaemSAsiybitelIeQIehIynigCasMParxHeTot. plitkmxHpl;]vaTfaminKYr
eRbIeTANakEngEdlminKYreRbI. b:UGYrtanGacrkSasMeNIm PaBfa bBNcMeBaHplitpl nigkarlabsMerc
edaypRsGab;. b:UGYrtanCajwkjab;eRbIlabenAelIr)aMgx<s; / tuKitluy ehIyenAelIkMral.
karlabeTAelITVartUcvamanPaBFn;lCagv:asnIs nigxkRbkSN / b:uEnCaTUeTAtMrUveGayerobcMpeGay)an
m:t;ct;munnwgGnuvtkarlab.
2>2 p
PaBTUlMTUlaynkarlabenAelIpEdlRtUvlab nigkarbgajGMBIplitplEdlsmRsbeTAtam
RbePTpnimYy EdlERbRbYleTAtamlkxNnBnW. cMeBaHpEdlxusRbRktI nigpEdleKkRmlabdUcCA
kBak; elah enAeRkamdI ebtugenAkgTwkCaedIm EdltMrUveGayeFVIkeTskmbg; nigrcna kgkarlab
sMrab;lkxN dBIessenH min)anelIkykmkBiPakSa enAkgEpkenHeT. plitpl EdlENnaMenAkgksar
enH KWkMNt;eTAtamRbePTneQH.
- 151 -
karlabRsTab;tbUl bRTnab;
pCaeRcIntMrUveGaylabRTnab;dUcCaRsTab;eKalsMrab;RsTab;xagelI. sarsMxan;nkareRCIserIs
nigkarGnuvt)anRtwmRtUvnRsTab;RTnab;minGacRcbUkRcbl;eRcIneBkeT. kaeeFVsRbEhs bkarKinsanmin
dl;nKuNPaB EdlenAcugbBab;min)aneCaKCy edaysarkareRCIserIsRsTab;vamannyfaRbBnnkarlab
min)aneCaKCy.
RsTab;bUk RsTab;bUkfIKYrEtlabCamYyRbePT Sealer eRbgtMbUgdUcCa Letex, Alkyd . Gaclab
latex rabesIdUcCa primer k)an/ b:uEn RsTab;labBak;kNalfa blabfa enaHeRbIR)as;dUcCa
RsTab;sMerc. karlabtMbUgKYrEteFVIetssin sMrab; eGNam: FN;)anyUr ersuIsg;CamYykarRCabcUleday
karlabsMerc. enAeBlEdlmanGakrLaMgx<s; bpbUkesImtMrUveGayeRbI Primer bRbn Latex . RsTab;
bUkesIm bmankarhUrminQb;nsMeNImBIxagxg ehIyminGaceFVIkarlabeT. enAeBlEdlRsTab;bUkeRKIm
bmankMnYcvil/ Tn;RCay/ esat b)ayGrm:t;dUcemSA KYrEtlageday sUluysgGasuId nrgVas;RbEhl
knHlIRt (4732ml) edayeRbITwkexHkg 3,97l nTwk. TMrg;EbbenHKYrEtGnuvtsarcuHsareLIgrhUtpeLIg
rwg ehIyvaKYrEtlagsMGateGay)anl ehIyTukeGaystmun nigcab;epImlabfaM.
bnHmagsila
Sealer latex tMbUg eRbIsMab;bnHmagsila nigpRkdasepSgeTot BIeRBaHTwkrMlayvttMbUgenH
vaeFVIeGaysarFatuss egIbeLIgenAelIpEdlpl;nUvkarelceLIgGaRkk;emIl. karlab latex enAelI
RsTab;bBab;GaceRbIR)as;dUcCa Primer, b:uEnkarlabBak;kNalfanigkarlabfaenAeBleRbI Primer RtUveFVI
karsakl,gsinsMrab;eGNam:cMeBaHkarlabEdlcg;Fn;eGay)anyUr.
\d
CBaaMg\dxagkgCaFmtamankEngxHes<at/ b:uEnRbsinebIl,ayrkSa)anl vanigminmanGakaLagx<s;
eBkeT. vaGacbitpit CamYynwg Sealer latex tMbUgbCamYyeGNam: labxagkgedaybrmaNeRbg
bv:anIs. Latex blabTwkrMlaycMeBaHCBaaMgxageRkA kGaceRbI)anpgEdr dUcCa Primer Edr. enAkg
krNICaeRcIn plitplenH KYrEtykecj beFVIkardusxag ehIy\dKYrEtRRBwteTACamYy Sealer CeQIfa.
ebtugCagkMe)ar
ebtugCagkMe)arPaKeRcInEdlCaBiessKWRbePTTMgn;Rsal/ manPaBeRKImeRcIn ehIymanes<at.
karbUk nigkarlabCaFmtaminGacPW)aneT BIeRBaHenAelIpnsMParenHmanrnCaeRcIn. eyIgGaceRbIvt
bMeBjedIm,IebokpitrnTaMgenaHmYlTwk bBIrTwk pbnHebtugenaH/ b:uEnPaBRkxVk;ekIteLIg ehIyRtUverobcMp
enaHeGayRbesIreLIgvij edaylabBNksNanmYy. vtbMeBjGacminRtUvykmkeRbIR)as;enAeBl
- 152 -
EdleyIgKiteTAdl;PaBminsMxan;rbs;va/ CaBieessenAeBlEdlkargarbBab;tMrUveGaynUvtMlTab ehIyenA

eBlEdlRckcegtsMrab;karbWt ehIy\TiBlnpEdlmanPaBeRKImeRcInsnwksnab;eBk.
ebtug
bBaaEdlcUlrYmCamYykarlabebtug vaRbhak;RbEhleTAnwgkarlabebtugCagkMe)arEdr EdleK
RtUvGnuvteTAGVIEDl)anCybRbTH enAkgkargarlabenH. ehtudUcenHehIyprbs;ebtugCaFmtamankMras;
Rkas; RTg;RTaymanPaBmineTotTat; ehIyCagenHeTAeTot prbs;vaeRcInEtRbhak;RbEhleTAedayeRbg
nigsMParepSgeTot. sarFatuxageRkARtUvEtykecjelIkElgEtvaminb:aHBal; bman\TiBlCamYyfaM. p
EdleRKIm bpEdlmanrntUcenAelIenaH GaceFVIeGayrelag)anedayeRbITwksuIm:g;. PaBeRKImenHCaFmta
GacbiTpiteGayesIgtamEdleFVIeTA)an. KerImKWCakickartMbUgeKbMputEdlRtUvGnuvt enAelIpebtug.
karlabTwksuIm:g;mYyelIk bBIrelIkenAelIpebtug.
EdkEhVr
sMrab;karlabEdkEhVr EdlCakarhamXat; ehIyCanicCakalRtUv)aneKykmkeFVIkarBicarNa. va
KWCakarcaM)ac;sMrab;KuNPaBkargarcMeBaHTItaMgEdlmansMeNIm eRbIR)as;enAebLlabeTAelIRsTab;TwkEdl
esIg sMrab;kargarsMec ehIynigenAeBlplitRsTab;hVIlEdlkarBarCMrabTwk. karlabenHGacbM)at;ecal
cMeBaHTItaMgNaEdlst nigRbsinebIRsTab;EdlbBab;enaHva minrMlayhVIlkarBarenaH. karRkstmUldan
eRbgtMbUgpesImCapl;lTplCaviCmaneRcIn/ b:uEncMeBaHkarqab;;sttMbUgvamanersuIsg;eRcInCagcMeBaHkar
RCabcUlsMeNIm.
eQI
enAkgsanPaBCaeRcInEpkxagkg/ eQIGacCatMbUgeKenAeBlCamYyKa nig Sealer EdleKeRbIR)as;
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- 154 -

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

Construction Design & Execution Department

File: Construction Work

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