National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia (NPIC)

Ci il E
Civil
Engineering
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Faculty
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Design of Highway Bridges:

based on AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO LRFD

,
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1






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.. (Wooden Bridges)

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6)

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Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

3

(
(
)
)

Fig. 1.2 Trussed archdesigned by Lewis Wernwag, patented 1812.

Fig. 1.1 James J. Hill Stone Arch Bridge, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

(Hibbard Photo, Minnesota Historical Society, July 1905.)

Fig. 1.3 Arched trussdesigned by Theodore Burr, patented 1817. (From

Bridges and Men by Joseph Gies. Copyright 1963 by Joseph Gies.

BuUU

(3) 

PKLOLppL (
(
)
)


 7\gDnW VLUgLnLD LHPuHO CKHnRwHWK


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6

 (ODWWLFH WUuVV) 
Fig. 1.4 Philippi
hili i coveredd bridge.
b id (Photo
( h
by
b Larry Belcher,
l h courtesy of
West Virginia Department of Transportation.)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

IWKLHO 7Rwn

7

 () 



(
(
6)
 6)

..

(Metal Truss Bridges)

 (PHWDO URd)
 

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LRng
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DngOH
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bO N)
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(
)
)
 PUDWW 


10

Fig. 1.5 Lattice trussdesigned by Ithiel Town, patented 1820.

Fig. 1.7 Howe truss, designed by William Howe, patented in 1841.

Fig. 1.6 Multiple king-post trussdesigned by

Colonel Stephen H. Long in 1829.
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

11

Fig. 1.8 Pratt truss, designed by Thomas and Caleb Pratt,

patented in 1844.

12


PUDWW (8) 



SquLUH WKLppOH

(DUFK WUuVV bULdgH) ()

Fig. 1.9 Bowstring archdesigned by Squire Whipple,

patented in 1841.

PUDWW  

..

(Suspension Bridges)

JDPHV FLnOH\

(wURugKWLURn FKDLn) P

Fig. 1.10 Double-intersection Prattcredited to Squire Whipple.

13

14

JDFRbV CUHHN UnLRnWRwn, PHnnV\OvDnLD




J K A
JRKn
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R bOL

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NL

P,

CLnFLnDWL

3P

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WKHHOLng

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38 (
(

) 
)


Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

15

Fig. 1.11 Wheeling

h li Suspension
i Bridge.
id (Photo
( h
by
b John
h Brunell,
ll
courtesy of West Virginia Department of Transportation.)

16

Table 1.1 Long-span suspension bridges in the United States

.. (Metal Arch Bridge)




DunORpV
D O CUHHN
C N BURwnVvLOOH
B
LOO


PHnnV\OvDnLD

(DUFK)

 P
(fLxHd VuppRUWV)




P 6P
P

6P 

38PP

WDVKLngWRn
17

18


P


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( O W gLUdHU)
L d )

3
3

PDnWKHU
P WK
HROORw


P

 3P
 P 

(
(
)
 )

(DdV

HHOO GDWH 
P 
8P NHw YRUN 
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

19

Fig. 1.12 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, Missouri. (Photo courtesy of Kathryn
Kontrim, 1996.)

20

 
BD\RnnH KLOO vDn KuOO
 SWDWHn IVODnd NHw JHUVH\ 8P


NHw
N
RL
RLvHU
G
GRUgH


8P


FD\HWWH\vLOOH, VLUgLnLD 8 

MLFKHDO BDNHU, jU, InF (3)

..

(R i f
(Reinforced
d Concrete
C
t Bridges)
B id
)

AOvRUd
RDnVRPH
Fig. 1.13 New River Gorge Bridge.

LDNH GROdHn GDWH, SDn FUDnFLVFR

21

22

6P 
P

(RpHnVpDndUHO) GHRUgH WHVWLngKRuVH
M
MHPRULDO
L O 


7uUWOH
7 O CUHHN
C N 

VHUVDLOOHV, PHnnV\OvDnLD VHUnRn R CRvHOO

BLxb\ CUHHN

P
CDUPHO, CDOLfRUnLD
(
(
)
 ) FW
F W PDnKRUVW
P K W
C
C H
H PuUFHOO
P
OO


Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

23

Fig. 1.14 Bixby Creek Bridge, south of Carmel, California. [From Roberts
(1990). Used with permission of American Concrete Institute.]
24

..
(Girder Bridge)




P
 

P

 

25

Fig. 1.15 Napa River Bridge. (Photo courtesy of California Department

of Transportation.)

26

  CKDUOHV HLOWRn  NHw

YRUN ((dwDUdV, ) 7KHRdRUH CRRpHU

((VHgPHnWDO
g
bULdgH)
g )

CRRpHU 

(
(
)
 )

(APHULFDn
(APH LFDn RDLOURDd
RDLO RDd (ngLnHHULng
(ngLnHH Lng AVVRFLDWLRn,
AVVRFLDWLRn

. ((Bridge
g Specification)
p
)

AR(A)
)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

  
(AASHO)

27

28

 H AASHO
7 FN
7UuFN

 (APHULFDn

AVVRFLDWLRn

Rf

SWDWH

HLgKwD\

Dnd

7
7UDnVpRUWDWLRn
W WL OffLFLDOV,
OffL L O AASH7O)





AASHO



(LRDd

Dnd

RHVLVWDnFH

FDFWRU

DHVLgn LRFD)
DHVLgn,
LRFD)

LRFD

 

AASHO

LRFD

29

AASH7O LRFD 
 (AAS7HO, 8) 

(AASH7O,
(AASH7O )
(AASH7O,
(AASH7O

(Problem)





)
)

AASH7O

?

?

30

3, , , , 3, , 6,

?

?
??
?




(gLUdHUbULdgH)
(g
g ) 
(WUuVV)

6, 6, 3, , 83, 8, , 6 

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

31

32

The End

33

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,

Aesthetics and Bridge Types

. (Introduction)

(how

is

conceptual

design

formulated)? ( design

(Nature of the Structural Design Process)

2.1 (Addis, 1990)

Addis (1990)
Output, Input, Regulation Design Procedure
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

 (Design Process)

2.1

-
(Topography),

Description and Justification

(Functional), (Requirement), (Soil

Condition),

(Availability

Materials),

(Hydrology)

of

(Temperature range)
Drawings
and
Specification

-

,

Structural Integrity
and
Stability

, , , ,

..

(Aesthetics in Bridge Design)

(Qualities of Aesthetic Design)

..

Watson Hurd

(Definition of Aesthetics)

(1990) Burke (1991) Gottemoeller (2004)

(beauty) (philosophy) (effect)

(function), (proportion), (harmony),

(order), (rhythm), (contrast)

(texture)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

2.4

(Function)

Straits Bosporus Istanbul (2.2)

2.5

1991)

(Brown et al., 1976)

(Leonhardt,

Magnan Viaduct

Nizza French Riviera 2.6 (Muller, 1991)

(Proportion)

(low profile)

2.3
9

2.2
Bosporus Straits Istanbul (Brown et al., 1976)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

10

2.3 Mancunian Way (Lee, 1990)

11

12

 2.7
Wasserman (1991)


2.4
,

2.8 2.9

(Leondardt, 1991)

2.10

(Menn, 1991) Leonhardt (1991)

1/8

2.5
V:

(2.11)

(Leondardt, 1991)
13

14

2.7 ()

, ()
(Leonhardt, 1991)
2.6
Magnan Viaduct Nizza, France (Muller, 1991)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

15

16

2.9

2.8

17

18

2.11 1/8
2.10
(Menn, 1991)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

19

(Leonhardt, 1991)

20

1/3 (2.12)

(Harmony)

2.12

2.13

1/3 (Leonhardt, 1991)

21

22

2.14

(overpass) 2.15 Linn Cove

Viaduct 2.16

(Order and Rhythm)

2.17

(Contrast and Texture)


Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

2.13
,
Napa, California
23

24

2.14
(Murray, 1991)
2.15

West Lilac, I-15

25

26

2.17
Tunkhannock Nicholson,
2.16
Linn Cove Carolina

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

Pennsylvania A. Burton Cohen

27

28

(cable-stay)
(suspension)
2.18 2.19

(Light and Shadow)

(2.21)

2.22

2.18
East Huntingtion Huntington, West Virginia
29

2.20 , I-82 Hinzerling

2.19
Brooklyn, New York

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

30

, Prosser, Washington
31

32

2.22
(a)
(b)

(c)

2.21


33

34

Resolution

I-90 Olympia, Washington

2.23

2.24

2.25

(haunch)

2.26

Leonhardt (1991)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

2.23
Cedar Falls, I-90, King County, Washington
35

36

2.25 (a)
(b)

2.24

(c)

37

38

2.27


/

(Girder Span/Depth Ratio)
Leonhardt (1990)

(L/d)

L/d

2.1
ACI-ASCE 343 (1988)

2.26 (a)

2.5.2.6.3-1 AASHTO (2004)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

(b)

39

40

2.1 /

2.27
I-39 north-central Illinois

41

42

(Deck Overhangs)

L/d 30 2.1

2.22 2.28
S


W 0.4S






W

h Leonhardt (1991)
W/h 2:1

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

2.28

(Leonhardt, 1991)
43

44

 4:1

Also shown in Figure 2.29 is an important and practical detail-the

drip groove.

(Piers)
2.30


(2.4, 2.5 2.31)

(2.32) 2.33

2.31

2.34

Wasserman (1991) T

2.29 (Mays, 1990)

45

46

2.30

(a-e, g, h)
T (f) (i)
(Glomb, 1991)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

2.31

47

48

2.32
2.33
(Seim and Lin, 1990)

cab beam
49

2.35

2.34 San Diego, California

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

50

51

52

2.37

2.36 (Multiple-column bent)

53

(2.8) (2.35)

(Integral Abutment and Jointless Bridges)

(multiple-column bent) 2.36

2.39

2.37

(Abutments)

2.38

()

1:2

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

54

55

56

2.39


2.38
(Mays, 1990)
57

58

..
(Computer Modeling)

(a)

(a)
(b)

2.41 Lee Roy

2.40
Broadway, Daytona,

Selmon , Tanipa, Florida

Florida. (a)

(a)

(b)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

(b)

59

(b)
60

. (Types of Bridges)

- :

(a)

- :
- :

..

2.42
Smart Road,

(Arched and Truss-

Blacksburg, Virginia.

arched bridge)

(a)

(b)

(b)

()
61

62

-
(arch rib)
-
-

2.43
New River Gorge

(2.45)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

63

64

2.44
Salginatobel

2.45

65

66

(2.46)

(tower)

(nonlinear geometry)


(flexible cable)

(anchorage)

600MPa
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

2.46

67

68

600m

300m

(a)

(b) local

(truss bridge) 2.47

(three-dimensional truss)

69

70

2.48

..

2.49

2.50




(applied load)

2.47

2.2
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

71

72

2.48
Greater new Orleans

2.49

73

74

2.2

2.50

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

75

76

2.2
()

2.48

..

2.49

2.50




(applied load)
2.2
77

78

2.3

.
(Selection of Bridge Type)

.. (Factors to be Considered)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

79

80

..

10m - 20m

- (Wood Beam)

(Bridge Types Used for Different Span Length)

- (Precast Concrete Box

(Small-Span
Bridge) [ 15m]

Beam)

- (Culvert)

- (Slab)

2.2(b) 2.2(f) (g)

10m - 50m

12m

- I (Precast Concrete I

- T (T-beam)

Beam)

T 2.2(e)

I
81

82

10m - 50m

(Precast Concrete Box Beam and Precast Concrete

I-Beam)

- (Rolled Steel Beam)

- (Composite Rolled Steel

Beam)

20% - 30%

15m

30m

(cover plate)

100m

(Medium-Span Bridge) [ 75m]

- (Composite Steel Plate Girder)

- I

25m - 50m

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

83

84

 100m

20m - 150m
(Large-Span Bridges) [ 50m - 150m]

- (Cast-in-Place

- (Composite Steel Plate Girder)

Reinforced Concrete Box Girder)

15m - 35m

(Cast-in-Place Post-tensioned Concrete Box Girder)

(Post-tensioned Concrete Segmental Construction, ACI -

(Cast-in-Place Post-tensioned Concrete Box Girder)

ASCE Committee 343, 1988)

180m
- (Composite Steel Box Girder)

- (Concrete Arch and

2.2(b) (c)

Steel Arch)
85

86

2.4

- (Steel Truss)

(Extra Large (Long) Span Bridge)

[
150m]

2.3

150m

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

87

88


(Problem)
.
description
justification

.

?
.
(Suspension)?

(Arch)
.

2.51
Sydney
89

90

The End

?
.
?
.
?

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

91

92


(Resistance) (effect of load) (3.1)
.

(Development of Design Procedure)


.
(Introduction)

AASHTO

..

(Allowable Stress Design, ASD)

()

1860

(truss)

ft :
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

ASD

3

 S
M

ASD

fb :

(3.2)
..

ASD

(Variability of Load)

(design code)

..

(ADS)

(Shortcomings of Allowable Stress Design)

ASD

ASD

3.1
5

..

(Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD)

Rn

(3.3)

3.3

()

(LRFD)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

 (Material properties)

LRFD (Advantage of LRFD Method)

(Equation that predict strength)

/ (Workmanship)

(Quality control)

(Consequence of a failure)

.
(

(Magnitudes of loads)

ACI AISC)

() (Arrangement(position) of load)

LRFD (Disadvantage of LRFD Method)

(Possible combination of loads)

. ( AASHTO )
9

10

(3.4)

Qi
, Rn , i

(Design Limit State)

.. (General)

(nonstrength limit state) = 1

i i

ASSHTO (2007) LRFD

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

3.4 3.3

11

12



D [A1.3.3]

(3.5a)

(3.5b)

D 1.05

D , R I

D 1.00
D 0.95

D = 1.00

R [A1.3.4]

= R =1.0

13

14

R 1.05

R 1.00

R 0.95

R = 1.00

I [A1.3.5]

I 1.05

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

I 1.00

I 0.95

15

16

and nonstructural attachment)

DW

I = 1.00

(Load Designation) [A3.3.2]

(Dead load of wearing surface and utilities)

(permanent) (transient)

EH

(Horizontal earth
pressure load)

EL

Y (Permanent Loads)

DD

(Downdrag)

(Accumulated lock-in force

DC

effects resulting from the construction process,

(Dead load of structural components

including the secondary forces from posttension)

17

18

ES

(Earth surcharge load)

FR

(Friction)

EV

IC

(Ice load)

(Vertical pressure from dead load of earth fill)

IM

(Vehicular dynamic load

Y (Transient Loads)
BR (Vehicular braking force)

LL

(Vehicular live load)

CE

(Vehicular centrifugal force)

LS

(Live load surcharge)

CR

(Creep)

PL

(Pedestrian live load)

CT

(Vehicular collision force)

SE

(Settlement)

CV

(Vessel collision force)

SH

(Shrinkage)

EQ

(Earthquake force)

TG

(Temperature gradient)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

19

allowance)

20

TU

(Shrinkage)

3.1 3.2

WA

(Water load

and stream pressure)

WL

..

(Wind load on live

(Service Limit State)

load)
WS

(Wind load on

structure)

[A1.3.2.2]

=1.0

(Load Combinations and Load Factors)

i 1.0

21

3.1

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

22

3.2 p

23

24

. II (Service II)

.
I (Service I)

90km/h

(slip of slip-critical connection)


AASHTO
.
III (Service III)

25

26

0.70

0.80

135km/h
..

(Fatigue and Fracture Limit State)

-range)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

(stress

.
IV (Service IV)

[A1.3.2.2]

27

28

1.0

. I (Strength I)

= 1.0

..

(Strength Limit State) [A1.3.2.4]

(3.4)

. II (Strength II)

(Flexure) (Shear)

(Axial force)

29

30

. III (Strength III)

90km/h

. IV (Strength IV)

IV

. V (Strength V)

90km/h

60m

V
III

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

31

32

TU, TG, CR, SH

..

SE [C3.4.1]

(Extreme Event Limit State)

= 1.0

. I (Extreme Event I)

[A1.3.2.5]

WA FR

[C1.3.2.5]

[C3.4.1]
33

[A3.4.1] EQ
0.0, 0.5 1.0 [C3.4.1]

34

(Geometric Design Considerations)

3.1

3.3

. II (Extreme Event II)

3.3

0.5
CT

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

35

36

3.2
3.1

37

38

3.3
3.4

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

39

40


(Problems)

. ASSHTO LRFD

(Fatigue) (Fracture)?

1.0?

? ?

. strength III

strength IV?

. p

.

II III 1.0?

.

1.0 EQ, IC, CT CV?

41

42

The End

18.90m (62ft)
3.3
?

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

43

44

Design Loads

.
(Introduction)

.
(Gravity Loads)

: (permanent

load) (transient load)

4.1 (US unit)

..
(Permanent Loads)

(DC)
(DW)
(EV)
(EH)
(ES)
(EL)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

4.1 (SI unit)

(DD)

..
(Transient Loads)

- (Design Lanes)

(Traffic lane)
(Design lane)

3.6m (12ft)
5

6m(20ft) 7.2m(24ft)

(Design lane)

4.1 (

)

1/2
- (Vehicular Design Loads)

[A3.6.1.2] 35kN(8kip)

145kN(32kip) 4.3m(14ft)

HL-93

145kN(32kip) 4.3m

9m

4.1(b)

(Design truck)

110kN(25kip)

(Design tandem)

1.2m(4ft)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

9.3kN/m (0.064kip/ft) 3.0m

(10ft) 3.1kPa (64lb/ft2)

3m


3.1 3.2
4.2
- (Fatigue Load)

4.1 AASHTO HL-93 (US unit)

9

10

4.2

Fatigue

9.0m 0.75 3.1
4.1 AASHTO HL-93 (SI unit)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

11

12

4.3
, p

AASTHO [A3.6.1.4.2]

(ADTT)
ADTTSL = p(ADTT)
p

4.4

4.3 ADTT

(ADT) 4.4

13

14

-
(Pedestrian Loads)

AASTHO[A3.6.1.6] 3.6kPa

4.1kPa

4.8kPa
(IBC, 2009)

0.73N/mm

[A13.8.2 &
A13.9.3] 4.2
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

4.2
15

16

 890N

14.6N/mm 300mm

4.3

(Deck and Railing loads)

220kN

7.6m (25ft)

4.4(a)

AASHTO [A3.6.1.3.3]

[A9.4.3]

cantilever
4.4(b)

(deck overhang)

cantilever
17

4.4 (a)
(b)

4.3

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

18

19

20


AASHTO [A13.7.2]

4.5

4.6 AASHTO [Table A3.6.1.1.2-1]

(TL)

4.5

AASHTO [A13.7.2]
- (Multiple Presence)

AASHTO
[A3.6.1.1.2]
21

4.6

22

4.6

(Dynamic Effects)
4.5

Ddyn
Dsta

(Dynamic Load Allowance, DLA)

dynamic load factor, dynamic load allowance impact

4.1 [A3.6.2]

factor
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

AASHTO

23

24

4.5

4.6 (Hwang and Nowak, 1991)

25

4.7 (Hwang and Nowak, 1991)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

26

4.8
(Hwang and Nowak, 1991)
27

28



ULL+I = UL(1+IM)

(4.1)

ULL+I
UL
IM 4.7
4.7 IM

4.8 (Hwang and Nowak, 1991)

29

30

(Buried Components)

(Centrifugal Forces)

IM = 33(1.0 - 4.1x10-4DE)0%

(4.2)

DE (mm)

(4.3)

(Wood Components)

V r

4.10

Nowton

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

(4.4)
31

32

(4.5)
Fr
(
)

1.8m [A3.6.3]
m
(4.6)
W g (9.807m/s2)
4.6 4.5

4.10
33

34

m Fr
1.8m

(4.7)

AASHTO[A3.6.3]

4/3

4/3

(4.8a)

(train of truck)

(Braking Forces)

(4.8b)

f=4/3 f=1.0

v m/s, R

(kinetic)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

35

36


(4.9)
FB
m

FB 4.6
(4.10a)

(4.10b)

4.11
37

38

1.8m (6ft)

AASHTO

Permit

90km/h (55mph) = 25m/s (80ft/s)

122m (400ft)

(Permit Vehicles and Miscellaneous Considerations)

Pennsylvania (PennDOT)
umbrella loads 4.12

umbrella
PennDOT

25%

907kN 16.8m

[A3.6.4]
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

California (Caltrans)
39

40

4.12 PennDOT umbrella loads (Koretzky et al., 1986).

4.13 Caltrans umbrella loads (Cassano and Lebeau, 1978).

41

42

(
4.13)
.
(Lateral Loads)

(incompressible fluid) 4.14

Bernoulli (upstream)

4.14

a b

(4.11)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

a
b
43

44


(Wind Forces)

(4.12)

(drag coefficient) Cd

4.15

(4.13)

45

46

(4.14)
Z , von Karman
(~0.4), Z0 ,
(4.15)

4.15 (Velocity profile)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

47

48

4.15 4.16

V0
() Z0

(4.18a)

(4.16)

(4.18b)

4.17 4.18a

0m(30ft)
D0 V0 1
[mph] Z = 10m

(4.19)

4.14 V0:
(4.17)

4.19 4.18b
49

50

Z0 4.8

(4.20)

4.8 V0 Z0

AASHTO [A3.8.1.1]
(4.21)
VDZ Z (mph)

2.5 0.4 von Karman

[ V(Z) 4.14], VB

(V30/VB) ()

100mph(160km/h), V0

100mph (160km/h)

4.8

4.19 V0 Z0

(mph)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

51

52

 VB = 100mph

4.22

(4.22)

4.4N/mm(0.3kip/ft)
(windward) 2.2N/mm (0.15kip/ft)

4.9[Table A3.8.1.2.1-1]
4.9

(leeward)

()

(arch components) 4.4N/mm

[A3.8.1.2.1]

4.9 PB VB =100mph (160km/h)

- (WS) 4.9

53

54

(WL)

(4.23US)

1.46N/mm (0.1kip/ft) 1.8m(6ft)

[A3.8.1.3]

(4.23SI)

(Water Forces)

AASHTO [A3.7.3.1]

(4.24US)

(4.24SI)

4.13

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

CD 4.10 V

=1000kg/m3

55

56

p = (Mpa)
CL = 4.11

[ft/s(m/s)]
4.10 , CD

4.11 , CL

(4.25SI)
57

58

(Uniform

temperature)

4.17(a)

4.16

uniform heating) (gradient)

[4.17(b)]

(Forces due to Deformations)

.. (Temperature)

4.12

( [A3.12.2] [A3.12.3])
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

( non-

59

60

4.12

4.17(a) (b)
61

62

(solar)

4.13

AASTHO [A3.12.3]
4.19

AASTHO T3
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

4.18 (AASHTO Fig. 3.12.3-1).

63

64

4.13 a

A = 300mm t

-0.3 -0.2

..

(asphalt overlay)

(Creep and Shrinkage)

T3 30C

4.19 A

A = 300mm

400mm A = 100mm
65

66

.. (Settlement)

4.19 (AASHTO Fig. 3.12.3-2).

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

67

68

(Collision Loads)

..

(Vessel Collision)

consolidation,

()

AASTHO

[A3.14]

..

(Rail Collision)

69

. (Summary)

70

AASHTO

3.2 3.2

9m
15m

1800kN 1.2m [A3.6.5.2]

..

(Vehicle Collision)

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

71

72


(Problem)

The End

. AASTHO HL-93
? ?
. AASTHO LRFD
?
(multiple presence factor), m

, p
?
.
.
?
. (traffic lane)
(design lane) ?
73

Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.

74