2 Carbon Compounds

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009
Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound
CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS
UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUND
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
State what carbon compound is,
State the carbon compounds can be classified into two groups, i.e. organic and
inorganic,
State what organic compound is,
Gives examples of organic and inorganic carbon compounds,
State what a hydrocarbon is,
List the sources of hydrocarbon,
Identify the combustion products of organic carbon compounds
Activity 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
1
Carbon compounds are compounds that contain .

elements.
There are two groups of carbon compounds; .. compounds and

.. compounds.
Carbon compounds that can be obtained from non-living things are classified as
..compounds.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest of all organic compounds. Hydrocarbon contains only two
elements, and .
Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen together with a few other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens are called
Hydrocarbons can be classified into two , .. and unsaturated

hydrocarbons.
7.
Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bond is called .
Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon

triple bond is called
9.
Natural sources of hydrocarbons are , coal and natural gas.
10
Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce .. and
as one of their constituent
ALKANES
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to :
state what alkane is,
state what structural formula is,
deduce the molecular formulae of the first ten alkanes
Draw the structural formulae for the first ten straight-chain alkanes,
Deduce the general formula of alkanes
Name the first ten alkanes,
Relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkanes
molecules
Explain the effect of the increase in number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules on the
molecules boiling points,
Describe complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes,
Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes,
Write chemical equations for combustion and substitution reaction of methane,
Describe how methane affects everyday life.
Activity 2
(a) Complete the table below:
Number
of
Carbon
1
Structural formula
Molecular
formula
Name of
alkane
Condition at
room
temperature
CH4
Methane
Gas
7
C7H16
8
C8H18
9
10
b.
Explain why on going down the alkane series, the melting and boiling point increase?
On going down the alkanes series, the .. increases caused
by the increase in molecular size.
When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point ... This is
because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the .. forces of
attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to . the
forces of attraction during melting or boiling.
c.
Explain why alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of .
They dont have ..moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.
Ethane and propene burn in excess of oxygen gas. Balance the chemical equation of the
combustion of these hydrocarbons.
(i)
C2H6 (g)
O2 (g)
CO2 (g) +
(ii)
C3H8 (g)
O2 (g)
CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)
H2O (l)
Activity 3
Complete the sentences with the correct word.
1
Carbon is placed in Group ..
It has . electrons in its outer most shell.
An atom of carbon shares.. electrons with other atom of elements to

obtain the stability of inert gas elements.
Atoms in alkanes are bonded with bond.
The first member in this group is the simplest compound called .
This smallest alkane can be found in natural gas and crude oil.
6
The general formula for the alkane family is ..
Physical properties of alkanes

a
b
c .
d .
Alkanes are compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper.
Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce and ..
10
The alkanes burn with a flame if the combustion is not complete.
11
Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction atom of H is replaced with .. or

with the presence of light or UV rays.
12
According to he IUPAC, the ending indicates the compound is a member of

the alkane family.
Activity 4
a)
Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f
Incomplete
combustion
(limited O2 )
Complete combustion
with excess O2
(a)
Methane
Substitution reaction
(chlorination)
(c)
b)
(b)
Excess chlorine
Sunlight or heat
(d)
(e)
(f)
State the uses of methane in everyday life

i ..
ii .
iii ..
iv ..
c)
Explain how methane can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps
...
ALKENES
Learning outcomes:
state what alkene is,
deduce the molecular formulae of the first nine alkenes,
deduce the general formula of alkenes,
name the first nine alkenes,
draw the structural formulae for the first nine straight chain alkenes,
relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes
molecules,
explain the effects on boiling points of alkenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in
alkenes molecules,
describe chemicals properties of alkenes,
compare and contrast alkanes with alkenes,
relate the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes to their chemicals bonds.
Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on alkanes and alkenes
Activity 5
(a)
Complete the table below:
Number
of
Carbon
2
Structural formula
Molecular
formula
5
6
Name of
alkane
Condition at
room
temperature
7
C7H14
8
9
10
(b)
Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the textbox below.
more , immiscible , soluble , sooty , higher , low, bromine,

low, polymerization
unsaturated, ene, CnH2n , double, acidified potassium manganate(VII) ,
increases, cannot
i)
Alkenes are . hydrocarbons.
ii)
The names end with
The general formula for alkenes is
iii)
Generally alkenes have .. melting and boiling point but

..as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases.
iv)
Alkenes have densities but increase as the number of carbon per atom
increases.
v)
Alkenes
are
with water but are . in organic
solvents.
vi)
Alkenes . conduct electricity.
vii)
Alkenes burn with more flame compared with alkanes of the same
number of carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is
viii)
Compare to alkane, alkene is reactive, due to the presence of

carbon-carbon .. bond.

ix)
Alkane and alkene can be identified with a test by using water or

. solution. Alkene decolourises both reagent while alkane
does not.
x)
Small alkene molecules undergo addition reaction with one another. Thousands of
alkene molecules link together to form a large molecule .
This reaction is called
Activity 6
(a)
Give name for each alkene compounds below
Cl
i
v
CH3
ii
vi
vii
iii
=
H
CH3
iv
viii
(b) Construct the structural formula for:

(i)
C5H10
(iv)
2-methylbut-2-ene
(ii)
2-chlorolpropene
(v)
(iii) pent-2-ene
3-methylbutene
(vi) hex-1,3-diene
Activity 7
Write the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for every reaction of propene
below.
a)
b)
excess O2,
heat
h)
limited O2
heat
acidified
KMnO4 (aq)
c)
Propene
Addition
polymerization
H2 / Ni .
180o C
H2O(g)
300 C,60 atm,
H3PO4
g)
Cl2(aq)
HCl (g)
e)
f)
9
d)
Activity 8
(a)
Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and
alkene. Complete the table.
Reaction
Reaction with oxygen
Observation
Hexane
Hexane burns with a yellow
sooty flame
Reaction with bromine
No visible change
Hexene
Reaction with acidified No visible change

potassium
manganate(VII) solution
(b)
Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i)
hexane
(ii) hexene
[ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ]
Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain .
(c)
(d)
List down 4 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Compare the chemical properties of alkene with alkane
10

Alkene

Aspect
Sootiness of flame
Alkane
Bromine water
Acidified KMnO4
ISOMERS
Learning outcomes
Construct various structural formulae of a particular alkane and alkene.
Explain what isomerism is
Use IUPAC nomenclature to name isomers
Activity 9
a) Match column A with Column B
Column A
Column B
i) Phenomenon whereby two or more molecules

are found to have the same molecular formula
but different structural formula
Alkyl group
ii) The molecules that have the same numbers

and types of atoms but differ in the
arrangement of the atoms.
Ethene and Propene
iii) It is an alkane by dropping ane from the

name and replacing it with yl
Isomers
iv) These alkenes do not exhibit isomerism.
Isomerism
v) Isomerism in alkanes starts with ..
Butane
b) Draw the structural formula and give name to all isomers of
11

(i)
C4H8
(ii)
C4H10
(iii)
C5 H12
ALCOHOLS
Learning outcomes
state the general formula of alcohols,
identify the functional group of alcohols,
list the names and molecular formulae for the first four alcohols,
draw structural formulae for isomers of propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH),
name isomers of propanol and butanol using IUPAC nomenclature,
describe the industrial production of ethanol.
` describe the preparation of ethanol in the laboratory,
state the physical properties of ethanol,
predict the chemical properties for other members of alcohols,
explain with examples the uses of alcohol in everyday life,
explain the effects of the misuse and abuse of alcohols.
Activity 10
(a)
Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the text box below
Hydroxyl ; non-hydrocarbon , alkene , solvents,
stronger, molecular mass , -OH , CnH2n+1OH
higher, cosmetics,
i)
Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has functional group of ..
ii)
The general formula for alcohol is .
iii)
The melting point of alcohol is .. than alkane and alkene due to the
presence of .
iv)
This is because the functional group forms hydrogen bonding that is ..
12
than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.

v)
Methanol, ethanol dan propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols
decreases as the increases.
vi)
Naming the alcohol compound is likely to .. C1 is numbered from the carbon

that nearest to the functional group..
vii)
Alcohols are used as fuels, ., in medicine, in making .

and as a main component in alcoholic drinks.
viii) Alcohol is a compound.
(b)
Complete the table below.
i) Name :
ii) Name:
iii) Name
iv) structural formula
v) structural formula
vi) structural formula
Name : Propan-2-ol
Name : Butan-1-ol
Name : Pentan-2,3-diol
( c) Draw the structural formula and give names to all isomers of

(i)
propanol (C3H7OH)
13
(ii)
butanol (C4H9OH)
Activity 11
(a)
Summarize the physical properties of ethanol in the table below

Physical properties
Physical state at room temperature
Description
Smell and colour

Solubility in water
Volatility
Boiling point
(b)
Ethanol can be prepared in two ways, Fermentation and Hydration.

In fermentation process,
(i) What is the function of yeast?
(ii)
(iii)
Write the chemical equation to show the fermentation process.
State the temperature, catalyst and other condition needed for fermentation
process.
.
..
(iv)
State the disadvantages of this process.

..
14
..
..
(c)
Hydration process involves hydration of ethene. Ethene is obtained from the

cracking of petroleum fractions.
(i)
Write the chemical equation for hydration process.

..
(ii)
State the temperature, pressure and catalyst needed for hydration process.
Activity 12
a) Complete the table below
1
The Products of Combustion of ethanol
In excess oxygen:
2
The products of Oxidation reaction of alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

solution or acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution
Oxidation of ethanol
3
In limited oxygen :
Oxidation of propanol
Dehydration of alcohol.
Draw and label the set of apparatus to show the dehydration process of propanol.
b) State True or False for every statement below.

1
2
Ethanol is an alcoholic drinks

Ethanol acts as a depressant on central nervous
system.
15

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Alcoholic drinks only slow down physical activity, not

affect mental activity.
Alcoholism create social problems for the family and
society.
Methanol is a very toxic chemical and can cause
permanent blindness when consumed
Alcohol is not addictive
Long- term excessive consumption of alcohol drinks
can cause chronic liver disease and brain damage.
Because of alcohol is miscible with water, it cannot
be used as a solvent in toiletries.
Alcohol is one of the raw materials in manufacture of
explosive
Alcohol is an antiseptic
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Learning outcomes
state the general formula of carboxylic acids,
identify the functional group of carboxylic acids,
list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid,
draw structural formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid and name them
using the IUPAC nomenclature,
describe the preparation of ethanoic acid in the laboratory,
state the physical properties of carboxylic acids,
state the chemical reactions of ethanoic acids with other chemicals,
predict the chemical properties for other members of carboxylic acid,
explain with example the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life
Uses :
a
Functional group :
Activity
13
b
(a) cComplete
the diagram below.
d ..
General formula:
CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS
Ethanoic acid normally
prepared by
of an alcohol
Physical properties
a
..
b ..
names end with
.. . Eg. ethanoic acid.
16
d ..
e ..
(b)
( c)
Draw the structural formula of

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
2-methylbutanoic acid
Methyl propanaoic acid
A carboxylic acid, X has an empirical formula CH2O. Experimental determination

shows that it has a molar mass of about 59 g mol-1
(i)
What is the general formula of carboxylic acid?
(ii)
Calculate the molecular formula of X

[ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ]
17
(iii)
Draw the structural formula of X and give name.
Activity 14
a)
The Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethanoic acid.
Ethene
Ethanol
II
Ethanoic acid
Based on the figure above, state

Reaction I
:
Reaction II
b)
Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory

Write the chemical equation that involve.
c)
Write the observation for every test of ethanoic acid below.

1
Test
a. Ethanoic acid + metal
carbonate
Observation
b. Gas released + lime water

2
a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium
18
Inference
b. Gas given off + lighted

splinter
3
Ethanoic acid +
copper (II)oxide
4
Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol

+ concentrated sulphuric acid .
+ heat
Then the boiling contents are
poured into a beaker half filled
with water.
ESTER
Learning outcomes:
state the general formula of esters
identify the functional group of esters
List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters.
Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature,
Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory,
State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate.
Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction.
Write equations for the esterification reactions,
state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.
Activity 15
Formula
Example :HCOOC2H5
Name
Ethyl methanoate
Carboxylic acid
Methanoic acid
a) CH3 COOCH3
b) CH3 COOC3H7
c) C2H5 COOCH3
d) C3 H7COOC3H7
19
Alcohol
Ethanol
(a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise
the esters name.
(b) Name and draw the structural formula of the ester produced from a reaction between
(i)
methanol and propanoic acid
(ii)
ethanol + butanoic acid
(iii)
propan-1-ol + ethanoic acid
Activity 16
(a)
Complete the diagram below
20
Ester is a ..
organic compound
product of an . reaction
between a carboxylic acid and
an alcohol.
contain ,
and
.
the functional
group is COO- or
. group
The general formula is
ESTERS
The of flowers and

fruits is due to the presence of
esters
uses of ester,
a) ..
b) ..
c)
d)
Physical properties
1
2.
the name of an ester consists of two words.

The first word originates from.,
the second is from the ..
All of them end with ..
b)
3.
4.
5.
Write the fruit flavour for each of the ester below

(i)
n-pentyl ethanoate : .
(ii) Octyl ethanoate

(iii) Ethyl butanoate
: .
: .
Order in homologous series

Learning outcomes:
21
describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series.

describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.
Activity 17
Butan-1-ol
C4H9OH
Porcelain chips
Compound P
II
Hydrogen
chloride
I
Acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) solution
Compound R
a)
b)
III
Compound Q
IV
ethanol
Compound S
Name the homologous series for

(i)
Butan-1-ol
: ..
(ii)
Compound P
: .
(iii)
Compound R
(iv)
Compound S
: ..
Write the molecular formulae of

(i)
compound P
: ..
(ii)
compound Q :
(iii)
compound R : ..
(iv)
compound S : .
FATS
22
Learning outcomes:
State what oils are
State what fats are
State the importance of oils and fats for body processes
State the sources of oils and fats
List the uses of oils and fats
State the differences between oils and fats
Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids
State what saturated fats are
State what unsaturated fats are
Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats
Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health
Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil
Justify the use of palm oil in the food production
Activity 18
(I)
Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct answer from the table below.
ester
solid
heart
attack
hydrogenation
harden
stroke
carbon
saturated
,
ester
link
lipid
trigleycerides
Chlorofo
m
liquid
glycerol
high
blood
pressure
energy
margarine
fatty acid
a)
Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ...
b)
They are natural ..
c)
They are product of the reaction between . and
d)
Fats are usually found in animal and they are .while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but they are at room condition.
e)
Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 atoms per

molecule.
f)
A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a
monoester, diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins
to the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an (COO-).
g)
Most fats and oils are .
h)
As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as .
i)
Fats are an important source of for our body.
23

j)
fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making
them .. . This can lead to , .and
..
k)
Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called .
l)
is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in

vegetable oil.
(II)
Compare fats and oils
Comparison
Source
Melting point o C
Physical state at room
temperature
Cholesterol content
Examples
Molecular structure
Oils
Fats
< 20 / lower
> 20 / higher
Peanut oil, soybean oil
Butter , lard
(III) Write the Similarities of fats and oils

In terms of
Molecular formula
Similarities
Oil palm fruit bunches
Type of compound
The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large
pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.
The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria
Type of bond
.
Stripping
Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the

palm oil fruits
Activity 19
Pressing
a) Complete
the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.
The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse

24 allow to settle in an a large clarification
fibre and
tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum
drier.
b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils

i) .
ii)
iii) ..
iv) .
v) .
NATURAL RUBBER
Learning outcomes:
List examples of natural polymers and their monomers,
25
Draw the structural formula of natural rubber,

State the properties of natural rubber,
State the uses of natural rubber
Describe the coagulation process of latex
Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating,
Describe the vulcanization of rubber,
Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber,
Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.
Activity 20
a) Give explanation for every situation below:
i)
Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.
ii)
When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.
iii)
When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.
b) Compare the aspects of unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.
Aspect
Structure
Unvulcanised rubber
Oxidation
Resistance of heat
Strength
Elasticity
ACTIVITY 21
26
Vulcanised rubber
1 Base on the diagram above,

(a)
Name the product formed in step I.
(b)
(i)
State the reagents needed for step II.
(ii)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II.
(c)
(i)
Name the type of reaction occurring in step III.

.
(ii)
A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst.
(d)
(i)
Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV.

.
.
(ii)
What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried

out?
(e)
Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.
(f)
(i)
Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI.
27
.
(ii)
Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI.

.
(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these
hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]
Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds.
C4H8
(a)
C4H9OH
C4H10
C2H5COO
H
D
Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B.

..
(b)
State the functional group of compound A and compound D

Compound A : ..
Compound D : ..
(c)
Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of

compound B.
28
(d)
Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated

sulphuric acid.
(i)
Name the product formed from the reaction.
(ii)
.
State one special characteristic of the product formed.
.
(e)
Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
.........................................................................................................
........
(ii) 11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of
carbon dioxide molecules formed.
[Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and
Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]
29

2 Carbon Compounds

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2 Carbon Compounds

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS

UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUND

Carbon compounds are compounds that contain .

There are two groups of carbon compounds; .. compounds and

Hydrocarbons can be classified into two , .. and unsaturated

Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bond is called .

Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are , coal and natural gas.

Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce .. and

as one of their constituent

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Explain why alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Carbon is placed in Group ..

It has . electrons in its outer most shell.

An atom of carbon shares.. electrons with other atom of elements to

Atoms in alkanes are bonded with bond.

The first member in this group is the simplest compound called .

The general formula for the alkane family is ..

Physical properties of alkanes

Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce and ..

The alkanes burn with a flame if the combustion is not complete.

Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction atom of H is replaced with .. or

According to he IUPAC, the ending indicates the compound is a member of

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f

State the uses of methane in everyday life

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on alkanes and alkenes

Complete the table below:

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

more , immiscible , soluble , sooty , higher , low, bromine,

Alkenes are . hydrocarbons.

The names end with

The general formula for alkenes is

Generally alkenes have .. melting and boiling point but

with water but are . in organic

Alkenes . conduct electricity.

Compare to alkane, alkene is reactive, due to the presence of

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Alkane and alkene can be identified with a test by using water or

Give name for each alkene compounds below

(b) Construct the structural formula for:

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Reaction with bromine

Reaction with acidified No visible change

Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i)

List down 4 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene.

Compare the chemical properties of alkene with alkane

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009