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TRANSIENT
C. M. Wiggins,
Senior Member, IEEE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
D. E. Thomas,
INTERFERENCE
IN SUBSTATIONS
S. E. Wright
Senior Member, IEEE
F. S. Nickel,
T. M. Salas
Student Member, IEEE
Abstract - Electromagnetic interference levels on sensitive electronic equipment are quantified experimentally and theoretically in air and gas insulated substations of different voltages. Measurement techniques
for recording interference voltages and currents and
electric and magnetic fields are reviewed and actual
interference data are summarized. Conducted and
radiated interference coupl ing mechanisms and levels in
substation control wiring are described using both
measurement
results and electromagnetic models
validated against measurements. The nominal maximum
field and control wire interference levels expected in
the switchyard and inside the control house from
switching operations, faults, and an average lightning
strike are estimated using high frequency transient
coupl ing models. Comparisons with standards are made
and recomnendations given concerning equipment shielding and surge protection.
Keywords - Electromagnetic interference, EMI, switching
transient, electric field, magnetic field, fault,
lightning, substation, shielding, surge protection.
INTRODUCTION
Increasingly, electronic equipment is being used
in switchyards and inside control rooms. Substation
switching operations, spontaneous faults, or lightning
strikes inside the substation, can cause potentially
damaging levels of high frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI). This EM1 can couple into low voltage
control circuits and electronic equipment unless it is
suitably protected. This transient EM1 environment
needs to be fully characterized by waveforms and
spectra for the highest expected levels both in the
switchyard and inside the control house. These EM1 environment levels may then be compared with equipment
suscepti bil i ty levels (if they can be determined) for
upset and damage, and also with applicable surge
withstand capability (SWC) test levels to assess their
mutual compatibility and adequacy.
Substation EM1 issues have been investigated in a
number of studies, such as [l] - [7]. Switching transient currents, voltages and fields were measured in
94 WM 146-1 PWRD
A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Substations Committee of the IEEE Power
Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES
1994 Winter Meeting, New York, New York, January 30 February 3 , 1994. Manuscript submitted September 1,
1992; made available for printing December 15, 1993.
[l] - [6]. Potential EM1 impacts and suggested protection remedies on solid state relays were discussed in
[l] and [7]. In [7], several types of EM1 sources were
identified including the fast transient and the "walkie
talkie" transient which have contributed to improved
test standards [81,[91.
Investigations under project RP 1359-2 by Texas
A&M for the Electric Power Research Institute [I] are
particularly relevant to the work reported here. Some
of the conclusions of this earlier work indicated: an
expectation that radiated EM1 would become more important as new distributed automation systems were introduced in substations; a need for further analysis of
the nature of radiated EM1 transients in substations;
recognition that no appropriate standard existed for
determining equipment susceptibility to transient
electromagnetic fields, particularly for equipment located in switchyards; and a need for pre-purchase susceptibility testing. Improved equipment design along
with the use of surge suppression devices and shielding
enclosures was recommended to mi tigate EM1 effects.
In 1985 EPRI initiated project RP2674-1 with BDM
International to further address these concerns.
Under RP2674-1 there has been a strong attempt to broaden
the substation EM1 environment characterizations and
their understanding by developing validated high frequency traveling wave models as well as by gathering
additional detailed measurements of EM1 phenomena in
substations. This paper summarizes the major findings
o f this study as reported in [lo]. The emphasis here
is on presenting the highest expected EM1 levels in the
switchyard, in the control house and on shielded control wires in substations up to 500 kV. These estimates are based on the results of all measurements
and model predictions for switching transients and for
faults and lightning strikes occurring in the substation. The manner in which EM1 couples from sources on
the high voltage bus to wires inside shielded control
cables is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively.
Control wire EM1 levels are compared with oscillatory
and fast transient SWC test waveforms (IEEE/ANSI
C37.90.1-1989). EM1 fields in substation switchyards
have now been characterized, but currently there is no
standard with which to c o m a r e them. Possible test
waveforms for switchyard fields and for control wires
are discussed.
MEASURED SUBSTATION EM1 CHARACTERISTICS
Measurement Techniaues
A number of different types of transient measurements were required to completely describe first how
typical substation EM1 arises and then how it couples
1870
For more detailed discussion of these specific requirements, and the mobile transient EM1 measurement system
developed to meet them, see [lo] - [12].
Characteristic EM1 Data
During project RP2674-1, detailed transient EM1
measurements of bus currents, electric and magnetic
fields, and control wiring currents and voltages were
made in 12 separate tests at 8 different air and gas
insulated substations at voltages of 115 kV - 500 kV
addressing the requirements and using the techniques
outlined above. In all, over 800 separate events of up
to 4 transient measurements per event totaling 700
megabytes of data were recorded during the tests occurring between 1985 and 1991. Many results from these
tests have already been reported. For example, switching transients measured in 115 kV substation are
reported in [5]. Many detailed attributes and characteristics of switching transient electric and magnetic
fields in 115 kV, 230 kV, and 500 kV A I S and in 230 kV
and 500 kV GIs are summarized in [ 6 ] . A complete discussion of the results o f all types of substation EM1
measurements of staged faults and switching transients,
including line energizations, can be found in [13] and
[14]. These references also describe the details of the
substations, the switching operations performed, and
the various measurement configurations used to record
the data.
Here we present only representative data to
characterize switching transient EMI, emphasizing
measurements in 500 kV A I S and GIs where the levels
were found to be the highest. Waveshapes of bus currents, fields, and control wire EM1 at lower voltage
substations are the same as those provided here;
however, the dominant frequency components tend to increase somewhat as the substation voltage decreases
r61~131.
1871
where H is the magnetic field in A/m, I is the bus current in A, and h is the height of the bus above the
ground (7.58 m). The factor of 2, normally present in
the denominator of this expression, does not appear
1872
+
Q
L
U
ul
m
a
'
-2.50
' '
377
'
2.8
.0
E=-F
6.0
10.0
0.0
Time (seconds)
.e
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.9
10.0
nI0-6
Time (seconds)
[ z,
h]
-6
*le
10"s +6dB
2.6u
The electric field transient, measured simultaneously with the bus current and magnetic field,is
shown in Figure 3 (b). The electric field rises to a
peak amplitude o f about 13.2 kV/m in about 1
c,
...
.3
.......................................................................
~ , , , ~ , , , , , 1 , , , , , , , , , 1 , , , , ~
-2.0
.e
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
-10
-6
Time (seconds)
1873
H<t>
<Wm>
Event C3.523
4.0
6.0
20.0
10.0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
.e
a.0
8.0
10.0
xle-.
Time (seconds)
<U/m>
Time (seconds)
E v e n t C4.523
1874
Table I
SUMMARY OF NOMINAL PEAK AMPLITUDES OF VARIOUS EM1 TYPES
AS FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEM VOLTAGE AND SWITCHING OPERATION
(measured, peak-peak)
SYSTEM
VOLTAGE
BUS
CURRENT
(4
0
115
488 'h-d88m
230
1040
ELECTRK:
FIELD
(hV/mJ
15.4 h - 2 3 m
14.0 h-l.Om
7.0 h-Om
h-Ll8m
I
115
11.8
h-4.88m
230
500
76.8
,132
h-Cl8m
h-8.3Bm
MAGWETIC
FIELD
TESTCABLE
Open Circuiied
( h l
(AI
56.1 h-2.3m
45.2 h-l.Om
36.7 h-Om
82.2 h-2.3 m
5.5 h-Om
70.4 h-Om
9.1 h-2.3m
3.7 h-Om
O.9h-Om
5.6 h-Om
0.62
5.3
18.9
h-Om
h-Om
h-Om
25.8
h-Om
52.3
h-Om
0.36
2.4
5.3
h-Om
h-Om
h-Om
1875
The measurement and prediction geometries are identi cal. Bus current transients are nominally referenced
to the center of the section of bus being excited;
fields are referenced to locations on the ground
directly below the bus sensor; control cable geometry
and coup1 ing (including source impedances) are represented by the actual CT and CCVT cable installations
found i n the 500 kV substation measured and modeled;
and control wire current and voltage transients are
referenced to the inputs of the actual load impedances
measured inside the control house [17]. Predictions
for 230 kV and 345 kV substations are based on linear
extrapolations between 115 kV and 500 kV models, since
the former substation voltages were not modeled.
Table I1 compares predicted and measured bus current transients produced by disconnect switching in 115
kV - 500 kV AIS. For each substation voltage, measured
bus current peak amplitudes are given both for the
average of all peak amplitudes measured at the substation and for the highest peak amplitude measured there.
Comparing the two types o f measured results may indicate that, while capture of the highest amplitude
transient was always attempted, it was rarely successful. In general, measured bus currents tend to fall
between the 1PU and 2PU model predictions and indicate,
that on average, somewhat less than 2PU is measured.
Peak measurements are much closer, but somewhat less
than, the 2PU predictions for all substation voltages.
This indicates that the 2PU model predictions provide a
reasonable upper bound to the measured transient bus
current level s.
Table 111
COMPARING 1PU AND 2PU PREDICTED WITH MEASURED MAGNETIC
FIELD TRANSIENTS FOR SEVERAL SYSTEM VOLTAGES
(Horizontal component fields measured
on the ground bel ow excited bus)
(zero-peak)
I
I
System
Voltage
(kV)
115
230
345
I
I
(1 PU
Predicted)
(")
19.2'
40.2"
61.2'.
_ _
I
I
(Average
Measured)
(Nm)
(Nm)
26.2
45.3
34.7
54.4
~~
__
69.0
-
89.5'
97.4
* Predicted by TRAFIC model
*. - Interpolated
5 0 0 1
I
I
69
..
131.5
(Ah)
38.4'
80.4"
122.4"
179.0'
Table IV
COMPARING 1PU AND 2PU PREDICTED WITH MEASURED ELECTRIC
FIELD TRANSIENTS FOR SEVERAL SYSTEM VOLTAGES
(Vertical component fields measured
on ground below excited bus)
(zero-peak)
Table I1
COMPARING 1PU AND 2PU PREDICTED WITH MEASURED BUS
CURRENT TRANSIENTS FOR SEVERAL SYSTEM VOLTAGES
(zero-peak)
System
Voltage
(kv)
115
230
(1 PU
Predicted)
(A)
295'
(Average
Measured)
(A)
330
735
(Peak
Measured)
(A)
-496
860
P s z d )
(A)
590'
1203"
** Interpolated
1876
TYPE OF
CONTROL CIRCUIT
PREDICTION
1p u
I 2PU
MAXIMUM
MEASURED
CT(1)
5.9A
2.1 KV
11.8A
4.2 KV
10.3 A
3.9 KV
ccvr(2)
0.48 A
1.76 KV
0.96 A
3.4 KV
0.81 A
2.4 KV
For model validations, the effective frequencydependent load impedance was obtained by calculating
the ratio V(w)/I(w) where V(w) and I(w) are the Fourier
integral transforms o f the simultaneously measured
voltage and current waveforms, respectively. A smoothed
fit for the calculated impedance was developed and used
for the model validations. Once models have been
validated, open or short circuit impedances can be used
to generate the extreme load conditions for control
wire EMI.
Switching transient predictions are given for disconnect operations under 2PU initial conditions across
the switch gaps, nominally the worst case. Switching
transient EM1 is reported for 115 kV and 500 kV AIS and
for 500 kV GIs. A phase-to-ground fault occurring at a
closed 500 kV circuit breaker, where it and the local
bus both happen to be charged to, say -1PU, at the instant an incoming traveling wave arrives from having
closed a remote switch charged to, say tlPU, was simulated as a worst case, 2PU initial fault condition.
The fault was simulated by inserting a short, low im-
1877
pedance transmission l i n e t o ground a t t h e c i r c u i t
breaker.
Only t h e h i g h frequency EM1 o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g
t h e f i r s t 20 microseconds o f t h e f a u l t was predicted,
r e s u l t i n g i n a f a u l t c u r r e n t o f 15.9 kA; no attempt was
made t o include normal l o a d c u r r e n t s o r t o p r e d i c t t h e
l a t e - t i m e , low frequency (60 Hz) f a u l t EM1 which may
a l s o have very l a r g e amplitudes.
EM1 produced by a
l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e t o a 500 kV A I S was a l s o estimated.
I n t h i s case, a 10 kA stroke was d i r e c t l y attached t o a
transmission l i n e j u s t outside t h e substation t o r e p r e sent t h e maximum t h a t might be expected from a s h i e l d ing failure.
This l i g h t n i n g c u r r e n t waveform r i s e s t o
a peak o f 10 kA i n 200 ns, f a l l s t o 525 A a t 100
microseconds, f a l l s t o 75 A a t 5 milliseconds, and i s
f i n a l l y zero a t 10 milliseconds.
A s t r i k e on a 500 kV
substation was considered t o be worse than one on a 115
kV substation.
It could be argued t h a t t h e same 10 kA
on a 115 kV s t a t i o n would produce much higher f i e l d s on
t h e ground due t o t h e s h o r t e r bus height, b u t t h e
flashovers would occur a t lower voltages, thus lowering
t h e surge c u r r e n t on t h e bus which d r i v e s t h e f i e l d s .
The d a t a i n Table V I show t h a t t h e 2PU c i r c u i t
breaker f a u l t produces t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l s f o r a l l EM1
types. The l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e produces l e v e l s comparable
t o those o f 500 kV A I S disconnect switching. O v e r a l l
EM1 i s worse a t 500 kV than a t 115 kV, as expected.
Levels i n 500 kV A I S are g e n e r a l l y higher than those i n
500 kV G I s , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g lower presumably due t o
s h i e l d i n q provided by the gas enclosure.
(However, the
GIs models a r e a l s o more complex and n o t as w e l l
v a l i d a t e d as those f o r AIS.) The p r o b a b i l i t y o f occurrence o f EM1 from t h e f a u l t and l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e
scenarios should be low, whereas from switching operat i o n s i t i s r e l a t i v e l y high. These f a c t o r s should be
considered i n choosing whether t o use t h e f a u l t o r t h e
disconnect s w i t c h i n g t r a n s i e n t as t h e upper bound on
substation EMI. I n a l l cases, t h e EM1 l e v e l s i n a 115
kV substation are considerably lower than those o f 500
kV
a r e based s o l e l y on t h e s h i e l d i n g e f f e c t i v e n e s s
measurements obtained f o r a metal c o n t r o l house w i t h
windows i n a 115 kV substation [13], and do n o t include
any e x p l i c i t c o n t r i b u t i o n s from f i e l d s generated i n s i d e
t h e c o n t r o l house by inadvertent (ungrounded) conductor
penetrations. For example, penetrations by bundles o f
telephone cables, etc., have been observed t o cause l o c a l l y h i g h f i e l d l e v e l s i n s i d e of otherwise w e l l s h i e l d e d communications rooms [lo] which,
i n some
cases, could be higher than those given i n Table V I I .
COMPARING MAXIMUM EM1 LEVELS TO STANDARDS
E = e l e c t r i c f i e l d amplitude a t time t
A = 100 kV/m, t h e peak e l e c t r i c f i e l d amplitude
a = 1.OE5 Hz, d e s c r i b i n g t h e l a t e time decay r a t e
b = 3.5 E7 Hz, describing the r i s e time
- exp(-bt)]
where
Table V I 1
U
-1
18
-'
z l 8-a
v)
U
3
l8
-6
im
l
8
.
l
8
'
US
1
8
'
U
'
;me
FREQUENCY (Hertz)
Figure 6.
1) 2PU c i r c u i t breaker f a u l t
2) 10 kA l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e ( s h i e l d i n g f a i l u r e )
3) 2PU disconnect switching t r a n s i e n t
4) Envelope
1878
TOTAL VERTICAL ELECTRIC FIELD
~
exp(-bt)l
where
.0
1.0
8.0
a..
4.0
TIME
Figure 7.
1.0
a..
7.0
0.0
,..
(microseconds)
I--
ALPONCL.
cI'xalIu* u-xWGc.OI1)*lyLT(-
mn UIWILWI,
-3.
Q
-
W. SNWOLD)
FREQUENCY (Hertz)
1879
I CURRENT I VOLTAGE
I).
1.bb
.)n
I.
0.ZW
c
ee
Table X
EFFECT OF SHIELDING AND FILTER CAPACITANCE ON LOAD AND
FILTER EM1 STRESS LEVELS IN CT CONTROL CABLES
(EM1 source: 2PU circuit breaker fault; load: 150 ohms)
(500 kV substation)
Table IX
PEAK EM1 COUPLING BY MODE IN A SHIELDED CT CABLE
(2PU disconnect switching transient; 150 ohm load)
I
COUPLING
load remonse
CURRENT
VOLTAGE
1880
REFERENCES
B.O. Russell, S.M. Harvey, and S.L. Nilsson, "Substation Electromagnetic Interference, Part 1:
Characterization and Description o f the Transient
EM1 Problem", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-103, no. 7, July 1984.
m.
Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge
Laboratory, June 1990, ORNL/Sub-88-SC863.
Carl M. W i q q i n s (M'74,
SM'89) was born in Jackson,
MS on August 5, 1941. He
received the B.S. degree
from Lamar State College of
Technology, Beaumont, TX and
the M.S. degree from Sam
Houston State College,
Huntsville, TX in 1964 and
1966, respectively, both in
Dhvsics. From 1966 to 1973
studied postgraduate
physics at New Mexico State
University in Las Cruces,
NM.
In 1973 he joined BDM
International, Albuquerque, NM. His work has been in
the areas of transient electrodynamics, lasers, and optics. Currently, he is a senior principal scientist
investigating electromagnetic interference phenomena.
Mr. Wiggins is a senior member of the IEEE EMC and
Power Engineering Societies and has authored over 3 8
pub1 ications.
he
[ll] C.M. Wiggins, F. S. Nickel, and A.J. Haney, "Mobile Transient Measurement System", 1987 IEEE International Symposium on EMC, vol 87CH2487-7, pp. 4254, August 1987.
[12] Proceedings: Telephone Lines Enterinq Power Substations. Palo Alto, CA:Electric Power Research Institute, August 1988, EL-5990-SR, Section 5.
[131 See
[lo],
section 4.
IN SUBSTATIONS, VOLUME
REPORT. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power
Research Institute, EPRI TR-102006, April 1993.
UI: TEST
1881
1882
Discussion
Steven A. Boggs (Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136
and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Toronto). The authors are congratulated on an interesting and timely study of transient electromagnetic interference in substations. My comments will be restricted
to the subject as related to GIS (SF6 Gas-Insulated Substations). The authors might have done well to separate
their results into two papers, as phenomena in GIs differ
SufEcientlyfrom those in AIS that treating both in a single paper is almost certain to result in confusion. For
example, the authors state that Voltages in transmission
substations generally range between 115 kV and 500 kV.
Surge impedances over this voltage range also tend to be
relatively constant at approximately 350 ohms. This
statement is correct of AIS but incorrect for GIS, where
the impedance ranges from about 45 to 65 ohms. In the
next paragraph, the authors relate the risetimes of transient EMI phenomena caused by arcing dischargeson the
high voltage system to the effective charging time constants of the circuit driven by the arc, typically the entire
substation bus structure. Again, this may be an appropriate description for AIS but is inappropriate for GIS,
where the coaxial structure forms a system of relatively
clean high frequency transmission lines capable of
supporting ns risetime travelling waves and reflections
thereof. Given that the typical time for collapse of the
voltage across a disconnect switch is in the range of 3 to
5 ns, the frequency spectrum resulting from switching of
GIS is related to details of station structuremore complex
than simply overall bus capacitance.
The authors state that the peak field amplitudes in GIS
are somewhat lower (E-field a factor of nine, H-field a
factor of two) than those of AIS; the gas enclosure probably acts as a shield. Where did the authors measure the
fields in GIS? One might expect the maximum field to
occur immediately under the gas-to-air termination. The
intercontact breakdown of a disconnector in GIS creates
a travelling electromagnetic wave within the GIS which
reflects and refracts within the GIS until it reaches a gasto-& termination, at which point part of the wave is reflected back into the GIS, while part is refracted out the
overhead line. The gas-to-air termination represents the
junction of three transmission lines, viz., (1) the overhead
line-to-earthtransmission line, (2) the GIs conductor-toenclosure transmission line, and (3) the GIS enclosureto-earth transmission line. Part of the refracted wave is
coupled into the GIS enclosure-to-earth transmission
line. The duration and waveform of this wave depends
strongly on the length and proximity of any ground
straps, as the base of the bushing is often grounded to the
station ground mat [l-31. The field below the bushing
will normally be greatest when a line disconnector is op-
1883
3.Fujimoto, N., E.P. Dick, S.A. Boggs, and G.L. Ford. Transient Ground Potential Rise in Gas Insulated SubstationsExperimental Studies. IEEE Trans. PAS-101, October,
1982.
4. Boggs, S.A., F.Y. Chu,
N. Fujimoto, A. Krenicky, A.
Plessl, and D. Schlicht. Disconnect Switch Induced Transients and Trapped Charge in Gas-Insulated Substations.
IEEE Trans. PAS-101, October, 1982.
1884