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Co-existence of LTE
systems in 790-862 MHz
with Digital Terrestrial
Television
August 2011
DotEcon Ltd
Contents
Contents
1
Introduction
10
13
14
2.1
Approach taken
14
2.2
Main assumptions
15
2.3
17
2.4
27
30
3.1
Summary of results
30
3.2
35
3.3
35
3.4
37
39
4.1
39
4.2
47
4.3
51
4.4
52
4.5
61
4.6
70
4.7
74
4.8
74
4.9
Summary of results
75
79
5.1
79
5.2
82
5.3
83
5.4
84
5.5
85
5.6
Platform change
87
5.7
88
89
91
7.1
91
7.2
92
1.1
2
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial Television August 2011
ii
7.3
Introduction
Recommendations
94
99
104
106
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial Television
August 2011
Contents
iii
Table 2
Regions in Denmark using upper DTT channels [Source: Analysys
Mason]........................................................................................................ 20
Table 3
Table 4
DVB-T PRs in the presence of LTE interfering in a Gaussian channel
environment [Source: ECC] ........................................................................ 24
Table 5
LTE-DTT channel offsets in MHz used in the ACI analysis [Source:
Analysys Mason]......................................................................................... 24
Table 6
Table 7
Interpolated PR values Gaussian channel [Source: Analysys
Mason]........................................................................................................ 25
Table 8
Interpolated ratios with correction factors Boxer DTT coverage
[Source: Analysys Mason] .......................................................................... 26
Table 9
Interpolated ratios with correction factors Digi-TV DTT coverage
[Source: Analysys Mason] .......................................................................... 26
Table 10 PR values plus correction factors, Boxer coverage fixed outdoor
reception [Source: Analysys Mason] ........................................................... 27
Table 11 PR values plus correction factors, Digi-TV coverage fixed outdoor
reception [Source: Analysys Mason] ........................................................... 27
Table 12
Table 21 Receiver overload using realistic LTE EIRP levels scaled nationally
from the North Copenhagen sample area [Source: Analysys Mason] ......... 51
Table 22 Interference power sum of receiver overload from three networks for
sample area [Source: Analysys Mason] ...................................................... 52
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television - August 2011
iv
Contents
Contents
Table A.1
Site data for DTT Channels 60, 59 and 58 [Source: NITA] ........... 98
Table D.1
LTE link budget for downlink [Source: Analysys Mason] ........... 104
Table D.2
LTE link budget for uplink [Source: Analysys Mason] ................ 105
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9 Areas of blocking from the three LTE networks [Source: Analysys
Mason]........................................................................................................ 32
Figure 10
Areas affected by ACI into DTT channel 60 from two LTE networks
[Source: Analysys Mason] .......................................................................... 34
Figure 11
Illustration of areas of coverage overlap in one LTE800 network
deployed on GSM900 sites [Source: Analysys Mason] ............................... 38
Figure 12
Figure 13
Approach to setting EIRP per base station site [Source: Analysys
Mason] 40
Figure 14
EIRP required for different site separations [Source: Analysys
Mason] 42
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Areas affected by receiver overload Network A [Source: Analysys
Mason] 48
Figure 22
Areas affected by receiver overload Network B [Source: Analysys
Mason] 49
Figure 23
Areas affected by receiver overload Network C [Source: Analysys
Mason] 50
Figure 24
Areas affected by ACI Network A in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]......................................................................................... 55
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television - August 2011
vi
Contents
Figure 25
Areas affected by ACI Network B in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]......................................................................................... 56
Figure 26
Areas affected by ACI Network C in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]......................................................................................... 57
Figure 27
Areas affected by ACI only, compared to ACI and blocking
Network A in FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason] ................................. 59
Figure 28
Areas affected by ACI only, compared to ACI and blocking
Network B in FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason] ................................. 60
Figure 29
Areas affected by ACI only, compared to ACI and blocking
Network C in FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason] ................................. 61
Figure 30
Selected Ringsted-Sor sample area for ACI Channel 60 analysis
[Source: NITA] ............................................................................................ 62
Figure 31
Geo-types assigned to existing GSM900 sites in Ringsted- Sor
[Source: Analysys Mason] .......................................................................... 63
Figure 32
Figure 33
Figure 34
EIRP per site and coverage Network C [Source: Analysys
Mason] 65
Figure 35
Areas affected by ACI Network A in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]......................................................................................... 67
Figure 36
Areas affected by ACI Network B in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]......................................................................................... 67
Figure 37
Areas affected by ACI Network C in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]......................................................................................... 68
Figure 38
Density of households near Ringsted city area [Source: Analysys
Mason] 69
Figure 39
Areas affected by ACI (indoor reception) Network A in
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason] ...................................................... 72
Figure 40
Areas affected by ACI (indoor reception) Network B in
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason] ...................................................... 72
Figure 41
Areas affected by ACI (indoor reception) Network C in
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason] ...................................................... 73
Figure 42
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
The National IT and Telecom Agency (NITA) is responsible for planning and
preparing an auction of 800MHz spectrum for the final decision by the Minister of
Science, Innovation and Technology (the Minister). In this regard, NITA has
engaged DotEcon and Analysys Mason as advisers. Particularly, we have been
tasked with: analysing the scope for use of this spectrum; assessing the risk of
interference from the use of this band to digital terrestrial television (DTT)
services; considering whether, and how, any coverage obligations may be
imposed on the licences in pursuit of the governments overall broadband goal;
and designing a suitable auction.
This report presents the results of theoretical modelling and analysis that
DotEcon and Analysys Mason have conducted for NITA considering the potential
interference to DTT from future mobile use of the 790862MHz band (the
800MHz band) in Denmark.
The results of our analysis suggest that between 9 000 and 10 000 households
nationally might be at risk of some kind of interference from mobile use of the 800
MHz band.
Two modes of interference have been considered; receiver overload and
adjacent channel interference (ACI).
More detailed results of our analysis suggest that:
Our analysis was conducted in two parts. The purpose of the first high-level
analysis was to establish whether interference from LTE to DTT could potentially
be a problem. This first part of the analysis considered the potential interference
mechanisms into DTT that might occur from one or several long-term evolution
(LTE) network(s) operating at assumed maximum licensed power levels, and the
extent of interference created.
The results of this initial analysis suggested that there is considerable scope for
interference from LTE to DTT if it is assumed that all LTE base stations operate
at their maximum licensed power level.
Having established from our initial analysis that there could be an interference
problem from LTE to DTT, we then conducted more detailed analysis to model
the effects of a series of realistic LTE network deployments. This further analysis
took into account that in practice, only a proportion of LTE base stations will
transmit at the maximum licensed power level, and the majority will use lower
power levels for various practical reasons (e.g. due to planning restrictions, other
site restrictions or management of internal interference).
We found that the number of DTT households affected by receiver overload from
three LTE networks across Denmark was reduced to around 2 500 - 3 000 DTT
households. The effect of ACI is also substantially reduced for areas of the
country using DTT Channel 59, with an estimate of around 2 000 DTT
households in total being affected.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Executive Summary
We found that around 4 500 5 000 DTT households might be affected by ACI in
areas of the country using DTT channel 60, as a result of interference from one
LTE network.
The third and final part of the analysis was to assess the feasibility of further
reducing the impact of interference predicted from LTE to DTT, through the
consideration of various possible interference mitigation techniques.
Considering the range of possible mitigation methods that can be used to reduce
the impact of LTE interference to DTT and/or to restore the DTT service, we
found that the use of filters at DTT receivers appears to be the most cost effective
and practical mitigation technique. Our modelling suggests that use of filtering
will substantially eliminate interference from both overload and ACI, leaving a
small number of households for which filtering is not suitable. These are most
likely to be households viewing DTT services using Channel 60 and receiving
interference from LTE block FDD1.
Other suitable forms of mitigation, which can be applied on a case-by-case basis,
include filtering of LTE base stations (which can be used in conjunction with DTT
receive filters to further reduce the number of households affected), crosspolarisation between LTE and DTT antennas (i.e. using the opposite of DTT
polarisation at LTE sites), and installation of DTT on-channel repeaters. The latter
might be particularly considered in areas where television viewing households
are located at the edge of DTT coverage.
A possible further means of mitigation against DTT receiver overload and ACI
would be to improve the immunity of DTT receivers, by designing them with a
higher interference threshold (called overload threshold, or Oth) and protection
ratio (called PR). A higher Oth and PR limit could be specified within receiver
standards for DTT services, to ensure that future receivers are designed with a
higher threshold and protection ratio in mind. Recent measurements conducted
by the European Communications Committee (ECC) suggest that some DTT
receivers on the market today already exhibit a better Oth and PR than assumed
within the modelling for this report. It is noted that Denmark would not be able to
make this change to DTT standards itself. It is possible that a change to
standards could be market driven; if regulatory action is required, this would
potentially require EU-wide cooperation, since standards for DTT are panEuropean.
In conclusion, we have found that, whilst our initial analysis suggested that
interference from LTE to DTT is a problem, in practice assuming that mobile
operators will optimise the power and characteristics of individual base stations
within their network (and not use maximum licensed power limits at all sites), the
interference problem is substantially reduced. Application of the further
mitigation methods discussed above could almost eliminate any issues, leaving
only a very small number of affected DTT households possibly of the order of a
few hundred in total across Denmark. For the remaining few households that
continue to suffer receiver overload or ACI after all appropriate mitigation
methods have been considered, the only option would to use an alternative
television (TV) platform such as cable, satellite or IPTV.
Given that operators are likely to apply reduced power levels in many areas of
their network, we do not think it is necessary for NITA to consider any specific
licence conditions within the 800 MHz licences other than a maximum EIRP limit.
However, it is possible that additional requirements could be considered in
relation to managing interference from the lowermost LTE blocks (FDD1/FDD2)
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Executive Summary
to DTT services in areas of Denmark using Channel 60, which our analysis has
suggested could be particularly problematic in terms of potential for ACI. It might
be necessary to consider a reduced EIRP limit for base stations using blocks
FDD1 and FDD2 although it is noted that this limit should be considered carefully
in view of its impact upon the ability of mobile operators to provide LTE coverage,
particularly in suburban and rural areas.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
10
Introduction
1 Introduction
The migration from analogue to digital terrestrial TV (DTT) transmission is now
well underway in most European countries, and was completed in Denmark on 1
November 2009. In Denmark, all terrestrial TV services are now being delivered
digitally using DVB-T technology. These digital services, like the superseded
analogue services, use UHF spectrum for their transmission. The UHF spectrum
used for broadcasting was originally 470862MHz, but the ITU World Radio
Conference in 2007 (WRC-07) decided to allocate the upper part of this
spectrum, from 790862MHz, for mobile services on a co-primary basis with
broadcasting.
Following WRC-07, the European Commission (EC) recommended that Member
States make the sub-band from 790862MHz (the 800MHz band) available for
electronic communications services, via a decision published in 2010 (EC
Decision 2010/267/EC). The EC also requested the European Communications
Committee (ECC) to consider harmonised technical conditions, including a
frequency plan. The Danish government has decided to award licences in the
800MHz band in line with the European harmonisation efforts: the underlying
band plan will follow the European plan.
The harmonised European plan for the 800MHz band (as described in ECC
Decision (09)03) divides the spectrum into two 30MHz blocks for FDD1 downlink
and uplink respectively.2 There is an 11MHz duplex gap, which is intended for
use by PMSE3 in Denmark.
According to the European Common Allocation Table (ERC Report 25), the band
above 862MHz is designated for use by various short-range devices (SRDs),
including RFID.4
There is a 1MHz guard band between 790 and 791MHz, which divides the top of
the DTT spectrum and the first long-term evolution (LTE) channel.
The European band plan for 470870MHz is summarised in Figure 1 below.
2
2
The conclusion of CEPT Report 31 was that the preferred frequency arrangement for the
The
conclusion
of CEPT
Report
was
that the FDD
preferred
arrangement
for the
800MHz
band was
an FDD
plan.31
The
230MHz
plan frequency
with an 11MHz
duplex gap
was
800MHz band was an FDD plan. The 230MHz FDD plan with an 11MHz duplex gap was
subsequently defined in ECC Decision (09)03.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Introduction
Figure 1
Mason]
11
Assuming that the 800MHz band is divided into 5 MHz channels, this suggests
six FDD channels can be accommodated within the band as illustrated in Figure
2 below (it is noted that the ECC also considered other frequency
arrangements, including unpaired spectrum for time division duplexing (TDD)
systems, but the recommended channelization is using paired channels).
DTT channels
58
59
60
FDD1
8 MHz
1 MHz
Figure 2
821 MHz
791 MHz
FDD2
FDD3
FDD4
FDD5
5 MHz
FDD6
11 MHz
Throughout our report we therefore refer to FDD1, FDD2, FDD3, etc., as being
consecutive FDD downlink channels of 5MHz bandwidth, starting from the
791MHz band edge, in line with the channel plan illustrated above.
As a result of various compatibility studies conducted within the European
Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), the band
plan shown above for mobile use of the 800MHz band employs a duplex direction
that is reversed when compared to the normal European convention. Normally,
mobile bands are planned with the uplink (base station receive/mobile transmit) in
the lower band and the downlink (base station transmit/mobile receive) in the
upper band. However, due to concerns regarding interference from future mobile
transmission to DTT below 790MHz, it was decided for the 800MHz band to
reverse the duplex direction, so that the downlink is in the lower band.
For the purposes of the interference analysis presented in this document, we
have assumed that:
In the remainder of this report we refer to these six blocks as FDD1 FDD6.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
12
Introduction
Although a 1MHz guard band has been incorporated into the European plan, it
was recognised during the compatibility studies conducted by CEPT that such a
1MHz guard band might not be sufficient to resolve potential interference from
LTE base stations to DTT reception below 790MHz. Two modes of interference
are possible:
Overload is primarily dependent on the absolute level of the LTE signal within the
DTT operating band, and has only limited dependency on frequency. 6 ACI is
frequency-dependent, however, and is dependent on the ratio between the DTT
and the LTE signal levels. The channels closest to 790MHz (DTT Channels 60,
59 and 58) are therefore likely to be the channels that are most susceptible to
ACI.
The ECs 800MHz Decision defines certain baseline technical requirements for
use by electronic communications networks deployed within the 800MHz band,
which are aimed at reducing the potential for interference, while recognising that
they will not resolve all cases of interference and that further restrictions might be
required. The conditions specified in the EC Decision are defined using block
edge masks (BEMs) based on technical work conducted within the CEPT.7 The
BEMs consist of in-block and out-of-block components, which specify the
permitted emission levels for frequencies within, and outside of, the 800MHz
block respectively (with particular regard to protection of adjacent DTT services
below 790MHz).
The in-block limits incorporated into EC Decision 2010/267/EC provide flexibility
for national regulators to determine an in-block EIRP limit if required. The
Decision suggests that, unless otherwise justified, limits would normally lie within
the range 56dBm to 64dBm (in a 5MHz bandwidth).
For the purposes of this study, NITA has asked us to initially assume a maximum
licensed EIRP value of 59dBm in each of the LTE channels, except for two areas
(Sjlland and Lolland-Falster) where DTT Channel 60 is used: in these areas a
maximum value of 56dBm is assumed for LTE Channels FDD1 and FDD2 only.
In our initial analysis, we assume that all base stations transmit at these
maximum limits. In our subsequent analysis, we apply different EIRP levels at
individual base stations, in line with more realistic mobile deployments.
The DTT-to-LTE interference analysis that is being conducted as part of this
study therefore uses these assumptions as inputs to evaluate the potential for
interference from LTE to DTT caused by overload and ACI, and the various ways
that this impact can be reduced. All of the analysis described in this report has
6
This is illustrated by Table 5b of ECC Report 148, which lists overload threshold (Oth) values
for different frequency offsets.
CEPT Report 30: Identification of common and minimal (least restrictive) technical conditions
for 790862MHz for the digital dividend in the European Union.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Introduction
13
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
14
The analysis conducted using the radio planning tool is based upon the potential
for interference due to receiver overload or ACI from LTE base stations. The
results from this analysis are presented in Sections 3 and 4.
We have also undertaken a literature review of a number of published reports, as
agreed with NITA, which consider the potential for interference from the LTE
uplink (i.e. mobile devices) to DTT receivers. It is noted that the ECC band plan
provides a 42MHz frequency separation between the upper edge of DTT
Channel 60 and the first uplink channel, which is expected to mitigate the majority
of interference problems from the uplink channel. The documents we have
reviewed, which are further described in Section 6 of this report, are as follows:
ITU-R: Final Acts of the Regional Radiocommunications Conference for planning of the digital
terrestrial broadcasting service in parts of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174230MHz and 470862MHz (RRC-06).
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
2.2
15
Main assumptions
Our analysis makes various assumptions in relation to DTT and LTE deployment
in Denmark, in the absence of any interference mitigation being applied. A
summary of the main assumptions is as follows.
9
10
11
12
We have assumed from our household dataset that there are a total of 2
359 106 households in Denmark. The number of households receiving
DTT on one or more television set is assumed to be 20% of total
households in Denmark (i.e. the remaining 80% receive television using
alternative platforms). The source of this assumption is Gallup statistics
(for end 2010). Results throughout this report for households that could
potentially be affected by interference are presented as affected DTT
households, which is 20% of total households in Denmark
http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/events/ecs10/presentations/ebu_ecs10_workshop_sami.pdf
http://docbox.etsi.org/Etsi_Cenelec/PUBLIC%20FOLDER%20on%
20DD/UK%20DKTN%20DD/DCKTN%20Digital%20Dividend%20
Technologies%20Spectrum%2011Jun10%20v11%20(SR).pdf
th
ECC TG4(10)317, UK measurements of LTE into DTT, presented to the 15 meeting of ECC
TG4.
Location probability is the probability that within a given (small) area a field strength level is
exceeded at a required percentage of points see ITU-R JTG 5/6 Methodology for sharing
studies between the mobile and terrestrial broadcasting service in the band 790862 MHz,
Section 3.1.1.1.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
16
reflected in the link budgets used for the overload and ACI thresholds
within our planning tool.
We have modelled the actual antenna polarisation and patterns for DTT,
which are taken from the GE-06 agreement and plan data for Denmark,
as modified by NITA to account for cross-border coordination agreements.
We have assumed that LTE antennas will use slant polarisation (i.e.
employing two sets of antennas slanted at 45 degrees to the horizontal
plane), providing 3dB discrimination against horizontal/vertical polarised
DTT signals. However, we have also separately considered the impact of
using vertically polarised antennas for LTE as a means of comparison
with the use of slant antennas, and as a possible means of improving
interference mitigation.
For field strength predictions, a height and clutter database with 50 metre
resolution has been used. This is not always sufficient to detect very small
coverage gaps, which is noted as a limitation of our analysis.
For our initial analysis using maximum licensed EIRP limits, we first
calculated theoretical LTE cell radii necessary to provide a downlink data
rate of 8Mbit/s using a link budget (for details see Annex D). We then
used these theoretical cell radii values to develop a theoretical LTE
network providing coverage across Denmark, based upon using the base
station locations of an existing GSM network in Denmark as the basis of
the network, but adding additional cell sites where required to achieve the
calculated cell radii for LTE. We then assumed that all sites would
transmit at their maximum licensed power level of 59dBm EIRP (or
56dBm EIRP in areas where DTT Channel 60 is used), irrespective of the
actual power level required at the site from the link budget.
Protection ratios for DTT interfered with by mobile services are based
upon interpolated values obtained from ECC Report 148.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
17
The different reception modes affect the height and gain of the receiver assumed
when calculating the field strength for acceptable reception. For fixed reception, a
10 metre height (above ground level) is assumed, whereas for portable and
mobile, a 1.5 metre height is assumed.
Standard radiation patterns for fixed receiving antennas are provided in
Recommendation ITU-R BT.419.13 For portable and mobile reception it is usually
assumed that an omnidirectional antenna is used.
Within our analysis, we have assumed DTT fixed reception throughout the
majority of our analysis, with antenna characteristics according to ITU-R BT.419,
as illustrated below.
13
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
18
Figure 3
In the current Danish DTT coverage plan, coverage is defined to exist when 95%
of locations within a 50x50 metre pixel receive field strength above a specified
threshold. The minimum field strength is taken to be 47dBV/m for the 64-QAM,
2/3 coded mode of DTT in channel 60, in line with the GE-06 agreement. In
accordance with the JTG 5/6 methodology, in order that an area can be
considered as covered, the wanted field strength must exceed the minimum field
strength at 95% of the locations within the area. An uplift of 9dB is therefore
added to the minimum value, to correspond to the reception of an un-interfered
DTT signal at 95% of locations, giving a minimum median field strength in the
pixel of 56dBV/m for 2/3 coded transmission, and 58dBV/m for 3/4 coded.14
Danish DTT networks are planned on the basis of 15 broadcast regions, and we
have used these regions within our analysis to enable calculation of households
covered with, and without, interference, per region. The 15 regions are illustrated
in Figure 4 below.
14
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Figure 4
19
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
20
Area name
MUX 1
MUX 2
MUX 3
MUX 4
MUX 5
MUX 6
Tolne-Nibe
29
57
50
37
35
39
Thisted
31
42
22
43
21
49
Videbaek
40
59
52
48
34
28
Viborg
40
59
52
56
21
45
Hadsten + Aarhus
26
44
24
56
55
36
Hedensted
30
44
33
46
55
36
Varde
30
54
33
46
53
28
Aabenraa
37
50
32
22
49
41
Tommerup + Svendborg
25
43
27
22
49
41
Vordingborg + Nakskov
58
34
42
38
60
48
Jyderup
58
51
42
31
60
23
Kbenhavn
53
51
54
31
59
23
59
56
51
39
31
32
Table 1
From the table above it can be identified that the following regions in Denmark
use the upper DTT channels, which are the most susceptible to ACI.
DTT channel
Regions affected
60 (782-790MHz)
59 (774-782MHz
58 (766-774MHz)
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Legend
CH60 coverage region
Other regions
Legend
CH59 coverage region
Other regions
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
21
22
Legend
CH58 coverage region
Other regions
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
23
Location probability
Directivity discrimination
Table 3
For example, in ITU-R JTG 5/6: Methodology for sharing studies between the mobile service,
on the one hand, and the terrestrial broadcasting service, on the other hand, in the band 790
862MHz.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
24
DVB-T receivers in the presence of interference from the mobile service. The
report provides the combined results of measurements conducted in a number of
European countries, for a range of DTT receiver types and models. Table 5.1 of
Report 148 provides the following PR values for a 64-QAM, 2/3 coded DTT
signal16, for the stated frequency offsets.
Channel edge separation
-33
-40
17
-44
25
-48
33
-49
41
-50
49
-50
57
-51
65
-45
DTT 58
DTT 59
DTT 60
FDD1
17
FDD2
22
14
FDD3
27
19
11
FDD4
32
24
16
FDD5
37
29
21
FDD6
42
34
26
channel
16
90 percentile values are quoted in Figure 3.4, and for silicon tuners, although ECC Report 148
also presents results for 10 and 50%, with the percentage referring to receivers measured, i.e.
the 90 percentile values should be used to protect 90% of receivers measured, and also for
can and silicon USB tuners.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Factor
Value/source
1.1 dB
2.8 dB
12.8dB
Table 6
25
Interpolation of the PR values given in Table 4 above provides the PRs calculated for
LTE Channels FDD1, 2 and 3, with respect to DTT Channels 58, 59 and 60, as follows.
DTT/LTE channel
FDD1
FDD2
FDD3
60
-33
-37
-41
59
-40
-43
-45
58
-44
-47
-48
Table 7
Mason]
Within our planning tool, we have then applied the various correction factors described
in Table 6 to the PR values above, to account for alternative DTT coding, reception
conditions and locations margin. This gives the following input values to our planning
tool (see Table 8 and Table 9 below), using the PR values above in combination with
the various correction factors. There are two different sets of inputs to reflect analysis
for the Digi-TV and Boxer DTT coverage areas, respectively.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
26
Frequency offset
Interpolated PR from
Plus location
correction factor
-33
-20
-17
-37
-25
-21
-40
-27
-24
11
-41
-28
-25
14
-43
-30
-27
16
-44
-31
-28
17
-44
-31
-28
19
-45
-32
-29
21
-46
-33
-30
24
-48
-35
-31
25
-48
-35
-32
27
-48
-35
-32
29
-49
-36
-33
Table 8
Interpolated ratios with correction factors Boxer DTT coverage
[Source: Analysys Mason]
Frequency
Interpolated PR from
offset
factor
-33
-20
-19
-37
-24
-23
-40
-27
-26
11
-41
-28
-27
14
-43
-30
-29
16
-44
-31
-30
17
-44
-31
-30
19
-45
-32
-31
21
-46
-33
-32
24
-48
-34
-33
25
-48
-35
-34
27
-48
-35
-34
29
-49
-36
-35
Table 9
Interpolated ratios with correction factors Digi-TV DTT coverage
[Source: Analysys Mason]
This gives the following PR inputs to our planning tool for the various frequency
offsets of interest to the study (incorporating correction factors).
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
27
DTT/LTE channel
FDD1
FDD2
FDD3
60
-17
-21
-25
59
-24
-27
-29
58
-28
-30
-32
Table 10
PR values plus correction factors, Boxer coverage fixed
outdoor reception [Source: Analysys Mason]
DTT/LTE channel
FDD1
FDD2
FDD3
60
-19
-23
-27
59
-26
-29
-31
58
-30
-33
-34
Table 11
PR values plus correction factors, Digi-TV coverage fixed
outdoor reception [Source: Analysys Mason]
This means that, in our planning tool, the median field strength predicted from
LTE FDD1 must be a maximum of 17dB above the median wanted (DTT) signal
in Channel 60 for the Boxer coverage, to avoid interference.
DTT overload threshold
Receiver blocking or overload refers to the effect of a strong out-of-band
interfering signal on the receivers ability to detect a low-level wanted signal. The
DTT overload threshold (Oth) is defined in ECC Report 148 as the interfering
signal level expressed in dBm, above which the receiver begins to lose its ability
to discriminate against interfering signals at frequencies differing from that of the
wanted signal, i.e. the onset of non-linear behaviour.
ECC Report 148 describes the measured Oth for various DTT receivers,
suggesting that overload typically occurs at a level of LTE interference of
between -15dBm and -5dBm.17 For our analysis, we have selected a value at the
lower end of this scale, and we have used an overload threshold of -15dBm
throughout our modelling. This therefore represents a conservative assumption,
and it should be noted that most TV receivers and set top boxes will perform
better than this18. Our analysis can therefore be considered to represent a worst
case in terms of possible TV receiver performance.
18
This is the typical range the full range of measurements described in ECC Report 148 range
from 03dBm to -26dBm.
According to ECC Report 148 the -15dBm value corresponds to the value at which the 10%
worst performing receivers overload.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
28
It is noted that mobile networks can deploy a hierarchy of macro, micro and picocells, with micro and pico cell base stations typically operating at reduced power
and height. We have not incorporated micro and pico-cells into our analysis but
have instead focussed on macro cells.
Throughout our analysis we have assumed an antenna height of 30 metres being
applicable to macro-cell base stations, and have assumed a Jaybeam B800A085
antenna, as illustrated in Figure 8 below.
Figure 8
Mason]
To calculate the theoretical cell radii of LTE base stations within a typical
network, we have used a link budget (see 0). The link budget has been derived to
achieve an 8Mbit/s downlink service in different outdoor coverage environments
(urban, suburban and rural). We have assumed a 75% cell edge probability when
deriving the cell radii for LTE, which is consistent with typical assumptions made
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
29
by the cellular industry when developing link budgets.19 The resulting cell radii
calculated from the link budget and used in our model are listed below.
Geo-type
Urban
2.1
Suburban
3.6
Rural
5.8
Table 12
These cell radii have been calculated as being representative of cell radii needed
to achieve an LTE 800MHz coverage layer. In practice, it is assumed that
operators will also deploy LTE at 1800MHz, 2100MHz and/or 2600MHz to meet
capacity requirements. Therefore, the above cell radii do not take into account
the level of traffic to be delivered within a network, but are designed primarily to
achieve coverage.
In our initial analysis using maximum licensed EIRP levels, we have modelled an
LTE network using base station locations based upon an existing GSM900
network in Denmark, but have added additional sites, where required, to provide
a network of the required dimensions to achieve the cell radius above, consistent
with requirements for a network achieving around 98% population coverage at a
downlink data speed of 8 Mbit/s. In this initial analysis, the actual power level
required at each base station site relative to neighbouring sites has not been
accounted for.
In our subsequent analysis, we modified our approach to individually vary the
EIRP of base stations as necessary, relative to neighbouring sites. In this case,
we have again used the existing base station locations of GSM900 networks in
Denmark as the basis of LTE site locations, but have modified the EIRP per site
based upon its geo-type (urban, suburban or rural) and distance with respect to
its nearest neighbouring site. This subsequent analysis has focussed on one
area of Denmark in particular, to the north of Copenhagen; this area uses DTT
Channel 59.
19
For example, see WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, Holma and Toskala, 2010
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
30
The geotypes in our initial analysis are defined based on municipal areas in Denmark and
population density.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
31
Total area
2
(km )
Total
households in
Affected area
2
Affected DTT
(km )
households
area
Anholt
21
588
1.1
Laeso
117
3526
37
Tolne-Nibe
6140
266 939
166
5 777
Viborg
2599
85 044
68
1 348
Thisted
1529
44 170
28
977
Videbaek
5094
150 321
106
2 573
Hadsten + Aarhus
4507
279 245
195
7 490
Hedensted
3060
163 648
102
3 462
Varde
2684
99 804
70
1 930
Aabenraa
3810
124 076
96
1 911
Tommerup + Svendborg
3473
231 985
148
4 797
Kbenhavn
2844
551 716
233
16 549
Vordingborg + Nakskov
3339
151699
180
3 178
585
27 820
32
892
2956
178 525
99
3 125
Re
Jyderup
Table 13
Summarised results of blocking calculation from LTE to DTT,
initial analysis (59dBm EIRP, with 56dBm in Channel 60 areas) fixed
outdoor reception [Source: Analysys Mason]
We have repeated this analysis for one area of Denmark assuming three LTE
networks operate in the same area, to illustrate the increase in blocking
compared to a single network. We have chosen to model three networks since it
is likely that there will be three 800MHz licence winners in Denmark, as has been
the case in other European countries where 800MHz frequencies have been
auctioned. The area selected is to the north of Copenhagen; it was chosen
because it contains predominately urban areas. The number of base station sites
within each of the three networks within the area of our analysis is shown below.
As before, we assume that each base station operates at its maximum licensed
EIRP of 59dBm (or 56dBm where Channel 60 is used).
We have assumed that three LTE networks operate within the selected area,
which we refer to in our analysis as Networks A, B and C. Base station locations
within each network are based upon existing 900MHz base station locations in
Denmark21.
21
We have manually modified coverage in some areas to reflect a target coverage of 98%
population within the area.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
32
Operator
Number of sites
Network A
74
Network B
128
Network C
129
Table 14
Number of existing GSM900 sites of each
operator in the area of analysis [Source: Analysys Mason]
In terms of the impact of three networks operating in the same area, we have
found that the number of households potentially affected by receiver overload
could increase from around 5 900 for one network, to 16 000 DTT households if
three networks are operating in the same area. This equates to just over half
(52%) of all households within the area at risk of blocking from at least one of the
LTE networks.
It can be seen that many of the areas affected by blocking from the three
separate networks overlap, as shown in Figure 9 below.
Figure 9
Areas of blocking from the three LTE networks [Source:
Analysys Mason]
Of the households affected, we have found that the majority (88%) of these in the
area considered are located in urban areas. This is in line with expectations that
the risk of blocking is likely to be higher in areas where there is a high
concentration of LTE sites, which normally occurs in highly populated areas.
The results demonstrate the following.
Having three LTE networks within the area increases blocking by almost
three (2.8) times the amount caused by a single network. Given our initial
result that one network operating at maximum licensed power levels could
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
33
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
34
Figure 10
Areas affected by ACI into DTT channel 60 from two LTE
networks [Source: Analysys Mason]
It is noted that a large proportion of households suffering ACI will also suffer from
receiver overload, since the areas affected by ACI overlap with the areas affected
by receiver overload, as described above. Our analysis suggests that, of the 5
600 DTT households in Channel 60 areas who are affected by ACI from LTE
block FDD1, around 3 800 might also suffer receiver overload.
Overload is also potentially the more severe of the two modes of interference
because, in the presence of receiver overload, reception of all DTT services is
lost, whereas with ACI the interference affects reception of services using
particular DTT MUXs (in particular, those broadcast using Channel 60 and
Channel 59).
22
The sum of the households affected by ACI from FDD1/FDD2 and FDD3/FDD4 is 42 905,
compared to the cumulative number of households of 37 947, equating to a difference of
4958.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
35
Number of DTT
Percentage of
households
households
affected
affected
FDD1
253
FDD2
FDD3
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
2.8%
0.6%
120
1.3%
0.3%
55
0.6%
0.1%
Table 15
ACI to Channel 60 in Vordingborg, portable indoor reception
[Source: Analysys Mason]
Our initial analysis suggests that, for fixed rooftop reception 4.0% of households
using Channel 60 are potentially interfered from LTE Channel FDD1 within the
Vordingborg sample area, with the affected area being 0.9% of the total area
modelled. For portable indoor reception the potentially interfered households
reduces to 2.8% of DTT households, with the affected area being 0.6%. This
difference is potentially due to the lower height of the receiving antenna for portable
receivers compared to fixed reception, and the fact that penetration of signals within
buildings provides some mitigation from interference.
23
i.e. where DTT services are not received via a fixed outdoor antenna but use a portable antenna
located inside the building
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
36
24
The effect of having three LTE networks operating within the area
increases blocking by almost three (2.8) times the amount caused by a
single network. This could scale to around 150 000 DTT households
nationally, if three national networks operating at maximum licensed
power levels were deployed in the 800MHz band.
ACI from a single LTE network using Channel FDD1 could affect up to
around 5 600 DTT households in Channel 60 viewing areas. For two LTE
networks (one using Channels FDD1 and FDD2, and the second using
FDD3 and FDD4) the cumulative number of households affected by ACI
within Channel 60 areas rises to 7 600 DTT households. Some 1 000 DTT
households could receive interference from both networks.
The geotypes are defined based on municipal areas in Denmark and population density.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
37
frequency), and is sensitive to the distance between the LTE base station
and the household, primarily as a result of the design of DTT receivers
and their overload threshold.
25
Although blocking is generally not frequency dependent, measurements of overload threshold (Oth) of
different DTT receivers presented in ECC Report 148 indicate some dependency between the measured
Oth and the frequency offset between the LTE and the DTT signal. Specifically, measurements suggest
a variation in the Oth when the TV receiver is tuned to a channel at a frequency offset of 33MHz or less
(which corresponds to the offset between LTE block FDD1 and DTT channels 56-60), compared to the
Oth when the receiver is tuned to a lower channel (i.e. 21 to 55).
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
38
Areas covered by
more than 1 site
All sites with EiRP of 59dBm
Figure 11
Illustration of areas of coverage overlap in one LTE800
network deployed on GSM900 sites [Source: Analysys Mason]
In practice, we expect that operators will deploy base stations with a lower EIRP
than 59 dBm in different parts of their network. This will be done in order to avoid
significant coverage overlap between to sites (which would lead to increased
interference within the network) as well as to comply with specific planning
restrictions in some areas, which can affect the installation of base stations (e.g.
due to height or antenna size restrictions), leading to lower EIRP levels being
radiated. In particular, site availability and planning differences between urban,
suburban and rural areas will mean that EIRP levels will vary in different parts of
the network, with significantly lower EIRP levels typically being used in urban
areas compared to the most rural sites, for example.
Since the assumption in our initial analysis that all LTE sites will transmit at
maximum licensed levels is unlikely to reflect how LTE networks will be deployed
in practice, the next section of this report considers the impact of assuming more
realistic EIRP levels being used within an LTE network, and how this affects
interference to DTT.
We have conducted this subsequent analysis focussed on two sample areas of
Denmark (one to the north of Copenhagen and one in the Ringsted-Sor area),
where we have varied the EIRP per individual base station site in line with a more
practical network deployment.
Our approach and results to this analysis are described in the section 4.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
39
26
The morphology (clutter) data set for our planning tool includes urban, suburban and rural areas,
shown as red, yellow and white in the diagram, as well as forest, shown as green. For our analysis
we have incorporated forest areas into our rural geo-type. Our morphology data set also includes
water and sea categories, which we did not use in our analysis.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
40
Figure 12
Figure 13 below illustrates the methodology we have used to determine the EIRP
at individual base station sites within several LTE networks operating in the same
area.
Calculate cell
range for different
EIRP
Assign sites in
LTE networks to
geo-types
Derive required
site separation
from cell range
Verify EIRP-site
separation curves
using planning tool
Re-run overload
and ACI effects
Produce final
coverage plot per
network
Figure 13
Approach to setting EIRP per base station site [Source:
Analysys Mason]
We first calculated theoretical cell ranges for a range of EIRP levels between 30
and 60dBm using the link budget listed in Annex D, which assumes an OkumuraHata propagation model. This gave the following theoretical cell ranges for
different geo-types, for a range of EIRP levels from 30 to 60dBm (see Table 16).
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
EIRP
(dBm)
(km)
(km)
(km)
30
0.40
0.69
2.28
35
0.55
0.95
3.16
40
0.76
1.32
4.38
45
1.06
1.83
6.07
50
1.46
2.53
8.42
55
1.55
2.69
8.94
60
1.55
2.69
8.94
41
Table 16
Calculated cell ranges for different EIRP levels [Source:
Analysys Mason]27
We then calculated the theoretical site separation required between base stations
for the given EIRP range (assuming some overlap in coverage for handover, as is
usual in practice), as shown in Table 17Error! Reference source not found..
EIRP
Theoretical site
Theoretical site
Theoretical site
(dBm)
separation urban
separation suburban
separation rural
(km)
(km)
(km)
30
0.69
1.20
3.95
35
0.95
1.65
5.48
40
1.32
2.29
7.57
45
1.84
3.17
10.52
50
2.53
4.38
14.59
55
2.69
4.66
15.49
60
2.69
4.66
15.49
Table 17
Theoretical site separation for different EIRP levels [Source:
Analysys Mason]27
Verifying the theoretical distances using the planning tool, we found the rural
EIRP levels to be lower than required for the range of separation distances of
interest to our analysis. We therefore adjusted the rural curve by adding 10dB to
the EIRP, giving the following relationship between site separation and EIRP for
urban, suburban and rural geo-types (see Figure 14).
27
The link budget becomes uplink-limited at around 51dBm, and so cell ranges do not change
above this level.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
42
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
BS EIRP (dBm)
Urban
Figure 14
Mason]
Suburban
Rural
Using the existing GSM900 site locations within Denmark, we identified the
number of base stations within the North Copenhagen sample area for our
analysis, for each of the three existing GSM900 networks. This provided the
following base station numbers for three networks within the sample area (Table
18).
Network ID
Network A
55
Network B
129
Network C
128
Table 18
Number of base stations within the North Copenhagen
sample area [Source: Analysys Mason]
For each of the three networks based upon the existing GSM900 networks, we
mapped the location of the base stations within the sample area, and assigned a
geo-type to each site. This is illustrated in the maps below. In each of the
following maps, red represents urban areas, yellow sub-urban and white rural.
(Note that green and blue areas represent forest, water and sea. We have
combined the forest areas into the rural geo-type (white). Water and sea areas
are not used.)
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
43
Figure 16
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
44
Figure 17
This resulted in the following number of sites per network for each geo-type:
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Network A
14
26
14
Network B
26
73
29
Network C
33
76
20
Table 19
Number of sites per geo-type within the North Copenhagen
sample area [Source: Analysys Mason]
Finally, based on the site locations within each of the three networks, we
calculated the distance from each base station to its nearest neighbour. Using the
EIRP-to-site-separation curve illustrated above (Figure 14), we then assigned a
unique EIRP to each site, based upon the required EIRP for the calculated site
separation.
We then modelled a series of coverage predictions for each network in our
planning tool to validate coverage. Coverage was predicted using propagation
model ITU-R P.1812, with receiver height at 1.5 metres, and predictions based
upon predicting coverage for 50% locations and 50% time within the cell (noting
that theoretical cell ranges assume a 75% cell edge probability (i.e. the
probability that a mobile device will receive a signal above the specified threshold
value, at the edge of a cell).
We also modelled best server and simultaneous site display predictions to
highlight the areas of overlap between sites, which resulted in some manual
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
45
adjustment of the assigned EIRP level per site in a number of locations where
overlapping areas were calculated to be too large with the assumed EIRP.
The final composite coverage results from each network, along with the assigned
EIRPs per site, as predicted in our planning tool, are illustrated in the maps
below. It is noted that the resulting population coverage from the three networks
is 82% of the population within the North Copenhagen sample area for Network
A, and 96% for Network B and Network C. The coverage figures are different for
each network because the number and location of the base stations differ. This is
in line with expected LTE deployment, since it is noted that different numbers of
base stations are employed within existing 900 MHz networks in Denmark.
It is also noted that the percentage coverage is useful in our analysis only to
compare the interference effects of the three networks. It is expected that
coverage in practice will be better than predicted by our analysis, since in
practice the GSM900 networks that we have used as the basis of determining
base station locations have base stations just outside the selected North
Copenhagen sample area, which have been excluded from our coverage
calculation.
Figure 18
Mason]
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
46
Figure 19
Figure 20
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
47
It is noted that the assumed planning level for the LTE service is 53 dBV/m (for
a 10 Mbit/s downlink service with 75% probability of reception at the cell edge),
and so the diagrams above illustrate different receive signal strength indicators
(RSSI) with respect to that planning level: the blue colour represents areas where
the planning level is achieved, white areas are those with an RSSI lower than the
planning level, and aqua/green areas are where the RSSI is higher than the
planning level. Since the LTE link budget used for our analysis calculates cell
ranges for an 8Mbit/s LTE (downlink) outdoor service, the blue areas in the
diagrams above can be considered to be areas where an 8Mbit/s service
(outdoors) will be received. Areas where the 8Mbit/s service will potentially be
exceeded are shown as aqua/green.
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network A
111
0.4%
0.2%
Network B
51
0.2%
0.5
0.1%
Network C
48
0.2%
0.5
0.1%
Table 20
Maps of the areas affected by blocking from each network are provided below.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
48
LTE Site
Figure 21
Areas affected by receiver overload Network A [Source:
Analysys Mason]
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Figure 22
Areas affected by receiver overload Network B [Source:
Analysys Mason]
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
49
50
Figure 23
Areas affected by receiver overload Network C [Source:
Analysys Mason]
It can be seen from these maps that there is some overlap between the areas in
which households are subject to receiver overload from each of the three
networks i.e. some households may be subject to receiver overload from
signals of multiple base stations. Our estimate is that, of the total of around 210
households that could be subject to receiver overload, up to 25% of these (i.e.
around 50) are in areas receiving overload from more than one network. The
total receiving overload from the three networks might be up to around 170.
However, this does not take into account the power sum of interference from
different LTE base station sources, which could increase this number slightly, and
is described in the following section (4.3).
These results highlight the significant reduction in the number of households
affected by receiver overload assuming that base stations within LTE networks
do not radiate at their maximum licensed limit. Extrapolating the results from our
North Copenhagen sample area to a national level28 shows that between 700
28
We have extrapolated the results from the North Copenhagen sample area to the national area
of Denmark by weighting the number of households affected by geo-type within the area, scaled
across the country.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
51
and 1600 DTT households could suffer receiver overload per LTE network (see
Table 21 below).
As noted in the previous section, the three LTE networks modelled contain
different numbers of base stations, and use different base station locations. Our
analysis assumes that as the number of base stations deployed within a network
increases the EIRP that is necessary per site reduces.
The location of households affected by receiver overload varies between the
three networks. For Networks A and C, just over half of the households affected
by receiver overload are in suburban geo-types. For Network B, the majority of
households affected are in rural geo-types. This suggests a different distribution
of affected households compared to our initial analysis using a uniform EIPP level
at all sites, which predicted the majority of households affected were in urban
areas.
Our results therefore suggest that as the average EIRP within networks reduces,
the potential for blocking to DTT also reduces (i.e. this reflects the fact that
typically in urban areas, lower EIRP is used per site). Compared to our initial
results assuming maximum licensed EIRP at all sites, the results below indicate a
98% reduction in the potential for receiver overload.
DTT households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network A
1 600
0.3%
60
0.1%
Network B
833
0.2%
48
0.1%
Network C
689
0.1%
35
0.1%
Table 21
Receiver overload using realistic LTE EIRP levels scaled
nationally from the North Copenhagen sample area [Source: Analysys
Mason]
The total households affected by overload, calculated by summing the effects of
the three networks, is therefore around 3 100 DTT viewing households. This
represents a reduction in receiver overload of around 98% compared to our initial
estimate calculated assuming three national networks using maximum licensed
EIRP levels at each base station site.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
52
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Non-composite
162
0.5%
0.3%
Composite effect
164
0.5%
0.3%
Table 22
Interference power sum of receiver overload from three
networks for sample area [Source: Analysys Mason]
Scaling this result nationally, according to the results per geo-type in the North
Copenhagen sample area aggregated by geo-type nationally, suggests that
between 2 500 and 3 000 of the households in Denmark that receive television
via DTT could be subject to receiver overload from the combined effects of three
LTE networks operating in the 800MHz band.
4.4 Impact of using realistic EIRP levels on the potential for ACI
Assessing the impact of LTE on ACI in the North Copenhagen sample area if the
LTE networks are using realistic EIRP levels, we also found a significant
reduction in the ACI effects, compared to a situation where all sites use their
maximum licensed EIRP level. The results of the ACI analysis are shown in the
tables below. In the ACI case, since effects are frequency-dependent, we have
repeated the analysis to investigate the effect of a different network (A, B or C)
using the lowermost LTE channel (FDD1), which our initial analysis showed to
cause the most ACI.
For each calculation we assumed a network would use a 2x10 MHz bandwidth
within the 800MHz band hence in the first set of results below (Table 23),
Network A is assumed to use blocks FDD1 and FDD2, Network B uses blocks
FDD3 and FDD4, and Network C uses blocks FDD5 and FDD6.
29
The power sum calculation takes account of the aggregated effect of LTE signals arriving from
different sources at the receiver.
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Television August 2011
DTT households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
53
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network A
(FDD1/FDD2)
485
1.6%
0.6%
Network B
65
0.2%
0.1%
49
0.2%
0.5
0.1%
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network C
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 23
ACI per network Network A in blocks FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
DTT households
Percentage of
affected
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network B
290
0.9%
0.6%
100
0.3%
0.2%
95
0.3%
0.1%
(FDD1/FDD2
Network C
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network A
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 24
ACI per network Network B in blocks FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
DTT households
Percentage of
Area affected
Percentage of
affected
households
(km2)
area affected
affected
Network C
314
1%
0.5%
240
0.8%
0.3%
46
0.1%
0.1%
(FDD1/FDD2
Network A
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network B
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 25
ACI per network Network C in blocks FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
The areas affected in each case are illustrated in the maps below. We have also
illustrated the location of DTT sites within the North Copenhagen sample area. In
the maps, blue areas show ACI caused by Network A, green by Network B and
yellow by Network C.
Comparing the maps below with our geo-types for the sample area suggests that
ACI only affects suburban and rural areas; none of the urban areas within our
sample were affected by ACI. This is assumed to be due to two factors; firstly
more DTT households in suburban and rural areas being located further from
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Television August 2011
54
DTT transmitters, and so at the edge of DTT coverage (noting that ACI depends
on the ratio between DTT and the LTE signal levels), and secondly, the density of
LTE base station sites, which means sites will transmit at lower powers in
general.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Figure 24
Areas affected by ACI Network A in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
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Television August 2011
55
56
Figure 25
Areas affected by ACI Network B in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
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Television August 2011
57
Figure 26
Areas affected by ACI Network C in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
Extrapolating the ACI results from our North Copenhagen sample area to a
national level provides the results shown below, suggesting that up to 2 000 DTT
households could be affected by ACI from a network using LTE blocks
FDD1/FDD230.
30
We have scaled the results from the sample area to the national area of Denmark using DTT
channel 59 by geo-type.
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Television August 2011
58
DTT households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
total area
affected
Network A
1935
1.5%
35
0.5%
Network B
1164
0.9%
43
0.9%
Network C
1270
1%
36
0.5%
Table 26
ACI from LTE block FDD 1 to DTT Channel 59 using realistic
LTE EIRP levels, scaled nationally [Source: Analysys Mason]
It is noted that the North Copenhagen sample area for our analysis is not an area
that uses Channel 60 and so the national ACI results in this case relate to the
number of households receiving ACI within areas of the country viewing services
via DTT Channel 59 and not via DTT Channel 6031. Noting this, Section 0 of this
report provides further analysis within another sample area of the country using
DTT Channel 60 using the same approach to setting realistic EIRP levels as
described previously.
From our initial analysis described in Section 3 (using maximum licensed EIRP at
all sites) we found that around 4 800 DTT households would be affected by ACI
in areas using Channel 59, and so the revised results described in this section
using realistic EIRP levels suggests a 60% reduction in affected households.
As with our initial analysis, it should be noted that a proportion of households
suffering ACI will also experience receiver blocking, which is the more severe of
the two interference effects since it can result in loss of the entire DTT service,
rather than just the MUX being broadcast on the channel(s) affected by ACI.
The maps below illustrate the overlap that occurs between areas predicted to
suffer from receiver overload and ACI within the North Copenhagen sample area,
for each of the networks considered. It also illustrates that ACI affects more DTT
households than receiver overload. As noted previously, in the North
Copenhagen sample area considered, all of the predicted ACI falls outside urban
areas.
31
The North Copenhagen sample area was chosen because it contains a distribution of different
geo-types and because a similar area was assessed in our initial analysis in Section 3 in our initial
analysis of receiver overload.
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Television August 2011
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Figure 27
Areas affected by ACI only, compared to ACI and blocking
Network A in FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
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Television August 2011
60
Figure 28
Areas affected by ACI only, compared to ACI and blocking
Network B in FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
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Television August 2011
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Figure 29
Areas affected by ACI only, compared to ACI and blocking
Network C in FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
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Television August 2011
62
a lower DTT field strength in parts of this area, as a result of its location relative
to the nearest DTT transmitters32.
32
The area is served by two DTT transmitters Vordingborg and Jyderup, however the city of
Ringsted, which appeared from our initial analysis to be particularly affected by ACI, is located
between the two sites and so is possibly receiving a lower field strength relative to other areas
located closer to one of the sites.
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Television August 2011
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Figure 31
Geo-types assigned to existing GSM900 sites in RingstedSor [Source: Analysys Mason]
This resulted in the following distribution of sites per geo-type, per GSM900
network in the Ringsted-Sor sample area.
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Network A
11
Network B
10
21
Network C
12
12
Table 27
Number of sites per geo-type within the Ringsted-Sor
sample area [Source: Analysys Mason]
It should be noted that because the sample area is a predominantly rural, it has a
significantly lower number of sites compared to the north Copenhagen area
considered in the previous section of this report.
We assigned an EIRP level to each site with the sample area, relative to the
distance from the nearest neighbouring site, as before.
Predicting coverage for each of the networks using the assigned EIRP levels in
our planning tool resulted in the following estimates of coverage within the
selected area.
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64
Figure 32
Mason]
Figure 33
Mason]
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Figure 34
Mason]
65
Assessing the potential for ACI from these LTE networks to households in the
Ringsted-Sor sample area using the same approach as described previously,
we found a reduction in the number of households affected by ACI from Network
A compared to our initial analysis (described in Section 3) where all sites use
their maximum licensed EIRP level. Networks B and C exhibited higher levels of
ACI that our initial analysis. This is primarily because Networks B and C both
contained more base station sites than the network we modelled our initial
analysis on although some of those base stations are at a lower power than
those assumed in our initial analysis33.
The results are shown in the tables below. As before, we repeated the analysis to
investigate the effect of different networks (A, B or C) using the lowermost LTE
channel nearest to DTT (i.e. LTE FDD1) and so the results for each network are
presented below.
33
Because of the predominantly rural nature of the Ringsted-Sor area it should be noted that
many of the base stations in our optimised network were estimated to require between 54 and 56
dBm EIPR using our approach to calculating EIRP relative to the nearest neighbouring site,
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Television August 2011
66
DTT households
Percentage of
affected
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network A
(FDD1/FDD2)
370
6.7%
20
2.9%
Network B
148
2.7%
0.9%
50
0.91%
0.2%
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network C
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 28
ACI per network Network A in blocks FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
DTT households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network B
588
10.7%
33
4.7%
159
2.9%
0.7%
43
0.8%
0.2%
(FDD1/FDD2
Network C
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network A
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 29
ACI per network Network B in blocks FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
DTT households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network C
580
3.7%
26
3.7%
124
2.3%
0.5%
38
0.7%
0.3%
(FDD1/FDD2
Network A
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network B
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 30
ACI per network Network C in blocks FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
The areas affected in each case are illustrated in the maps below.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Figure 35
Areas affected by ACI Network A in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
Figure 36
Areas affected by ACI Network B in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
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Television August 2011
67
68
Figure 37
Areas affected by ACI Network C in FDD1/FDD2 [Source:
Analysys Mason]
The results show that Networks B and C using LTE blocks FDD1/FDD2 affected
more households compared to Network A using the same frequency blocks. This
is potentially because Networks B and C provide a higher proportion of
population coverage around the Ringsted city area than Network A, where there
is a higher concentration of households affected by ACI.
Within Network A there is only one existing GSM900 site close to the Ringsted
city area and so, although we have assumed that this site operates at a
maximum licensed EIRP of 56 dBm, the percentage of population coverage from
Network A is lower than provided by Networks B and C.
It is also noted that whilst it was possible to reduce the EIRP levels for some sites
with the selected area within our revised analysis, compared to the maximum
levels assumed in our initial analysis, a number of sites in each network in our
revised analysis remained at the maximum EIRP level of 56 dBm.
This is because the selected Ringsted-Sor area is a predominately rural area
with fewer GSM900 sites than other suburban or urban areas, and hence use of
the maximum allowed EIRP is necessary to provide sufficient area coverage.
We also believe that lower DTT wanted field strengths assumed within our model
in the Ringsted city area are potentially contributing to the level of ACI that our
model has estimated. According to the revised Danish DTT plan (described
earlier in this report), there are two DTT sites serving the Ringsted-Sor area, but
the Ringsted city area (where our modelling indicates ACI to be particularly
prevalent), sits between the coverage of the two sites. This suggests the wanted
field strength to Ringsted might be lower than the field strength received at other
conurbations within the area that are located closer to one of the DTT site, as
illustrated in the diagram below.
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Television August 2011
69
Legend
DTT coverage from
site JYDERUP
DTT coverage from
site VORDINGBORG
Location of households
Figure 38
Density of households near Ringsted city area [Source:
Analysys Mason]
Extrapolating the ACI results from our Ringsted-Sor sample area to a national
level (i.e. for all areas of the country where Channel 60 is used) provides the
results below, suggesting that between 4 500 and 5 000 DTT households could
be affected nationally by ACI from Network A in our analysis using FDD1. This
number could increase to between 7000 and 7 500 if Networks B or C use blocks
FDD1 and FDD234. This compares to our previous estimate (from our initial
analysis in Section 3) of around 5 600 DTT viewing households in channel 60
areas being affected from ACI from an LTE network using block FDD1.
However, it is possible that our extrapolation to a national figure in this case is
misleading, because of the specific characteristics of DTT coverage in the
sample area and in particular around the Ringsted city area that we believe has
led to a higher predicted number of households affected by ACI in that area.
Extrapolating that result could therefore result in an over prediction of households
likely to be affected within Channel 60 areas nationally. We would therefore
recommend caution when interpreting these figures and expect that the actual
number of households affected by ACI within Channel 60 areas across Denmark
may be less that the numbers predicted by our extrapolation from the RingstedSor sample area.
It should also be noted that the difference in results between Network A and
Networks B and C reflects the different coverage levels between the three
networks in our modelling, Network A has a lower number of base stations
34
We have scaled the results from the Ringsted-Sor sample area to the national area of Denmark
by geo-type.
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70
within the Ringsted-Sor area than Networks B and C and therefore the coverage
from Network A is lower than the equivalent coverage from Networks B and C.
DTT households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
Percentage of
(km )
total area
affected
Network A
4 750
7.0%
192
2.9%
Network B
7 265
10.7%
314
4.8%
Network C
7 250
10.7%
248
3.8%
Table 31
ACI from LTE block FDD 1 to DTT Channel 60 using realistic
LTE EIRP levels, scaled nationally [Source: Analysys Mason]
FDD1
FDD3
FDD5
60
-6
-14
-19
Table 32
PR values plus correction factors, Channel 60 coverage,
portable indoor reception [Source: Analysys Mason]
A 3dB polarisation discrimination value used in our earlier analysis also no longer
applies. This is because, for portable reception, an omnidirectional antenna
pattern is normally assumed, and hence neither directivity nor polarisation
discrimination is applied.
The minimum median field strength for portable reception is assumed to be
66dBV/m, which is calculated from the original value of 58dBV/m for outdoor
coverage for the Boxer DTT network, plus an in-building penetration loss of
8dB35.
35
We have also re-predicted field strength maps for LTE coverage relative to a 1.5 metre receiving
height for DTT.
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71
Results are shown below. As with previous analysis, we have repeated the
analysis to illustrate the effect of the different LTE networks (A, B and C) using
the lowermost LTE channel (FDD1).
DTT households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network A
(FDD1/FDD2)
216
3.9%
11
1.6%
Network B
70
1.3%
0.6%
29
0.5%
0.2%
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network C
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 33
ACI per network for indoor coverage Network A in blocks
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
DTT households
Percentage of
affected
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
area affected
affected
Network B
279
5.1%
17
2.5%
84
1.5%
0.5%
31
0.6%
0.1%
(FDD1/FDD2
Network C
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network A
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 34
ACI per network for indoor coverage Network B in blocks
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
DTT households
Percentage of
Area affected
Percentage of
affected
households
(km2)
area affected
affected
Network C
290
5.3%
14
2%
71
1.3%
0.4%
23
0.4%
0.2%
(FDD1/FDD2
Network A
(FDD3/FDD4)
Network B
(FDD5/FDD6)
Table 35
ACI per network for indoor coverage Network C in blocks
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
The areas affected in each case are illustrated in the maps below, which illustrate
that the locations of households predicted to be affected by ACI are similar for
indoor and outdoor reception (i.e. by comparing these results with those
presented in Figure 35, Figure 36 and Figure 37).
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Figure 39
Areas affected by ACI (indoor reception) Network A in
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
Figure 40
Areas affected by ACI (indoor reception) Network B in
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
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73
Figure 41
Areas affected by ACI (indoor reception) Network C in
FDD1/FDD2 [Source: Analysys Mason]
Extrapolating the ACI results from the Ringsted-Sor sample area to a national
level (i.e. for indoor reception for all areas of the country where Channel 60 is
used) provides the results below, suggesting that between 2 800 and 3 700 DTT
households would be affected by ACI from a network using LTE blocks
FDD1/FDD2 for indoor reception36.
Households
affected
Percentage of
households
Area affected
2
Percentage of
(km )
total area
affected
Network A
2840
4.2%
104
1.6%
Network B
3441
5.1%
165
2.5%
Network C
3622
5.3%
136
2.1%
Table 36
ACI from LTE block FDD 1 to DTT Channel 60 using realistic
LTE EIRP levels, scaled nationally, indoor coverage [Source: Analysys
Mason]
These results are consistent with the results from our earlier analysis of indoor
coverage (described in Section 3.2), where we found that the number of
households affected by ACI for indoor reception could be slightly lower than the
equivalent number affected if fixed outdoor reception is assumed.
36
We have scaled the results from the Ringsted-Sorsample area to the national area of Denmark
by geo-type.
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Television August 2011
74
Sites shared
Sites shared
Percentage site
amongst two
amongst three
share
operators
operators
311
57
15
23%
311
78
15
30%
Table 37
Site sharing in North Copenhagen sample area [Source:
Analysys Mason]
The results of our analysis are shown in Table 38 below. They suggest that
increasing site sharing and using realistic EIRP levels are effective as a means of
substantially reducing the risk of receiver overload. It is expected that operators
will voluntarily deploy a combination of both reduced EIRP and increased site
sharing within urban areas in particular in order to comply with planning
regulations and to deal with a lack of availability of base station sites, as well as
other practical considerations.
DTT
Percentage of
households
households
Area affected
Percentage of
total area
affected
Receiver overload with
reduced EIRP levels
163
0.5%
1.76
0.3%
34
0.1%
0.43
0.1%
Table 38
The effect of using realistic LTE EIRP levels and increased
site sharing on receiver overload [Source: Analysys Mason]
The electromagnetic field of an antenna in the far field (free space assumptions) generally falls in
amplitude by 1/r (meaning that the total energy per unit area at a distance r is proportional to 1/r 2).
In the near field, by contrast, the energy level and coupling mechanism is very variable.
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75
We estimate that the near field range of an LTE800 antenna will be around 20
metres, and on this basis we have estimated the number of households within
this distance of our modelled base stations (noting that our modelling is based on
existing 900MHz site locations). We estimate that around 217 households in the
north of Copenhagen area used in the analysis through this section of the report
are located within the near field of an LTE base station from one LTE network.
However, since some LTE sites of different networks are very close together and
therefore affect the same household, our estimate is that the total number of
households affected is only 191.
Considering this effect across Denmark (assuming LTE800 is deployed on
existing GSM900 sites of the three 2G mobile operators), we estimate that up to
500 households in total could be located within 20 metres of an LTE800 antenna.
The total equivalent area affected (i.e. the sum of the areas located within 20
metres of LTE800 antennas, nationally across Denmark) is 5.13 km382.
38
The results we have presented are for sample areas to the north of
Copenhagen and around Ringsted-Sor. We have assumed that three
networks are deployed, each using 2x10 MHz of spectrum from the
800MHz band. The site density per network, site locations and heights are
based upon existing GSM900 network deployments. EIRP levels have
This area corresponds to 4 824 base stations with a near field area of radii 20 metres.
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76
Within the North of Copenhagen sample area, we found that our more
detailed model predicts that the three LTE800 networks will result in
around 160 DTT viewing households being subject to receiver overload
(summing the individual effects of each of the networks). This suggests
approximately 0.6% of the DTT households in the area might be affected.
Extrapolating this result nationally suggests between 2 500 and 3 000
DTT households might be affected by blocking from at least one of the
three LTE networks, assuming those networks use varying EIRP levels
per site consistent with the geo-type of the area and the proximity of sites.
This compares to up to 150 000 DTT households estimated to be affected
by overload from our initial analysis, if all sites in three national LTE
networks operate at maximum licensed power. The use of more realistic
EIRP levels per site therefore results in a 98% reduction in the number of
households subject to receiver overload.
We believe that the use of lower EIRP levels at individual LTE sites is a
better representation of how LTE networks will be deployed in practice,
because in practice operators face various practical constraints that limit
the power level from individual sites and will therefore tend to use lower
EIRP levels at some sites, particularly in urban areas. Such constraints
might include restrictions on antenna heights, restrictions due to mast
sharing, and use of combiners and other RF equipment (e.g. to integrate
800MHz and 900MHz networks), which will cause losses that will reduce
the radiated power in practice.
For ACI, we have found that the number of households affected in a given
area depends on the LTE network deployment, as well as the
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77
For the three networks modelled in the Ringsted-Sor area, we found that
ACI could affect between 370 and 590 households in the area in total.
Extrapolating these results national suggests between 4 500 and 5 000
DTT households located within Channel 60 areas nationally could be
subject to ACI from an LTE800 network based upon the Network A in our
detailed analysis. This can be compared to the 5 600 DTT viewing
households potentially affected, based upon our initial analysis,
confirming that optimising the EIRP level at individual sites has a positive
impact in terms of reducing the number of households potentially affected
by ACI. However, we found by extrapolating our results for Networks B
and C that additional households could be affected, up to between 7 000
and 7 500. We believe this is due to the higher site density (and therefore
increased coverage) of those networks compared to Network A,
particularly around the Ringsted city area, where both networks have
more sites leading to a higher percentage of population coverage.
However, we believe that the primary cause of the higher number of
households affected in this area is due to the particular characteristics of
DTT coverage, as described previously.
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78
mobile network, we estimate around 500 DTT households lie within the
near field of an LTE800 antenna.
We have noted the following areas of uncertainty within our modelling:
Although the ideal solution for operators is to optimise the EIRP per site to
manage interference levels within the network, in reality operators may
have a standard EIRP design at selected sites during the initial rollout of
LTE800. It is expected that this might be optimised over time such that
operators will deploy a range of base station powers over time taking
account of various factors. Therefore, the EIRP level at individual LTE
sites, as well as the number of sites employed, will change as networks
evolve. It is also noted that power control within LTE networks will be
used to optimise the radiated power depending on local conditions and
location of users within a cell. In addition, LTE is expected to use MIMO
(Multiple In, Multiple Out) antennas that will also influence instantaneous
radiated power.
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39
For example, a study by Cobham Technical Services for the UK Office of Communications,
submitted to the ECC, see
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/ddr/statement/ERA2.pdf
40
It is noted that insertion loss of up to a few dBs might occur based upon typical filter
specifications. This is not expected to affect reception of DTT services other than to a small
proportion of households who might be receiving a weak DTT field strength.
41
C/I ratio is described in ECC Report 148 as being The ratio, generally expressed in dB, of the
power of the wanted signal to the total power of interfering signals and noise, evaluated at the
receiver input.
42
See page 29 of
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/dtt/summary/dttcondoc.pdf
43
Braun Telecom indicates that filter model LPF-774-LONG is available for protection of channel
58, LPF-782-LONG for protection of channel 59 and LPF-790-LONG for protection of Channel 60.
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80
The interference attenuation that each filter provides depends upon the
frequency separation between the LTE interference and the DTT reception,
meaning that attenuation is lower for interference into Channel 60 compared to
Channels 59 and 58, since Channels 59 and 58 have a greater frequency
separation from the 800MHz band. An example of typical attenuation and
insertion loss44 is shown in Figure 42 below, provided by Braun Telecom.
Figure 42
Based on the figure above, which represents the LPF-790-LONG filter model for
DTT Channel 60, we have estimated the following attenuation from LTE
emissions can be achieved:
The typical insertion loss is 3dB or less, thus the typical C/I improvement for
Channel 60 is around 2dB for FDD1, 5dB from FDD2, 12dB from FDD3 and
greater than 17dB for FDD4 and above. For Channel 59, the typical C/I
improvement is expected to be better than 5dB for FDD1.
To illustrate the effectiveness of filters being added to the DTT receive path, we
have assessed the impact of an extra 5dB and 10 dB attenuation being added to
our modelling of the calculated probability of receiver overload. The results are
summarised in the table below, relative to the number of households we
predicted might be affected by receiver overload from our detailed network
44
Insertion loss refers to the loss of DTT signal power resulting from insertion of a filter in the
receive path.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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81
analysis for the North of Copenhagen area, described in the previous section.
Applying 5 dB and 10 dB of attenuation to that analysis, respectively, we have
calculated the percentage reduction in the number of households and area
affected by receiver overload and ACI, as shown below.
Filter attenuation
(dB)
Affected area
2
(km )
Affected area
Affected DTT
Affected
(% of total in
households
households (% of
sample area)
(number)
total in sample
area)
No filters
0.97
0.2%
111
0.4
0.32
0.1%
30
0.1
10
0.1
0.0%
0.0
Table 39
Estimated reduction in the potential for blocking from use of
DTT receiver filters using realistic EIRP analysis for selected Channel 59
area [Source: Analysys Mason]
Filter attenuation
(dB)
Affected area
2
(km )
Affected area (%
Affected DTT
Affected
of total in sample
households
households (% of
area)
(number)
total in sample
area)
No filters
3.63
0.6
485
1.6
1.07
0.2
167
0.5
10
0.37
0.1
36
0.1
Table 40
Estimated reduction in the potential for ACI from use of DTT
receiver filters using realistic EIRP analysis for selected Channel 59 area
[Source: Analysys Mason]
These results suggest a 73% reduction in the number of households subject to
receiver blocking for a filter providing 5dB of attenuation, and 95% for a filter
providing 10dB of attenuation. For ACI, the percentage reduction is 65% for a
filter providing 5dB of attenuation and 93% for 10dB of attenuation.
We have also considered the impact of filters providing 5dB of attenuation on the
potential for ACI to households in the Ringsted-Sor area. Results from this
analysis are presented below.
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Filter attenuation
(dB)
Affected area
2
(km )
Affected area (%
Affected DTT
Affected
of total in sample
households
households (% of
area)
(number)
total in sample
area)
No filters
2.9
370
6.7
193
3.5
Table 41
Estimated reduction in the potential for ACI from use of DTT
receiver filters using realistic EIRP analysis for selected Ringsted-Sor area
[Source: Analysys Mason]
These results therefore suggest a 47% reduction in the number of households
subject to ACI in the selected Channel 60 area, if a filter provides 5 dB of
attenuation.
In practice, it should be noted that different levels of attenuation will be required
for different households, depending on the DTT channel(s) being used and the
source of LTE interference. We have not evaluated the precise level of
attenuation required at each household within the sample areas of our modelling
as part of this study.
As noted from the filter characteristics provided by Braun Telecom, it is possible
that filters will not fully mitigate interference from the lowermost LTE block
(FDD1) into DTT Channel 60 because the filter does not provide sufficient
attenuation (i.e. limited to 2dB or less). Our modelling results described above
suggests that filters can be expected to substantially mitigate interference
between all other frequency combinations of LTE and DTT where attenuation of
10dB or greater is achieved and provide some mitigation where 5dB of
attenuation is achieved. However, specifically for Channel 60 ACI from FDD1,
filtering is only able to provide limited mitigation (approximately 2dB) due to the
very limited frequency separation (of 1 MHz).
83
which use either Channel 59 or 60 for DTT 45. The consultation document found
that the incremental cost of higher quality filters (over and above those needed
to comply with the out-of-block emission limits set by the Decision) is around
GBP40-GBP70 per antenna, or GBP240-GBP420 per base station and
concluded that mitigation via LTE base station filters was an effective and costefficient mitigation technique.
The ECs 800 MHz Decision specifies Block Edge Masks (BEM) that LTE800
base stations must comply with, as described earlier in this report. It is expected
that some base station filtering will be required to comply with these masks.46
Additional filtering could result in reduced interference into DTT services, as
described above. The main downside of this for mobile operators is an increase
in the cost of deployment per base station as a result of the increased filtering
cost (as illustrated by the UK Office of Communications estimates above).
Additional filtering also requires extra space to be available at base station sites,
although more recent approaches to filter technology aim to reduce their size,
weight and power consumption, as well as to achieve a very small insertion loss
(i.e. the small loss of signal power that results from insertion of the filter at the
base station, leading to reduction in transmitted power).
45
See page 31 of
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/dtt/summary/dttcondoc.pdf
46
For example, as noted in ECC Report 148, additional band pass RF filtering with sufficient
attenuation is required to reduce the emissions from the levels set by the 3GPP LTE spectrum
emission mask down to the appropriate regulatory BEM baseline limit
47
One main DTT site in the Danish network, Thisted, uses vertical polarisation.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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84
between the mobile service and DTT)48. In the analysis presented in Sections 2
and 4 of this report, we have assumed that LTE networks use slant polarisation
and so have assumed 3dB discrimination exists.
Studies published by CEPT and the ITU-R have shown that use of vertical
antennas would provide increased discrimination to the main DTT stations, and
16dB is usually assumed as the discrimination loss between vertical and
horizontal polarisations. This additional discrimination could therefore provide
additional mitigation against receiver overload and ACI, by increasing the
difference between unwanted LTE and wanted DTT signal levels at affected DTT
households.
Our estimate is that the addition of 16 dB discrimination into our modelled
interference scenarios could result in up to 90% reduction in the number of
households affected by ACI and blocking.
It is noted that use of cross-polarisation discrimination as a means of ACI or
receiver overload interference mitigation requires LTE antennas to be vertically
polarised if DTT networks use horizontal polarisation, which could limit the
capabilities of LTE networks, affecting coverage and capacity. In addition, in
Denmark most main DTT transmitters are horizontally polarised though a few
main transmitters, and most on-channel repeaters (DTT gap fillers), are vertically
polarised.
This means that cross-polarisation is not a mitigation technique that can be
applied throughout networks in Denmark, but can possibly be applied in selected
areas only receiving a DTT service from a horizontally polarised main transmitter.
See ITU-R R07-JTF5-6 Annex 6 to Joint Task Group 5-6 Chairmans Report: Methodologies
(including interference objectives) for sharing studies between the mobile service, on the one hand,
and the terrestrial broadcasting, on the other hand, in the band 790-862 MHz.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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85
(SINR) by increasing the level of the DTT signal at the victim DTT receiver.
Co-siting an OCR on the LTE base station may therefore mitigate the ACI caused
by that base station.
However, addition of OCRs can lead to additional interference within the DTT
network (either co-channel or adjacent channel) and so careful positioning of
OCRs is required to achieve sufficient isolation between the OCR and the main
DTT site. For this reason, use of OCRs is not practical in all areas within the DTT
network, but they can be used in areas where LTE sites are located near to the
edge of the coverage area of a DTT site, which will benefit from increasing the
power of the DTT signal to overcome the LTE ACI.
It is noted that the use of OCRs may require DTT viewing households to re-orient
antennas to the new OCR site. This would normally require a visit from a trained
antenna installer to complete the re-orientation, and so there would be a cost
incurred by each household requiring this.
Our estimate is that that the addition of OCRs will be successful in reducing ACI
in up to 90% of cases, but does not eliminate it.
It is also noted that the feasibility in practice of deploying additional repeaters
within the DTT networks in Denmark would require further practical investigation
using field trials in particular, whether sufficient space and facilities exist at LTE
base station sites to enable OCRs to be co-sited, and whether sufficient isolation
between the repeater receiving antenna and the LTE transmitting antenna can be
ensured by appropriate site mounting.
Additional capital costs are also incurred within the DTT network to deploy OCRs.
Our estimate is that the cost of a single OCR is around EUR10 000, plus
associated site and installation costs of around EUR5000. There will also be a
cost of re-orientating antennas at affected households. Further study would be
required in order to identify the number of units that might be required across the
DTT network in Denmark noting, as described previously, that the addition of
OCRs is practical only in selected areas of the DTT network. Accordingly, other
means of interference mitigation described earlier in this report, such as filtering,
are expected to be more widely deployed and will therefore have a greater impact
on reducing interference.
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86
Throughout the analysis in this report, we have assumed an Oth value of -15
dBm, which can be considered as a conservative assumption, since ECC Report
148 describes measured values of between -15dBm and -5dBm. 49,50
In practice, the measurements conducted by the ECC demonstrate that there is
currently a significant variation between the Oth of different DTT receivers on
the market. For example:
10% of the worst performing receivers on the market have an Oth
of -15dBm
50% of the best performing receivers have an Oth of -5dBm
10% of the best performing receivers have an Oth of 0dBm.
A similar variation in performance levels is also illustrated by ECC Report 148 in
relation to protection ratio (PR) values relating to ACI. Again, measurements
suggest a 10dB variation between measured PR values for the worst performing
receivers compared to the best performing receivers.
The measurements in ECC Report 148 therefore demonstrate that it is possible,
through current DTT receiver design, for DTT receivers to achieve better
performance that the assumptions made in this report.
A possible means of mitigation against receiver overload could therefore be to
improve the immunity of DTT receivers, by designing them with a higher Oth. It is
feasible that a higher Oth limit could be specified within receiver standards for
DTT services, to ensure that future receivers are designed with a higher
threshold in mind. Similarly, receiver standards could also be specified to
include minimum PR levels determined with LTE interference in mind (noting that
DTT to DTT PR values are already provided e.g. in the ITU-R GE-06 agreement).
It is noted that improvements to receiver performance would not reduce the risk
of ACI and/or receiver overload in the short term (since the majority of
households will already possess one or more digital receivers designed to todays
standards). It would, however, reduce the risk of interference over the medium
term, once households upgrade their receivers in future.
To illustrate the potential effect of this, we have considered the effect of
increasing the Oth assumed within our analysis from -15dBm to
-5dBm for all DTT households. The results of the analysis are presented below,
relative to our initial analysis (based on a single LTE network deployed nationally
in which all LTE base stations radiate at their maximum licensed power). The
difference between the two thresholds in our analysis is 10 dB, and this
improvement produces an 87% reduction overall in the number of households
subject to receiver overload51.
49
-15dBm is the threshold at which 90% of the best performing equipment measured in ECC
Report 148 remained unaffected by blocking from LTE.
50
This is the typical range the full range of measurements described in ECC Report 148 range
from 03dBm to -26dBm.
51
These results compare the effect of increasing the Oth relative to our initial analysis described in
Section 3, but it is expected that a similar reduction will apply relative to the results using realistic
LTE EIRP levels, presented in Section 4.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Overload
Affected area
threshold (dBm)
(km )
87
Affected area
Affected DTT
Affected
(% of total in
households
households (% of
Denmark)
total in Denmark)
-15
1529
3.6%
54 045
2.3%
-5
156
0.4%
6 913
0.3%
Table 42
Impact of improving the blocking threshold modelled for
one LTE network interfering with DTT, operating at maximum licensed EIRP
[Source: Analysys Mason]
It is noted that Denmark is unlikely to be able to implement such a change by
itself. DTT receiver manufacturers design and manufacture products with markets
much larger than Denmark in mind typically for markets the size of the EU.
Therefore, in order to implement such a higher Oth limit, Denmark would need to
coordinate the proposed changes with other countries, or indeed with the
European Commission. It might also be possible to require manufacturers to
make a clear declaration concerning the blocking performance of the receiver at
the point of sale (e.g. by incorporating a blocking requirement alongside the other
requirements that are already necessary to obtain the Boxer ready or other
similar logos for sale of TV receivers in Denmark.)
52
Within this report, we describe potential near-field effects, being localised effects of interference
where DTT receivers are located within a 20 metre radius of an LTE base station.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/events/ecs10/presentations/ebu_ecs10_workshop_sami.pdf
54
http://docbox.etsi.org/Etsi_Cenelec/PUBLIC%20FOLDER%20on%20DD/UK%20DKTN%20DD/
DCKTN%20Digital%20Dividend%20Technologies%20Spectrum%2011Jun10%20v11%20(SR).pdf
55
ECC TG4(10)317, UK measurements of LTE into DTT, presented to the 15th meeting of ECC
TG4
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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90
distance, unless the terminal was transmitting at close to its maximum value of
23dBm.
All of the measured interference effects were resolved by the introduction of a
low-pass filter in the TV receiving antenna set-up. The filter provided on average
20 to 25dB of improvement in interference margin.
With regards to mitigating blocking caused by LTE terminals, it is noted that
power control within LTE terminals ensures that the devices are usually operating
below their maximum power level, which provides mitigation in terms of the
potential for blocking of DTT portable indoor receivers. This point was made in a
contribution by the GSM Association to CENELEC in 2010,56 which suggested
that whilst the maximum power of an LTE terminal is 23dBm, for most of the time
the terminal will transmit at significantly less than its maximum output power.
Accordingly, it is not considered likely that interference from LTE devices to DTT
receivers will cause significant problems in practice, and as agreed with NITA, we
have not therefore explicitly modelled LTE uplink interference within this study.
56
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We also found that up to 2 000 DTT households might be affected by ACI within
areas of the country receiving DTT services using Channel 59 (from one network
using blocks FDD1/FDD2)57.
For areas of the country using DTT Channel 60, we found that between 4 500
and 5 000 DTT households could receive ACI from an LTE network based upon
the Network A configuration in our modelling.
It should be noted that Networks B and C resulted in a higher number of affected
households (between 7 000 and 7 500) as a result of the increased coverage and
additional base stations in those networks. However, it is noted that our
nationwide extrapolation of results from the Ringsted-Sor area should be viewed
with caution, due to the specific characteristics of DTT coverage in that area,
which we believe could be responsible for a greater proportion of households
being predicted to be affected by ACI.
However, our study has also identified a number of practical means of mitigating
interference effects for these potentially affected households.
Our analysis suggests the most practical, cost-effective means of mitigation
appears to be installation of low-pass DTT receiver filters. Our estimates of the
attenuation that can be achieved by a low-pass filter for Channel 60 (based upon
information received from Braun Telecom for this study) are as follows:
This is ACI to areas of the country receiving DTT using channel 59, since the area chosen for our
more detailed analysis was to the north of Copenhagen, where DTT Channel 60 is not used.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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93
providing 5dB of attenuation will only provide limited (less than 47%) reduction in
households affected by ACI from FDD1, due to the limited frequency separation.
We also note that LTE base station filters could also be used in combination with
DTT receiver filters to reduce the out-of-band component of base station
interference and therefore further reduce the number of households affected by
ACI.
Other mitigation techniques can also be applied, to improve the DTT signal
strength with respect to the LTE signal strength, thereby reducing the impact of
interference. Examples include cross-polarisation and the use of on-channel
repeaters. These techniques can be considered on a case-by-case basis since
they cannot be applied throughout Denmark for various reasons, as described in
this report.
We also note that improvement to current DTT receiver design could substantially
reduce the potential for receiver overload and ACI. In particular, the measured
results of overload threshold published in ECC Report 48 suggest that it is
possible through current DTT receiver design to achieve an Oth of at least 5dBm, which will significantly improve the immunity of TV receivers to blocking
from LTE signals. Measured PR values also show a 10 dB difference between
the worst performing and the best performing receivers. Our estimate is that if all
DTT receivers had an Oth of -5dBm for example, the number of Danish
households at risk of receiver overload would reduce by 87% compared to an Oth
of -15dBm).
It is feasible that a higher Oth limit could be specified within the standards for
DTT receivers, to ensure that future models are designed with a higher threshold.
This would not reduce the risk of receiver overload in the short term since the
majority of households will already possess one or more digital receivers
designed to todays standards. It would, however, reduce the risk of interference
over the medium term, once households upgrade their receivers.
Denmark is unlikely to be able to implement such a change by itself since
manufacturers design their products with markets much larger than Denmark in
mind typically for markets the size of the EU. Therefore, in order to implement
such a higher Oth limit, Denmark would need to coordinate the proposed
changes with other countries, or indeed with the European Commission.
However, within Denmark it might also be possible to require manufacturers to
make a clear declaration at the point of sale concerning the blocking performance
of the receiver.
It is also noted that a few households within close proximity to LTE base stations
could suffer higher levels of interference than predicted in our analysis, as a
result of near-field radiation. Taking account of the households located within the
near field of antennas from more than one network (based on existing 900 MHz
base station locations), we estimate that the number of households within an LTE
antenna near field is around 500 DTT households, which is therefore an
extremely small proportion of DTT households nationally.
For the few remaining households for which no suitable means of interference
mitigation can be found, it is possible that the only solution for blocking would be
to change from DTT to an alternative platform (e.g. cable, IPTV or satellite).
Provision of targeted information to affected DTT households from LTE operators
timed with the launch of new LTE800 base stations could also be helpful in
alerting viewers to potential issues.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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94
7.3 Recommendations
The following are the main recommendations from our study in relation to
licensing of the 800MHz band:
Our analysis suggests that the number of households affected by receiver
overload and ACI into DTT is substantially reduced if lower levels of EIRP
(e.g. between 45 and 50 dBm) are used at individual base stations, rather
than assuming that the maximum licensed level allowed is used at all sites.
We expect that for a number of practical reasons operators will voluntarily
deploy lower EIRP levels than the maximum licensed level at some base
station sites for example as a result of limits on the feasible size of base
station antennas at urban sites, the effects sharing of antennas with 900MHz
and associated feeder losses, use of transmit power control, etc. These
various factors mean that mobile operators will optimise their networks
individually taking account of base station locations and local traffic load.
Accordingly, we do not believe that it is necessary to stipulate a lower
licensed EIRP level within all 800MHz licences, since operators are expected
to make use of lower powers voluntarily, and imposing a lower licensed limit
could reduce operators flexibility with regard to network deployment.
However, it is noted that some additional EIRP limitations may need to be
considered on use of the lowermost LTE block within areas of the country
where DTT Channel 60 is used, given the higher proportion of potentially
affected households in those areas. It is noted that the maximum licensed
EIRP limit assumed in this report is 59dBm at most sites, or 56dBm at sites
within areas using Channel 60. There is no specified maximum in-band EIRP
limit in the ECs 800MHz decision, but the Decision suggests Member States
may set limits and, unless otherwise justified, these limits would normally lie
within the range 5664dBm (for a 5MHz channel).
Considering possible mitigation techniques to restore DTT services in the
presence of interference, filtering is the most obvious solution, although
improvements to DTT receiver specifications over time could also provide an
equally effective means of mitigating interference. Receiver filters could be
used in affected areas in Denmark without affecting either the LTE or DTT
network deployments. However, it is noted that the attenuation provided by
filters is frequency-specific, and therefore there are likely to be few
households within areas using Channel 60 for which filtering is not a practical
solution. Additionally, LTE base station filters can be used in combination with
DTT receiver filters to further improve mitigation against interference.
We have found that the effects of interference from receiver overload and ACI
can also be mitigated by the use of vertically polarised LTE antennas (in
contrast to the horizontal polarisation typically employed in DTT). However,
the practicality of this solution is limited since, although most main DTT
transmitters in Denmark use horizontal polarisation, the majority of DTT
OCRs use vertical polarisation, meaning that the cross-polarisation gain of
using vertically polarised LTE antennas cannot be realised. The use of
vertically polarised antennas might also limit the flexibility of mobile operators
to deploy LTE (given that slant antennas are in common use already, and use
of MIMO techniques is expected to become more prevalent). Therefore, we
recommend that operators are only encouraged to use vertically polarised
antennas in areas where these are feasible and are demonstrated to provide
a benefit in terms of reduced interference.
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Suburban
Rural
Affected
Affected
Affected
Affected
Affected
Affected
area (%
households
area (%
households
area (%
households
of total
(% of total
of total
(% of total
of total
(% of total
area)
area)
area)
area)
area)
area)
Anholt
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
Laeso
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.7
Tolne-Nibe
1.0
1.4
0.5
1.1
0.3
1.3
Viborg
1.2
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.3
Thisted
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.9
Videbaek
1.5
1.2
0.6
1.8
0.2
1.1
Hadsten +
Aarhus
2.1
2.1
0.6
2.5
0.4
1.7
Hedensted
1.2
1.2
0.5
1.8
0.3
1.4
Varde
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.2
1.2
Aabenraa
0.0
0.0
0.9
1.7
0.2
1.4
Tommerup +
Svendborg
1.1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.1
Koebenhavn
1.5
1.6
0.7
1.8
0.4
1.5
Vordingborg +
Nakskov
1.5
0.7
0.7
1.5
0.3
1.6
Roe
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.6
Jyderup
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.6
0.4
1.3
Broadcast region
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
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97
Table A.2
Households and area affected by blocking by broadcast
region and geotype with 20dB filters [Source: Analysys Mason]
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Affected
Affected
Affected
Affected
Affected
Affected
area (%
households
area (%
households
area (%
households
of total
(% of total
of total
(% of total
of total
(% of total
area)
area)
area)
area)
area)
area)
Anholt
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Laeso
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
Tolne-Nibe
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
Viborg
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
Thisted
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
Videbaek
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
Hadsten +
Aarhus
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.2
Hedensted
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
Varde
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
Aabenraa
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.2
Tommerup +
Svendborg
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
Koebenhavn
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.2
Vordingborg +
Nakskov
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
Roe
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
Jyderup
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
Broadcast region
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98
Site Name
Channel
Longitude
Latitude
Antenna
ERP
height (m)
(dBW)
Polarisation
JYDERUP
60
11.46
55.69
311
43
KALUNDBORG
60
11.07
55.68
74
20
SKAMLEBAEK
60
11.42
55.83
78
14.8
NAKSKOV
60
11.20
54.87
159
40
VORDINGBORG
60
11.99
55.05
311
47
GLADSAXE
59
12.50
55.73
210
40
HELSINGOER
59
12.59
56.05
88
23
KOEBENHAVNVEST
59
12.24
55.72
311
47
SKODSB/LANDSKRONA
59
12.82
55.87
63
29
LYNETTEN
59
12.61
55.70
95
33
GUDHJEM
59
14.97
55.20
51
17
HAMMEREN
59
14.76
55.29
31
20
NEKSOE
59
15.13
55.08
52
26
PARADIS
59
15.11
55.09
40
17
ROE
59
14.89
55.16
309
36.5
SKIVE
59
9.05
56.57
100
17
VIBORGBY
59
9.45
56.47
97
17
VIBORG
59
9.24
56.46
309
47
LEMVIG
59
8.31
56.55
45
17
STRUER
59
8.60
56.49
62
17
VIDEBAEK
59
8.71
56.14
311
47
JYDERUP
58
11.46
55.69
311
47
KALUNDBORG
58
11.07
55.68
74
20
SKAMLEBAEK
58
11.42
55.83
78
14.8
NAKSKOV
58
11.20
54.87
159
40
VORDINGBORG
58
11.99
55.05
311
47
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
99
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
100
Figure C.2
ACI from FDD1 to Channel 60 initial analysis [Source:
Analysys Mason]
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
101
Figure C.3
ACI from FDD1 to Channel 59 initial analysis [Source:
Analysys Mason]
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
102
Figure C.4
ACI from FDD1 to Channel 58 initial analysis [Source:
Analysys Mason]
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Figure C.5
Mason]
103
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
104
Downlink
BS Transmit Power
Number of transmit antenna elements
Number of receive antenna elements
BS Antenna gain
BS Diversity Gain / MIMO Gain
BS Feeder and Connector Losses
BS EIRP
dBm
#
#
dBi
dB
dB
dBm
44.0
1.0
1.0
15.0
0.0
4.50
54.5
Mbit/s
Mbit/s
dB
8.00
8.13
4.01
-173.98
50
0.18
9.00
-104.43
7.0
-97.4
4.0
-89.4
0.4
Data rate
Nearest performance step
Required SNR
UE Antenna Gain
UE Diversity Gain / MIMO Gain
UE Body Loss
UE Required Signal Power
Downlink Path Loss
dBi
dB
dBm
dB
0.0
0.0
0.0
-89.0
143.5
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Table D.2
105
Uplink
UE Transmit Power
Number of transmit antenna elements
Number of receive antenna elements
UE Antenna Gain
UE Diversity Gain / MIMO Gain
UE Body Loss
UE EIRP
dB
dBm
23.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
23.0
Mbit/s
Mbit/s
dB
2.05
5.28
1.00
-173.98
25
0.18
4.50
-107.44
5.0
-102.4
1.0
-100.4
0.0
0.0
Data rate
Nearest performance step
Required SNR
BS Antenna gain
BS Diversity Gain / MIMO Gain
BS Feeder and Connector Losses
BS Required Signal Power
Uplink Path Loss
dBm
#
#
dBi
dBi
dB
dB
dBm
dB
15.0
0.0
4.5
-110.9
133.9
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
106
IRT -2D
Figure E.1 Sites from ITU-R GE-06 data being imported into the radio
planning tool [Source: Analysys Mason]
We then identified sites using DTT Channels 58, 59 and 60, which is of interest
for the ACI analysis. All DTT sites are used for the blocking analysis.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
107
Figure E.2
DTT sites, with those using Channels 58, 59 and 60
highlighted [Source: NITA, Analysys Mason]
The next step was to import the DTT wanted field strength maps provided by the
two Danish broadcasters into our radio planning tool. The coverage map for
MUX1 is shown in Figure below.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
108
Figure E.3
Coverage maps from broadcasters imported into the radio
planning tool [Source: Analysys Mason]
A network of LTE sites was then added to the model, in line with the description
provided in the main report, using 30-metre high base stations with an assumed
Kathrein antenna pattern, from which we have identified sites falling within each
of the DTT broadcast areas of interest.
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
Rural
109
Suburban
Urban
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
110
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
111
Figure E.6
Summation of households within coverage area with
interference [Source: Analysys Mason]
For our analysis of realistic EIRP levels at individual sites, we additionally
performed a number of coverage optimisation steps to assign a unique EIRP
level at each site consistent with the calculated site separation between the site
and its nearest neighbour.
Figure E.7
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011
112
800MHz auction: Co-existence of LTE systems in 790-862 MHz with Digital Terrestrial
Television August 2011