DESIGN OF BAND NOTCHED ANTENNA FOR ULTRA WIDE

BAND APPLICATIONS

ABDINASIR SULIEMAN OSMAN (0833359)

SUPERVISOR: PROF.DR. MD. RAFIQUL ISLAM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA (IIUM)
DECEMBER 2013

ABSTRACT
1

This report presents the design of band notched antenna with Ultra Wideband applications. There are
numerous methods that available in designing and producing the Ultra Wideband antenna with a band notched
antenna. Certain applicable methods are presented in this paper. The method that I am using such as modified, L
slot patch antenna. This project will examine and summarize the method used in analyzing and designing the
Ultra Wideband Antenna. Several principles are used in order to explain the theoretical of Ultra Wideband,
Rectangular Patch Antenna and numerical method for analyzing the antenna. The term Ultra shows that the
bandwidth that we are targeting to achieve is not just wide, but it must be very - very wide suits to its name Ultra
Wideband antenna. For this project, I am targeting the bandwidth of 7.5 GHz which are from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz.
The substrate used in the design is FR4 with a dielectric constant 2.2 and the feeding achieved with a microstrip
line feed. The design and simulation had been conducted by using CST Microwave Studio Software. All the
result from the simulation had been recorded and shown in this report.

Keyword: Ultra Wideband, Dielectric, Patch, Microstrip. Feed line

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In The Name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful
All Praises be to ALLAH SWT Almighty who helped me to complete this
project successfully and gave me the strength and patience throughout this project. This
Final Year Project has given me a lot of experience in conducting an important project. I have learn many theory
of antenna and also the method of designing Band notched antenna for ultra-wide band applications by
microstrip patch antenna.
Firstly, i would like to express my gratitude to Allah S.W.T for his blessings and guidance throughout my
project. Secondly, I would like to generate my appreciation to my beloved supervisor, PROF. DR. MD
RAFIQUL ISLAM for the opportunities to work on this project. His support, advice and guidance are essential
for the completion of this project. Without his cooperation and supervision to provide the great ideas, which
really helpful, it would be impossible for me to finish this project successfully.
I also would like to express my gratitude to Bro. Arnold Chua, by giving me the workshop towards the
usage of CST Microwave Studio software, antenna system and design theories. His briefing, gives me a basic
understanding of CST software and also I have learned how make a modeling and the simulation of microstrip
patch antenna and it

provided me more confidence in using the software for simulation. I would also like to

thank to Bro Showqat who gives me an idea and also provide me a lot of information towards the design of
microstrip patch antenna by using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST).
Finally yet important, I want to thanks to all people that support me to make this project possible
especially my lovely parent, staff at Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and numerous friends
who always offered their support, encouragement and their great idea. Without their contribution and support,
this report would not be as it is today. Thank in advance your kindness.

LIST OF TABLES:
Table 1:UWB regulations in in Europe............................................................................................. 21
Table 2: Dimensions of basic rectangle patch antenna...................................................................61
Table 3:Dimension of Basic Patch Antenna..................................................................................... 64

TABLE CONTENTS:
ABSTRACT...............................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.... ii
LIST OF TABLES................. ............................. iii
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................

CHAPTER 1....................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 7
1.1

Background....................................................................................................................... 7

1.2

Problem statement......................................................................................................... 11

1.3

Objectives....................................................................................................................... 11

1.4

Methodology................................................................................................................... 11

1.5

Report Organization........................................................................................................ 13

CHAPTER 2..................................................................................14
LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................... 14
2.3

Ultra Wide Band antenna................................................................................................ 16

2.4

UWB applications............................................................................................................ 24

2.5

Band Notched Antenna................................................................................................... 25

2.6

Microstrip Patch Antennas.............................................................................................. 28

2.7

Single Patch antenna...................................................................................................... 37

2.8

Previous Work................................................................................................................. 37

Chapter 3....................................................................................45
Design of Ultra Wide Band Antenna with band notched.................45
3.1

Introduction........................................................................................................................ 45

3.2

Antenna parameters.......................................................................................................... 46
4

3.2.1

Return loss................................................................................................................... 46

3.2.2

Frequency Band width................................................................................................. 46

3.3

Parameters Considerations............................................................................................. 47

3.2.1

Substrate selection...................................................................................................... 47

3.2.2

Patch Width and Length............................................................................................... 48

3.2.2.1 Determine the Width, W:............................................................................................. 49

3.2.2.2 Determine the Length, L:............................................................................................. 49
3.2.3

Radiation Efficiency..................................................................................................... 49

3.2.4

Feed point location...................................................................................................... 50

3.2.5 Input Impedance............................................................................................................. 51

CHAPTER 4..................................................................................52
4.

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS................................................................................................... 52

4.1 MATLAB Calculation............................................................................................................ 53
4.2

Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using CST Simulation..............................................54

CHAPTER 5..................................................................................65
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................... 65

REFERENCES:-.............................................................................66
APPENDIX A.................................................................................68

LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 1: Ultra wideband communications spread transmitting energy across a wide spectrum of
frequency........................................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 2: UWB spectral mask as defined by FCC............................................................................21
Figure 3:The European spectrum mask.......................................................................................... 22
Figure 4: Comparison of the FCC indoor UWB mask with the European one...................................23
Figure 5: Sample of U Slot technique............................................................................................. 26
Figure 6: Geometry and configuration of the proposed antenna: (a) top layer view, (b) fabricated
antenna top layer view, (c) bottom layer view, (d) fabricated antenna bottom layer view.............27
Figure 7: Geometry of the rectangular patch antenna....................................................................28
Figure 8: (a) and (b) show the geometry of Microstrip (patch)......................................................29
Figure 9: A Typical Microstrip Antenna............................................................................................ 30
Figure 10: micro strip patch antenna gain...................................................................................... 32
Figure 11:Microstrip Patch Antenna................................................................................................ 33
Figure 12:(a) Top (b) side views of a Rectangular Microstrip Antenna (c) coordinate system.........35
Figure 13: Coaxial Feed.................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 14: Microstrip Feed............................................................................................................... 37
Figure 15:Geometry of the rectangular patch antenna...................................................................38
Figure 16: Simulated return loss in dB showing that the best performance is obtained for the
feedline position L=3.325 from the substrate edge.......................................................................38
Figure 17:Simulated return loss in dB showing that the best performance is obtained for the
partial ground width G=7.4mm and G=7.6 mm.........................................................................39
Figure 18: Simulated return loss in dB for different feedline width for G=7.6mm and L=3.325mm.
....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 19: Simulated return loss and VSWR for the antenna with G=7.6mm, L=3.325mm and
W=1.8mm...................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 20: Simulated return loss of the antenna with slot for varying length ll by maintaining
length lw= 11.4mm...................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 21: Simulated return loss of the antenna with slot for varying length lw by maintaining
length ll= 6.6mm.......................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 22: Simulated return loss of the antenna with slot for varying slot width by maintaining
length ll= 6.6mm and lw=11.4mm.......................................................................................... 42
Figure 23: Simulated return loss of the antenna with and without slot after optimization..............43
Figure 24: Simulated VSWR for antenna with and without slot.......................................................43
Figure 25: Output of the MATLAB code shows dimension of microstrip parameter.........................53
Figure 26:Dimension of the basic Rectangular Patch Antenna........................................................61
Figure 27: Radiation pattern of simple Rectangular Patch Antenna for Frequency 7 GHz...............62
Figure 28: 3-D Radiation pattern of the simulated result................................................................64
Figure 29: electric field (E) of the patch antenna............................................................................64
Figure 30: Magnetic Field of The rectangular microstrip patch antenna.........................................65
6

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background

Artificial satellite signaling or in simple definition, antenna also called an aerial, an

antenna is a conductor that can transmit, send and receive signaling such as microwave
and radio. A high-gain antenna increases signal strength, where a low-gain antenna
receives or transmits over a wide angle. Antenna becomes a part of electrical devices in
wireless communication system after late 1888; Heinrich Hertz (18571894) were first
demonstrated the existence of radio waves [1]. With the ever-increasing need for mobile
communication and the emergence of many systems, it is important to design broadband
antennas to cover a wide frequency range. The solution for this is the UWB technology
which opens new door for wireless communication system, since the current wireless
system increasing exponentially. Back from spark-gap impulse to pulse radio, UWB
system plays a dominant role in communication system as the antenna is one of the
wireless communications components [1].
Demand for wireless communicating services stimulates the need for antennas
capable of operating at a wide frequency ambit the increasing. Since the federal
communications commission (FCC) released the commercial apply of UWB radio system
many investigators have been paying much attending to high speed indoor data
communicating application. Antennas are the particularly challenging aspect of UWB
engineering. Various wide band antennas have been studied, to live up to such a
7

requirement. Among the many possible alternatives, planar monopole antennas are good
candidates owing to their simple structures, low cost and comfort of construction while
featuring wide electric resistance bandwidth, pure vertical polarization and horizontal
Omani-directional radiation pattern.
The increasing demand for wireless communication services stimulates the need for
antennas capable of

operating at a wide

frequency

range. Since the Federal

Communications Commission (FCC) released the commercial use of UWB radio system
many researchers have been paying much attention to high-speed indoor datacommunication application. Antennas are the particularly challenging aspect of UWB
technology. To satisfy such a requirement, various wideband antennas have been studied.
Among the many possible alternatives, planar monopole antennas are good candidates
owing to their simple structures, low cost and ease of construction while featuring wide
impedance bandwidth, pure vertical polarization and horizontal omni- directional radiation
pattern. However, the UWB communication systems use the 3.110.6 GHz frequency
band, which includes the IEEE802.11a frequency band (5.155.825 GHz). Therefore, UWB
communication systems may generate interference with IEEE802.11a. The UWB antenna
must have the band-notched characteristic at 5.15.825 GHz in orde r to prev ent the
s ignal of the IEEE802.11a frequency band. Recently, various band notched UWB
antennas have been developed for UWB communications. Such as the circular disc
monopole antenna inserted by an arched slot, the square metal- plate

monopole

antenna with bevels embedded by an inverted U-shaped slot, and so on.[2]

Due to the undesired narrow band signals, such as the signal from the wireless
local-area network (WLAN) (5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.725-5.825 GHz), that may interfere with the
8

UWB systems; narrow band interference mitigation must be considered in UWB systems
design. Antennas with band notched functions are widely used to overcome the narrowband interference problem. The most popular strategy to provide this feature is etching a
slot on the patch or ground plane or attaching a parasitic strip to the patch or ground
plane .Complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is also used to generate band-notched
function effectively Multiple notched bands can be acquired by using band notched filter
based on stepped impedance resonator (SIR) There are even configurable UWB antennas
with band notches which can be actively switched on or off by using a MEMS or a PIN
diode, or tuned by means of a varactor Furthermore, both switchable and tunable
characteristics can be achieved in the same UWB antenna by using a PIN and a varactor
together However, most of these antennas have only one notch band around WLAN band.
Moreover, some antennas occupy the entire 5-6 GHz frequency band which is much wider
than needed (200MHz for the lower WLAN band, 100MHz for the upper WLAN band).
Therefore, the useful spectrums are wasted and a large waveform distortion may be
induced. Other antennas reject only one of the lower and upper WLAN bands. [3]
UWB technology with an extremely wide frequency range has been proposed for
imaging radar, communications, and localized applications. Since the release by the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of a bandwidth of 7.5GHz (from 3.1GHz to
10.6GHz) for ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communications [4], UWB is rapidly
advancing as a high data rate wireless communication technology. A suitable UWB
antenna should be capable of operating over an ultra wide bandwidth as allocated by the
FCC. At the same time, satisfactory radiation properties over the entire frequency range
are also necessary. Since then, the design of broadband antennas has become an
attractive and challenging area in the research of the system design [4]. Antenna
9

designers and engineers have solved the UWB antenna problem in many ways, yielding
compact antennas well suited for a variety of applications. They were plenty type of
antenna that can be used in achieving the UWB, however in this project we are more
focusing in broad banding the antenna using microstrip patch antenna. The design of an
efficient wide band small size antenna, for recent wireless applications, is a major
challenge.
Microstrip patch antennas have found extensive application in wireless
communication system owing to their advantages such as low-profile, conformability, lowcost fabrication and ease of integration with feed networks [5]. However, conventional
microstrip patch antenna suffers from very narrow bandwidth, typically about 5%
bandwidth with respect to the center frequency. This poses a design challenge for the
microstrip antenna designer to meet the broadband techniques [6].
Printed microstrip slot antennas are widely used in a variety of communication
systems because they can provide many advantages, such as low profile, light weight,
easy integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits, low cost, easy fabrication,
and stable radiation patterns [7].
Small bandwidth is the most serious disadvantage of printed microstrip antennas.
In order to enhance the bandwidth of a patch antenna, several approaches have been
proposed, such as using an impedance matching network , thick substrates with low
dielectrics constant and multiple resonators, parasitic patches stacked on the top of the
main patch or close to the main patch in the same plane, reactive loading using a Ushaped slot, lossy materials, a capacitive probe-fed structure, L-probe feeding , a
combined use of both U-slot loaded patch and L-probe feeding , and a three-dimensional
transition microstrip feed line. In most cases, a thick foam substrate is required. A few
10

results for a rectangular patch antenna with an H-shaped slot in the ground plane are
given in. Antennas with various shapes of microstrip feed line and rectangular wide slot
have been introduced for large impedance bandwidths in their impedance bandwidths
have been broadened rapidly from 58% to over than 100% [7].
In addition, applications of the printed microstrip antennas in present day
communication systems usually require smaller antenna size in order to meet the
miniaturization requirements of radio-frequency (RF) units. Many efforts have also been
made for this purpose, for example, adopting short-circuit pin, high dielectric constant
substrate, cover layers, and slots loaded on the patch [7].
With the development of communication and integration circuit technologies, size
reduction and bandwidth enhancement are becoming important design considerations for
practical applications of microstrip antennas. For example, handset internal antennas and
RF front-end antennas integration and package at microwave and millimeter-wave bands .
Little research has been done to enhance the operation bandwidth and reduce the
antenna size with a thin substrate less than 1% of the working wavelength [7].
The objective of this project is to develop a microstrip patch antennas for UWB with
band rejection capability. In order to design band-notched antenna with UWB, there are
several parameter need to be taken for consideration. The parameters are such as
dielectric constant r, length, L and width, W of the patch antenna, the ground size,
feeding technique and so on. Therefore, a proper technique is required for designing a
band-notched antenna that can produce ultra wideband. In this project, modifying the
shape and dimensions of conventional microstrip antennas will be studied, and I will
design a rectangular microstrip antenna for ultra wideband communication system by
tuning the shape and dimensions.
11

1.2

Problem statement

In todays world, we are facing many problems or challenges related to wireless technology. These problems
included lack of Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna. Basically, this problem affects all wireless communication
technologies. Furthermore, I will focus to design a band-notched antenna with Ultra Wideband Application.
The rapid development of wireless communication urges the need of ultra wide band (UWB) antennas.
Wireless personal area network (WPAN) is one of the most popular applications of modern wireless technology.
UWB technology is developed to provide the requirements of the WPAN network using 3.110.6 GHz frequency
band. On the other hand, in practical applications, UWB antennas must use notch (filter) to reject any
interference with existing wireless networking technologies such as the sub-band 5.15.8 GHz. The objective of
this project is to develop planar antennas for UWB with band rejection capability.

1.3

Objectives

The main objectives of this project are as follows:

1. To design microstrip patch antenna for UWB applications which included band
rejection capability
2. To perform and analyze the result

by simulating using Computer Simulation

Software (CST).
3. To analyze performance of the designed antennas and fabricate the structure of the
antenna.

1.4

Methodology

The study of microstrip patch antenna provides some calculations of parameters consideration of antenna design.
This report illustrates us the design of band-notched antenna for ultra wide band applications by performing the
following steps:A. The first part of the project is to study the theoretical pattern effect of microstrip patch antenna by:
12

 Analyze the effect of the Dielectric Constant,

r, height h, length L and width W of the microstrip

patch antenna to the bandwidth.

Analyze the all related antenna parameters for designing ultra wideband antenna.
Analyze the propagation mode of the microstrip patch antenna.
Analyze the effect of the ground plane to bandwidth.
B. The second part was to create a Matlab code that will calculate the dimension of the rectangular patch
antenna.

C. The next part which is the simulation part was performed by using computer simulation technology
Microwave Studio (CSTMWS) software. CST Microwave Studio (CSTMWS) allows users to
implement 1D, 2&D and 3&D pattern analysis, and evaluate the antenna performance through various
data collection such as the return loss (S 11), 3D pattern (Gain) and etc. The antenna design can be
optimized by using optimization tools included in CST Microwave Studio (CSTMWS).The simulations
were done using the following sequence:
The lower frequency band and the upper frequency band is between 3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz.
The work starts with designing a rectangular patch antenna which resonates at 6.85 GHz. The
simulated resonant frequency may vary from the theoretical calculation approximation.
The microstrip patch design has to be optimized to the desired resonant frequency by utilizing
optimization features available in the CSTMWS software such as substrate, strip, loft, and start
simulation.
The next phase is to observe the effect of the truncation of the ground to bandwidth by changing the
dimension of the ground.
Various data collected from the simulation results such as return loss, gain and patterns are analyzed
to find out the optimize design by comparing the theoretic

al approximation and the simulation

results.
D. Finally, the simulation result will be compared with the fabricated result. The fabrication result and the
simulation result will be analyzed.
13

1.5

Report Organization

In this project is organized in to five chapters. The chapters are arranged as follows:Chapter 1:
Basically is an introduction on this final year project, ultra wideband antenna, band
notched antenna, design methodology and the project objectives.
Chapter 2:
will covers the literature survey done on different kinds of ultra-wideband antennas,
Band notched antennas available, different type of Band-notched antenna and
highlights its benefits, applications, standards, regulations, along with the literature
about the micro strip patch antenna.
Chapter 3:
I will discuss the design consideration of microstrip patch antennas, patch antenna,
single patch. Factors affecting microstrip design such as microstrip, dielectric,
conductor and radiation losses were

elaborated in detail. Feeding methods and

analysis of the methods are also covered in this chapter.

Chapter 4:
I will show the simulation results on microstrip patch antenna start with CST-MWS
simulation. The partial grounding of the microstrip patch antenna, the slot, and the
microstrip patch antenna with out slot
Chapter 5:
Highlights about the conclusion of our project, which focus on techniques that have
been used to achieve ultra-wideband and achievement of CST Simulated results and
design parameters of band notched antenna.

14

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
To start with, microstrip patch antennas were first proposed in the early 1970s and
in the meantime a plethora of activity in this area of antenna engineering has occurred,
possibly more than in any other field of antenna research and development. Micro strip
antennas are planar resonant cavities that leak from their edges and radiate. We can
apply printed circuit techniques to etch the antennas on soft substrates to produce low
cost and to etch the transmitting aerials on soft substrates to produce low cost we can
utilize published circuit techniques. The antennas fabricated on compliant substrates defy
tremendous daze and the transmitting antennas fabricated on compliant substrates
withstand tremendous environment. Manufacturers for mobile communication base
stations often fabricate these antennas directly in sheet metal and mount them on
dielectric posts or foam in a variety of ways to eliminate the cost of substrates and
etching. This also eliminates the problem of radiation from surface waves excited in a
thick dielectric substrate used to increase bandwidth. [8].
In high performance aircraft, spacecraft, and missile applications, where size, weight and cost, performance,
ease of installation and aerodynamic profile are constraints, low profile antennas may be required. In addition,
presently there are many other government and commercial applications, such as mobile radio and wireless
communications that have similar specifications. To meet with such requirements, microstrip antenna can be
used. Despite of their convenient in many aspects, they also have major operational disadvantages. Microstrip
antenna major operational disadvantages are low efficiency, low power, poor polarization purity, spurious feed
radiation and very narrow frequency bandwidth, which is typically only a fraction of a percent or at most a few
15

percent [9]. Maybe in some application, such as in government security system, narrowband width is required.
Yet, with the rapid growth of wireless communication, broadband or ultra wide band microstrip antennas are in
strong demand to cover various applications with fewer antennas.
Ultra wide band is a radio technology for transmitting large amount of data over a wide frequency band
with very low power for a short distance. The system covers the frequency range from 3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz,
which based on narrow pulse to transmit data of tremendously low power and looks like random noise to mist
conventional radio system. In last few years, the development and applications ultra wideband has influences a
lot in the communication technology; hence the interest has growth exponentially. In this chapter I will brief
about the ultra-wideband antenna, Band-notched antenna and also different types of band-notched antenna with a
different shape. [10].

2.2 Characteristics of Microstsrip antenna

The Microstrip antenna (MSA) has proved to be an excellent radiator for many
applications because of its numerous advantages, but it also has some disadvantages.
The main advantages of MSAs are listed as follows:
1. They are lightweight and have a small volume and low profile planar configuration.
2. They can be made conformal to the host surface.
3. Their ease of mass production using printed-circuit technology leads to a low
4.
5.
6.
7.

fabrication cost.
They are easier to integrate with other MICs on the same substrate.
They allow both linear polarization and circular polarization.
They can be made compact for use in personal mobile communication.
They allow for dual-band and triple frequency operations.

MSAs suffer from some disadvantages as compared to conventional microwave antennas.

They are the following:
1. Narrow BW.
2. Lower gain.
3. Low power-handling capacity.
16

2.3 Ultra Wide Band antenna

2.3.1

Brief history of Ultra wide band communication

UWB in an unusual type of radio technology, from these days the world of Ultra wide
band (UWB) has been changed intensely. Ultra Wide Band is used for radar remote
sensing, communications and some part of military applications in the past two decades
until now. From the beginning of February 2002, a substantial change occurred when the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released a declaration that Ultra Wide Band
(UWB) can be used for data communications as well us for safety applications and radar
(FCC, 2004).Meanwhile, fast advance in UWB communication technology has occurred
and hence it offers a promising high data rate wireless communication technology. [11]
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a communications technology that employs a wide bandwidth
(typically defined as greater than 20% of the center frequency or 500MHz). UWB is
usually used in short-range wireless applications but can be sent over wires. UltraWideband advantages are that it can carry high data rates with low power and little
interference. UWB is the modern version of older "impulse" technologies which are
generated by very short pulses (impulse waveforms). They were called "carrier-free" or
"baseband" because the energy is so widespread in the frequency domain that there is no
discernible

carrier

frequency.

Ultra-wideband (also

known

as UWB, ultra-wide

band and ultra band) is a radio technology pioneered by Robert A. Scholtz and others
which may be used at a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth
communications using a large portion of the radio spectrum.
Most technologies are born and they are either surviving or they die. UWB or ultra wideband seems to do it
differently by constantly reincarnating itself and never quite at getting there. Ultra wideband technology is not a
17

new concept although this technology is the revolutionaries of the wireless communication system. The early
ultra wideband radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in the late of 1800s was the pulse-based Spark Gap
radio. Transmitting the Morse code through the air waves was employed by this so called pulse-based Spark Gap
radio. By 1924, Spark Gap Radios were forbidden in most of the applications due to strong emissions and
interference to continuous wave radio system which were developed by early 1900s. [12]
The majority of the initial concepts and patents for ultra wideband (UWB) technology are originated in
the late 1960's at the Sperry Research Center (Sudbury, MA) and also at the part of the Sperry Rand Corporation,
under the direction of Dr. Gerald F. Ross. During that time, this technology was referred by them as baseband,
carrier-free or impulse. The term "ultra wideband" was not applied to this technology until approximately 1989.
By this time, UWB theory, techniques and many hardware approaches had experienced well over 30 years of
extensive development. [12]
I will discuss in detail for the advantages of UWB, UWB regulations, UWB applications in a several areas.

2.3.2

Advantage of Ultra Wideband

There are many inspiring benefits of UWB that make this technology as a good candidate for wireless broad
band compared to the other technologies. The advantages of UWB are explained in following analysis.
The reasons of why UWB Antenna becomes a good solution to wireless broadband rather than other
technologies are because of it advantageous.

18

Figure 1: Ultra wideband communications spread transmitting energy across a wide

spectrum of frequency.

In the beginning, Ultra wideband can achieve a huge capacity as high as hundreds of Mbps or several Gbps
with distance 1 to 10 meters. Such high capacity is due to the characteristics of UWB itself in which it has very
wide operating frequency bandwidth. This makes UWB systems perfect candidates for short range, high data rate
wireless. Applications such as, Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). Furthermore, based on ShannoHartley theorem, channel capacity is in proportional to bandwidth. Consequently, having several gigahertz of
bandwidth available for UWB signals, a data rate of gigabits per second (Gbps) can be stated. [11]
Moreover, UWB operates at very low power density transmission level. The effect upon any frequency is
below the acceptable divide across huge frequency spectrum (cravotta, 2002, Nekoogar, 2005). In short, UWB
provides secure and highly reliable communications solutions. The reason is that UWB has very low energy
density and its signal is noise like which makes unintended detection quite difficult. Furthermore, the noiselike signal means that the signal has a particular shape compared to the real noise signal in which it has no
shape. Because of, it is almost impossible to the red noise to obliterate the pulse because interference would have
to spread uniformly across the entire spectrum to obscure the pulse. [11]
19

To sum up, UWB features low cost and low complexity (Aiello, 2006) this is the reason of the fact which
UWB is based on impulse radio and a rises from essentially the baseband nature of the signal transmission. On
the top of that, UWV does not require components such as mixers, filters, amplifiers, and local oscillators
because it does not have modulation and demodulation of complex carrier waveforms. [11]
To summarize the above paragraphs, UWB Advantages are as follows:

Take advantage of inverse relationship between distance and throughput

Huge bandwidth, Very high throughput
Low Power Consumption
Convenience and flexibility
No interference
Low cost and Low complexity

2.3.3

UWB regulations

The UWB systems operate in a very large bandwidth necessitating it to share the
spectrum with other users as well as with the existing communication systems and
consequently, interferences may occur. Regulation of UWB radio spectrum is therefore
necessary to establish a framework where UWB systems can peacefully co-exist with
legacy systems. Radio regulations are rules which address the coordination of spectrum
access amongst multiple wireless services and applications. Existing regulations which
thus far focus only on narrowband radios will therefore have to accommodate the UWB
paradigm. In this Chapter we focus on the regulation of the UWB technology and discuss
how this new technology in wireless communications shapes the way of spectrum sharing
and consequently impacts the decisions of radio regulation bodies. The objective of this
chapter is to give the reader a flavor of the activities of various regulatory bodies to
facilitate and streamline UWB spectral access. It should be mentioned at this point that
this chapter is by no means a comprehensive and updated document on the UWB
20

regulation efforts, but rather an attempt to indicate the importance of the regulation and
standardization of this technology. [13]

2.3.3.1 UWB Regulations in USA

UWB regulation sets upper bounds on the power that can be radiated at any particular
frequency, both within and outside the core band of 3.110.6 GHz, and is usually specified
as a spectral mask. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the US has set
out such a mask to regulate UWB communication. The release of the mask was preceded
by significant efforts by the industry to promote the UWB technology and convince the
FCC to allow license free access to spectrum under FCC part 15 regulations.

The FCC

Part 15 Rules permit the operation of classes of radio frequency devices without the need
for a license or frequency coordination. It also attempts to ensure a low probability of
unlicensed devices causing harmful interference to other users of the radio spectrum. On
14 February 2002 the US FCC issued a First Report and Order for UWB technology and
authorized

the

commercial

deployment

of

UWB

technology,

though

subject

to

technological and operational constraints. This followed extensive consultations that led
the FCC to conclude: UWB devices can be permitted to operate on an unlicensed basis
without causing harmful interference provided appropriate technical standards and
operational restrictions are applied to their use. [13]

The UWB radiation mask defined by FCC has been depicted in Fig. 2, and the
Effective Isotropic Radiation Power (EIRP) figures are re-produced in. In the figure and
table the limits are for indoor and outdoor handheld systems.
The FCC continuously evaluates the UWB technology through tests and
measurements and makes necessary amendments. Therefore, the FCC regulations on
21

UWB are expected to evolve with time in the course of developments of future
technology.

Figure 2: UWB spectral mask as defined by FCC

2.3.3.2

UWB regulations in Europe

Table 1:UWB regulations in in Europe

The organizations involved in the regulation of UWB in Europe are ETSI (European
Technical

Standard

Institute)

and

CEPT

(European

Conference

of

Postal

and

Telecommunications Administration). These institutions conduct UWB compatibility and

spectrum sharing studies and devise regulatory mechanisms. In 2003 the European Union
gave a mandate to the ETSI to establish a set of harmonized standards covering UWB
applications.

Subsequently

in

2004

and

following

the

completion

of

spectrum

compatibility studies by CEPT, ETSI established a task group ERM TG31A to develop a set
22

of harmonized standards for short range devices using UWB technology. The new
regulations lay down that UWB equipment should be used predominantly indoors and
thus avoid interference. Further, it also imposes a few additional restrictions on device
capabilities. For example, it rules that UWB equipments must cease transmission within
10 s unless they receive acknowledgement from an associated transceiver that its
transmission is being received. Further, the outdoor use of UWB technology should not
include a fixed outdoor location or connected to a fixed outdoor antenna or in vehicles.
The technical requirement for the devices using UWB technology in bands below 10.6 GHz
permitted under ECC decision is depicted in Fig. 10.2 and Table 10.2. The limits are for
indoor UWB communication. Even while recognizing issues of scalability and conformance
to global standards for UWB applications, the regulatory bodies in Europe are more
cautious than that of the USA. In order to compare the ECC and FCC limits, both masks
are illustrated in Fig. 10.3. From this figure it is seen that the European approach to UWB
emission is more restrictive than FCC, and only in the band 68.5 GHz does it have the
same emission level as the FCC.

23

Figure 3:The European spectrum mask

2.3.3.3 UWB regulations in Japan

Figure 4: Comparison of the FCC indoor UWB mask with the European one

The Japanese UWB radiation mask for indoor devices has two bands; from 3.4 to 4.8
GHz and from 7.25 to 10.25 GHz. For the 3.44.8 GHz band, it is required to use a
technology to reduce interference with other radio services. This interference mitigation is
called Detect And Avoidance (DAA) to ascertain the coexistence with incumbent systems
and new services such as 4G systems. However, temporary measures are taken until end
of 2008 to permit the use of 4.24.8 GHz band without an interference reduction
technology. It should be noted that no DAA is required for the band 7.2510.25 GHz. [13]

2.3.3.4 Short summery based on UWB regulations

The regulations, established as mask, sets out upper limits on the amount of
power that can be radiated at any particular frequency, both within and outside the core
band of 3.110.6 GHz. The wireless networks of different countries operate at different
24

frequencies and therefore the UWB regulation standards are formulated based on local
needs. Therefore, devising a generic regulatory standard that caters to all markets across
the globe will be one of the goals of the future.[13]

2.4 UWB applications

First of all, UWB can provide high data rate transmission with low power consumption at very limited
range. This capability leads to the application which is well suited for WPAN. In addition, the peripheral
connectivity through cables connections to applications such as input output (I/O) devices, storage and wireless
USB will improve the ease and value of using personal computers (PCs) and Laptops.
Secondly, many types of sensors can also be provided by UWB technology and thus offer and opportunity
for it to flourish (Siwiak and Mckeown, 2004: Mehter and Elzarki, 2004). Sensor network comprised of a large
number of nodes within a geographical area. These nodes may be static or mobile. The nodes are static when
applied for security home, tracking and monitoring (Yang and Gannakis, 2004).
Thirdly, UWB can be used for positioning and tracking applications. UWB can provide and excellent
solution for indoor location with better accuracy than a GPS because of its high data rate characteristic in short
range.
Lastly, another unique property of UWB is that it can be applied to radar and imaging applications. It has
been used in military applications to locate un seen objects behind the walls and around corners in the battle
field. (Levitas and Matuzas, 2006), Besides it has also a commercial usage such as medical diagnostics where Xray systems may be less desirable. [11]
To summarize the above paragraphs, UWB applications are classified Eight major categories.
Communications and sensors
Position location and tracking
Radar imaging applications
25

Military applications for un seen objects behind the world and commercials
Wireless USB
Toys and Games
Consumer Electronics
Handset

2.5 Band Notched Antenna

2.5.1

Different Geometry of Band Notched antenna with

UWB

An alternate way to reduce the resonance frequency of the microstrip patch antenna is to
increase the path length of the surface current by cutting slots in the radiating patch.
There are plenty of types that can be used such as:
U Shaped Patch
W Shaped Patch
Turning fork type UWB patch
All these type of slot are widely used in order to achieve the UWB characteristics. Here, all
these type will be discussed more briefly to have more understanding of these
techniques.

2.5.1.1 U slot shape

It is observed in previous section that by cutting a slot inside or along the periphery of the rectangular
microstrip patch antenna, various compact configurations are realized with a reduced bandwidth. If the
resonance frequencies of the slot and the patch are close to each other, then broad bandwidth could be
obtained. However, care must be taken so that the polarization of the radiated field of the slot and the patch
are similar, so that the pattern remains stable over the VSWR bandwidth. A very promising configuration that
yields broad bandwidth is a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a U-shaped slot [78].
A resonant U-slot is cut symmetrically around the center of the patch. A slot is cut inside the patch, the
resonance frequency of the patch changes slightly in comparison with the resonance frequency of the slot. On
the other hand, for the rectangular microstrip patch antenna without a U slot, there would be large inductive
26

reactance in the input impedance of the patch, because the substrate is electrically thick and even if the feed
point is shifted to the edge of the patch, it is not possible to achieve impedance matching. So, a U-slot adds a
capacitive component in the input impedance that compensates for the inductive component of the coaxial
probe.

Figure 5: Sample of U Slot technique

2.5.1.2 W slot
Figure 1 shows the geometry of the proposed antenna, with a W-shaped slot on the
radiating patch. The patch has the form of a rectangle with a three steps at its lower end
to improve the matching of the antenna over the operating bandwidth. A partial ground
plane with a slit is used on the other side of the substrate. The total size of the antenna is
30mm 35mm with metal thickness of 0.07 mm. The used substrate is FR4 which has
dielectric constant, r = 4.4 and its thickness, h = 1.57 mm. [14]

27

Figure 6: Geometry and configuration of the proposed antenna: (a) top layer view, (b)
fabricated antenna top layer view, (c) bottom layer view, (d) fabricated antenna bottom
layer view.

2.5.1.3

Tuning Fork type UWB Patch

The structure of the antenna is shown in Fig. 1. A rectangular patch of dimension 12.45
mm16mm is on one side of an FR4 substrate of thickness 0.8 mm and relative
permittivity 4.4 with the partial ground plane located on the other side. The dimension for
the substrate is 32 mm28mm.The antenna plate is fed by a microstrip of 50 feedline of
width W and placed L distance from one edge of the substrate. The width of the partial
ground is G. The parameters W, L and G are optimized to operate the antenna within
28

UWB range. The cut part is shown within the rectangular patch. The width of the cut part
is 8mm and the length of the cut part is Lc, when Lc=14 mm, the rectangular patch
becomes tuning fork type patch. [15 ]

Figure 7: Geometry of the rectangular patch antenna

2.6 Microstrip Patch Antennas

Microstrip antenna had received attention starting 1970s, although the idea of a microstrip antenna can be
traced to 1953 and patent in 1955.A large number of patch microstrip antennas have been studied and used up to
date. The rectangular and circular patches are the basic and most commonly used microstrip antennas. These
patches can be used for the simplest and the most demanding applications. For instance, characteristics such as
dual and circular polarizations, dual frequency operations, frequency agility, broad bandwidth, feed line
flexibility, Omni-directional pattern and so on are easily to achieve.

29

(a)

(b)
Figure 8: (a) and (b) show the geometry of Microstrip (patch)
As shown in figure 8, a micorstrip antenna in its simplest configuration consists of a radiating patch on
one side of a dielectric material (r < 10), which has a ground plane on the other side. The patch conductors,
normally of copper or gold, can assume virtually any shape, but regular shapes are generally used to simplify
30

analysis and performance prediction. Ideally, the dielectric substrate should be low ( r < 2.5), to enhance the
fringe field that account for radiation [9]. However, other performance requirements may need to use dielectric
constant whose dielectric constant greater than the above mentioned value.

Figure 9: A Typical Microstrip Antenna

Microstrip antennas are characterized by a larger number of physical parameters than are conventional
microwave antennas. All microstrip antennas can be divided into four categories: microstrip patch antennas,
microstrip dipoles, printed slot antennas, and microstrip traveling wave antennas. They can be designed to have
many dimensions and shapes. A microstrip patch antenna consists of a conducting patch of any planar or nonplanar geometry on one side of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the other side. The typically a patch
antenna has a gain between 5 and 6 dB. However, related to our study where achieving the UWB bandwidth is
the main target, the rectangular microstrip antenna will be studied carefully and will be used to accomplish the
required design. [9]

31

2.6.1
Characteristics and specifications of Microstrip
Patch Antenna
A microstrip or patch antenna is a low profile antenna that has a number of advantages over another. This
topic will introduce some of the basic concepts that we have to know about the microstrip patch antenna.
However, the main focus will be on explaining the characteristics and specifications of microstrip patch antenna
in order for us to be familiarize with this antenna that we are going to design. Firstly, we are going to discuss on
the fundamental specifications of microstrip patch antenna.

2.6.2

Fundamental Specifications of Patch Antennas

Radiation Pattern
The patchs radiation at the fringing fields will results in a certain far field radiation pattern. This far field
radiation pattern shows that the antenna radiates more power in a certain direction than another direction. So, this
antenna is said to have a certain directivity which commonly expressed in dB. The rectangular patch that excited
in its fundamental mode has maximum directivity in the direction perpendicular with the patch (broadside). The
directivity decreases as it moving away from broadside towards the lower elevations. 3 dB beam width or
angular width is twice the angle respect to the angle of the maximum directivity. Hence, this directivity has rolled
off 3 dB with respect to the maximum directivity. [17]
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain is the antenna directivity times a factor representing the radiation efficiency. Efficiency also is
defined as the ratio of radiated power to the input power. Input Power transformed into radiated power and
surface wave power while a small portion is dissipated due to conductor and dielectric losses of the materials
used. Furthermore, antenna gain also can be specified using the total efficiency instead of the radiation efficiency

32

only. So, total efficiency is a combination of the radiation efficiency with efficiency linked to the impedance
matching of the antenna. [18]

Figure 10: micro strip patch antenna gain

Polarization
The plane where the electric field varies is also known as polarization plane. It is important to know the
polarization plane of the patch antenna in order to determine the application of it.
Bandwidth
The bandwidth of the antenna can cover is also another important parameter of the antenna. Directivity and
efficiency are always combined as gain bandwidth.

33

2.6.3

Characteristics of Microstrip Patch Antenna

Figure 11:Microstrip Patch Antenna

Microstrip antenna as shown in Figure 2.4 consists of a very thin metallic strip placed a small fraction of
a wavelength above a ground plane. The microstrip patch is design so its pattern maximum is normal to the
patch. This is accomplished by properly choosing the mode of excitation beneath the patch. For rectangular
patch, the length L of the element is usually 0 /3< L <0/2. The strip and the ground plane are separated by
dielectric sheet or substrate. [9]
The substrates used are usually in the range of 2.2 r 12. Thick substrates whose dielectric constant is
in the lower end of the range are more preferable since it will give good antenna performance. [19] This is
because it will provide better efficiency, larger bandwidth, loosely bound fields for radiation into space, but at the
expense of larger element size. Thin substrates with higher dielectric constant are used in microwave circuit
because it will minimize the undesired radiation and coupling, and lead smaller element size. Thin substrates are
less efficient and have relatively smaller bandwidths.

2.6.4

Applications of Microstrip Antennas

The advantages of microstrip antenna make them useful and suitable for numerous applications.
Communications antennas on missiles need to be thin and conformal are often utilizes microstrip antenna.
Aircraft related applications include antennas for telephone and satellite communications. [20] Microstrip arrays

34

antenna have been used for satellite imaging system. Microstrip antennas also have been used on communication
links between the ship and satellites.
The size of a microstrip antenna is inversely proportional to its frequency. At frequencies lower than
microwave, microstrip patches don't make sense because of the sizes required. At Xband a microstrip antenna is
on the order of 1 centimeter long (easy to realize on soft-board technology). If you wanted to make a microstrip
antenna to receive FM radio at 100 MHz it would be on the order of 1 meter long which is a very large circuit for
any type of substrate. For AM radio at 1000 KHz, the microstrip patch would be the size of a football field,
utterly impractical. [21]
Therefore for many applications, the advantage of microstrip antennas far outweighs their limitations.
Some notable application for which microstrip antenna have been used and developed include: [22]

Satellite communication, direct broadcast service.

Doppler and other radars.
Missiles and telemetry (stick on sensors and weapons)
Remote sensing and environmental instrumentations.
Satellite navigation receivers.
Mobile radio (pagers, telephones, and man pack system).
Integrated antenna.

2.6.5

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

One of the simplest yet widely used microstrip antennas configurations is rectangular microstrip antenna.
Figure 2.5 shows the top and side views of the rectangular microstrip antenna also with the coordinate system.
Rectangular patch antenna defines by its length, L and also its width, W. The simple microstrip antenna will have
small width and wavelength. [22] Rectangular patch antenna width is comparable to the wavelength to enhance
the radiation from the edges. Since the substrate thickness is much smaller than the wavelength, rectangular
patch antenna is considered to be a 2-D planar configuration for the sake of analysis.

35

Figure 12:(a) Top (b) side views of a Rectangular Microstrip Antenna (c) coordinate
system.

2.6.6

Feeding Techniques

The microstrip antenna can be excited directly either by a coaxial probe or by a microstrip line. It can also
be indirectly excited using electromagnetic coupling or aperture coupling and a coplanar waveguide feed, in
which cases there is no direct metallic contact between the feed line and the patch. [9] Feeding technique
influences the input impedance and characteristics of the antenna, and is an important design parameter.
However, the feeding techniques can be divided into two main types contacting and non-contacting.
Where the coaxial probe and microstrip line are contacting and aperture coupling and proximity coupling are
non-contacting.

2.6.6.1 Coaxial feed

Coaxial feed feeding method is the method which the inner conductor of the coaxial is attached to the
antenna radiation patch while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. The coaxial probe feed is
also easy to fabricate and match, and it has low spurious radiation. However, it also has narrow bandwidth and it
is more difficult to model, especially for thick substrates (h > 0.02 ).
36

The coaxial or probe feed arrangement is shown in Figure 2.6. The center conductor of the coaxial
connector is soldered to the patch. The main advantage of this feed is that it can be placed at any desired location
inside the patch to match with its input impedance. The disadvantages are that the hole has to be drilled in the
substrate and that the connector protrudes outside the bottom ground plane, so that it is not completely planar.
Additionally, this feeding arrangement makes the configuration asymmetrical. [9]

Figure 13: Coaxial Feed

2.6.6.2

Microstrip line feed

Microstrip line feed is one of the easiest ways to fabricate. Conducting strip just required to be connected
to the patch and therefore also can be called extension of patch. The microstrip feed line is also a conducting
strip, usually of much smaller width compared to the patch. The microstrip-line feed is easy to fabricate, simple
to match by controlling the inset position and rather simple to model. However as the substrate thickness
increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation increase, which for practical designs limit the bandwidth
(typically 25%) [9].
A patch excited by microstrip line feed is shown in Figure 2.7. This feed arrangement has the advantage
that it can be etched on the same substrate, so the total structure remains planar. The drawback is the radiation
from the feed line, which leads to an increase in the cross-polar level. Also, in the millimeter-wave range, the size
of the feed line is comparable to the patch size, leading to increased undesired radiation. Another drawback of

37

this method is as the substrate thickness increase, surface wave and spurious feed radiation increase which limit
the bandwidth.

Figure 14: Microstrip Feed

2.7 Single Patch antenna

A patch antenna (also known as a rectangular microstrip antenna) is a type of
radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface. It consists of a
flat rectangular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called
a ground plane. The assembly is usually contained inside a plastic radome, which protects
the antenna structure from damage. Patch antennas are simple to fabricate and easy to
modify and customize.

2.8 Previous Work

2.8.1

UWB antenna without slot

The return loss of the UWB without slot antenna with the variation of L, the
feedline position from the edge of the substrate is shown in Fig. 2 by maintaining the
partial

ground width G=7.6mm and feedline width W=1.8mm. The ultra wide band
38

operation is possible for L=3.325mm which is not located at the centre, that is,
asymmetric feed line results ultra wideband operation. The figure also shows that the
return losses for the L=4.325mm and L=6.325mm are same, because the feedline
distance from both edges of the substrate is same. The similar behavior also observed for
the distances L=3.325mm and L=7.325mm.

Figure 15:Geometry of the rectangular patch antenna

Figure 16: Simulated return loss in dB showing that the best performance is obtained for
the feedline position L=3.325 from the substrate edge.
Figure 15, shows the UWB antenna without slot return losses for varying the
partial ground width G from 7.2mm to 8.2 by maintaining L=3.325mm and W=1.8mm.
39

figure 15 shows that the width of 8.2mm results band reject property. The lower cut-off
frequency is obtained by reducing the width of the partial ground. The lowest return loss
is obtained for the partial ground width G ranging from 7.4 to 7.8mm within wider
bandwidth. The width W of the microstrip feedline was varied from 1.2 to 2.2mm by
maintaining L=3.325mm and G=7.6mm and the simulated return losses are shown in Fig.
4. Figure 4 shows that the variation of feedline width does not changes the bandwidth of
the antenna appreciably.
Simulation has done by varying various sizes of partial ground width G, feedline width
W and feedline position from the edge of the substrate L. The optimum performance of
UWB antenna is obtained by selecting G=7.6 mm, L=3.325 mm and W=1.8 mm and the
return loss and VSWR of the antenna are shown in Fig. 5. The figure shows that this
antenna can be operated within the frequency range 3.66 GHz to 14.68 GHz and within
this frequency range the VSWR varies from 1.02 to 1.92.

Figure 17:Simulated return loss in dB showing that the best performance is obtained
for the partial ground width G=7.4mm and G=7.6 mm
40

Figure 18: Simulated return loss in dB for different feedline width for
G=7.6mm and L=3.325mm.

Figure 19: Simulated return loss and VSWR for the antenna with
G=7.6mm, L=3.325mm and W=1.8mm.

41

2.8.2

UWB antenna with L-shaped slot

To obtain the band rejection characteristics, an L-shaped slot is

inserted in the radiating patch as shown in Fig. 1. The total length of
the slot Lslot is given by
Lslot = ll + lw w 2 --------------------- (2.1)
where, ww is width of the slot.
Figures 6, 7 and 8 show the simulated results for varying ll, lw and
ww

by considering

lw=11.4mm and ww=0.5mm in

Fig.

6,

ll=6.6mm and ww=0.5mm in Fig. 7 and lw=11.4 and ll=6.6mm in

Fig.8, respectively.

42

Figure 20: Simulated return loss of the antenna with slot for varying
length ll by maintaining length lw= 11.4mm

Figure 21: Simulated return loss of the antenna with slot for varying
length lw by maintaining length ll= 6.6mm.

43

Figure 22: Simulated return loss of the antenna with slot for varying
slot width by maintaining length ll= 6.6mm and lw=11.4mm.
Figure 23 shows the UWB antenna characteristics with 14.68 GHz
without introducing any slot. However, the band rejection properties
observed for the frequency range 5.17GHz to 5.98GHz and 11.06GHz
to 11.49GHz within the operating frequency from 3.34GHz to 13.65GHz
with introduction of L-shaped slot, which almost covers the bandwidth
of the FCC definition for UWB indoor communication systems.

44

Figure 23: Simulated return loss of the antenna with and without slot
after optimization.

Figure 24: Simulated VSWR for antenna with and without slot.
Figure 24 shows a comparison between the simulated voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR) with and without the L-slot and the figure shows
that the VSWR is always less than 2 within the UWB region except for
the band rejection region.

The total slot length Lslot is fond to be

45

approximately 0.44eff of the slot, where eff is the slot wavelength at

the center frequency of the rejected band. This slight difference from
half wavelength can be explained due to the fringing effect of the field
at the ends of the slot. The effective wavelength of the slot is given by
[13]

..............................................................
(2.2)
where eff_slot is the effective dielectric constant of the narrow slot
structure

..............................................................................
. (2.3)
This slot corresponds to a nearly half-wavelength resonator at the
center frequency of the required stop-band. This resonator would
introduce high reflection at its resonance frequency which corresponds
to the operation of a band-rejection filtering effect. Thus, as a first
order of approximation, the required slot length to obtain the notch
frequency is given by:

.. (2.4)

46

It is found that the slot length has a greater impact on the bandrejection than the slot width. Therefore, the two parametersll and lw
are the most significant factors to designing an UWB antenna with
band notched property. [ 16]

47

Chapter 3
Design of Ultra Wide Band Antenna with band
notched
3.1

Introduction
Ultra-wideband (also

known

as UWB, ultra-wide

band and ultraband) is a radio technology pioneered by Robert A.

Scholtz and others which may be used at a very low energy level for
short-range, high-bandwidth communications using a large portion of
the

radio

spectrum. UWB

has

traditional

applications

in non-

cooperative radar imaging. Most recent applications target sensor data

collection, precision locating and tracking applications.
UWB maximum capacity (Shannon's capacity, bit/sec):
C = B log2 (1 + P/N)
Where at,
o C = Max channel capacity in bits/s
o B = channel bandwidth in Herz
o P = Signal power in Watts
o N = Noise power in Watts.

48

Possible Maximum speed (C): Several G bps:

UWB system utilize the bandwidth (B) of several GHz order

3.2

Antenna parameters

3.2.1

Return loss

Basically we need to define the voltage reflection coefficient before we

define the return loss. The voltage reflection coefficient (

) is defined

as the wave ratio of the amplitude of the incident wave at the junction
of a transmission line and the antenna terminals.

ZinZo
(3.1)
Zin+ Zo

Where Zo is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line and

Zin is the input impedance of the antenna. The return loss in dB is
defined as:
RL=20 log||dB(3.2)

3.2.2

Frequency Band width

The Frequency Bandwidth (BW) is the frequency range over with

the performance of the antenna maintain to a specific standard with
respect to some characteristic (Glossary 2005; resonance and band
width, 1996). Generally, the antenna is the wireless communications is

49

required to provide a return loss less than -10 dB over its frequency
band width.
The Frequency band width of an antenna can be expressed as either
absolute band width (ABW) or fractional bandwidth ( FBW), Which are
given by:
ABW =FH FL(3.3)

FBW =

FH FL
FH + FL
; at Fo=
(3.4)
Fo
2

Where FH and FL are the Upper edge frequency and Lower edge
frequency of the antenna band width respectively

3.3

Parameters Considerations

3.2.1

Substrate selection

The first and the most important consideration in designing the Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna are making the best selection of the dielectric substrate and the
appropriate thickness. The substrate in the microstrip antenna is needed since it will
provide the mechanical support of the antenna metallization. To provide this support,
substrate needs to consist of dielectric material which may affect the electrical
performance of the antenna. Furthermore substrate must also satisfy the electrical and
mechanical requirement simultaneously.
The thicker the substrate, more radiating power it will have, conductor loss will
be reduced and it will improve the impedance bandwidth. However, the drawback of

50

thicker substrate will result on increasing weight, dielectric loss, surface wave loss and
the extraneous radiations from the probe.
A rectangular patch antenna will stop resonating for substrate thickness greater
than 0.110

(r= 2.25) due to inductive reactance of the probe. Substrate dielectric

constant r has similar importance to that of substrate thickness. A high loss tangent
increases dielectric loss and will also reduces antenna efficiency. [19]
The price of the mass produced microstrip antenna is directly proportional with of
the substrate and the connector cost. Epoxy / glass (FR4) is most popular and widely used
material for low frequency and digital circuit boards. FR4 are easy to get, low cost, and
the most important are its ease of fabrication. In our project, we also used this type
substrate.
3.2.2 Patch Width and Length
The patch width and length are the important things that have to be found since in
designing the antenna, this is the most important parameter. However, the patch width has
a minor effect on the resonant frequency and radiation pattern of the antenna. So a larger
patch width increases the power radiated and thus gives decreased resonant resistance,
increased bandwidth, and increased radiation efficiency.
A constraint against a larger patch width is the generation of grating lobes in
antenna arrays. The patch width should be selected to obtain good radiation efficiency if
real state requirements or grating lobe are not overriding factors. It has been suggested
that 1 < W/L < 2. [26]

51

Based on the simplified formulation that has been described, a design procedure is
outline which leads to practical designs of rectangular microstrip antennas. The procedure
assumes that the specified information includes the dielectric constant of the substrate,
(r), resonant frequency, (fr) and the height of the substrate h. The procedures include [6]:
Specify:

r, fr (in Hz) and h

Determine:

W and L

Design Procedure:
For the design procedure, we will discuss it in the following subtopic.

3.2.2.1

Determine the Width, W:

For and efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiencies is:

W=

1
2
Vo
2
=
2 fr oo r+1 2 fr r +1

(3.5)

Where Vo is the free velocity of light.

3.2.2.2

Determine the Length, L:

The actual length of the patch can now be determined by:

L=

1
2 L
2 fr oo eff

... (3.6)

Normalized extension of the length L is:

52

W
+0.364)
h
L=0.412 h
W
( reff +0.258 ) ( +0.8)
h

( reff +0.3 ) (

3.2.3

(3.7)

Radiation Efficiency

The radiation efficiency of the microstrip patch antenna is not only affected by
conductor and dielectric losses, but also by surface wave excitation since the dominant
TM 0 mode of the grounded substrate will be excited by the patch. As the substrate
thickness increase, the surface wave will also increase, thus limiting the efficiency.
Surface wave excitation is actually undesirable for other reasons as well, since surface
waves contribute to mutual coupling between elements in an array. [10] For a substrate
that have a moderate relative permittivity such as r = 2.2, the efficiency will be
maximum when the substrate thickness is approximately 0 = 0.02. The radiation
efficiency is defined by:

e r=

Psp=

P sp
Psp
=
PTotal Pc + Pd +P sw + P sp

.. (3.8)

Power Radiated into space

P Total = Total Input Power

Pc=

Power dissipated by conductor loss

Pd=

Power dissipated by dielectric loss

Psw=

Surface Wave Power

53

3.2.4

Feed point location

After determining the patch dimension L and W for a given substrate, the next
task is to determine the feed point (x 0, y0) so as to obtain a good impedance match
between the generator impedance and input impedance of the patch element. However,
the feed point can be selected anywhere along the patch width but it better to choose y 0 =
W/2 if W > L. Moreover, we can get an expression for xf which is [19]:

xf =

Where

L
2 (L)

( L )=

. (3.9)

r + 1 r 1 W
+
( )
2
2
L

. (3.10)

3.2.5 Input Impedance

Input impedance of antenna at its terminal is defined to be the ratio of voltage to
current at a pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric to
magnetic field at the point. Input impedance are the important parameter that have to be
considered in designing the antenna since it is important to match the antenna element to
the input transmission line. Approximate expression also will be discussed in order to
describe the variation of the resonant input resistance as a function of the inset feed
position. Generally, the input impedance is complex and it also includes both a resonant
and a non resonant part which is usually reactive. Real and imaginary parts of the
impedance are both vary as a function of frequency. Both the resistance and reactance
ideally exhibit symmetry about the resonant frequency and the reactance at resonance is
equal to the average of sum of its maximum value which is positive and its minimum
value which is negative.
54

For very thin substrate, typically the feed reactance is very small compared to the
resonant resistance. However for thick elements, the reactance may be significant and
needs to be taken into account during impedance matching also for determining the
resonant frequency of a loaded element. After concerning the impedance, the magnetic
wall will be taken into account by introducing multiple images with current flow in the
same direction as the actual feed. The largest reactance is when the feed is at or near a
corner while the smallest is when the feed is far removed from an edge or corner. A
formula that has been suggested to approximate the feed reactance is

x f

[( )

kh
kd
ln
+0.577
2
4

] ..

(3.11)

Where d is diameter of the feed probe. [6]

CHAPTER 4
4.

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

In this chapter I will provide a simulation by using Computer Simulation

Technology Software and MATLAB Software. First of all, I used MATLAB software in
order to calculate the parameters such us, Width, Height, and Length and feed line.
Based on the design by the designer from entire nation, I can conclude that using this
three methods is most preferable method for m in term of ease of fabricate and most
importantly it will give me the desired output which is Ultra Wide Band frequency. The
methods are:

Partial grounding.
L slot
55

In order to determine the best design, there are several parameters that will be
taken into account such as radiation pattern, return loss S11, and bandwidth. The screen
shot of the simulation and results (return loss, S11) will be included in this chapter.
4.1 MATLAB Calculation

To start with the simulation, first of all we need to have the dimension of the
rectangular microstrip patch antenna. In order to calculate the dimension, we have to
setup the calculation in the MATLAB software. The MATLAB code are created base on
the equation of the patch that have been explained in chapter 3. By using MATLAB
software, we have got the dimension needed for our design and simulation. The
dimension needed are such as physical width of patch, W, effective length of patch, L eff,
and physical length of patch, L. The constant parameter that we need to have such value
that have been mention before are resonant frequency, f 0, dielectric constant of substrate
(r), height of the substrate (h) and the input impedance, Z0. Figure 4.1 below is the

56

screenshot of the MATLAB windows that shows all the dimension result.

57

Figure 25: Output of the MATLAB code shows dimension of microstrip

parameter.

4.2

Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using CST Simulation

Before achieving the objective of the project which is to get the UWB frequency,
firstly it is necessary for us to begin with the simple rectangular patch antenna. Later we
will start to analyze the effect of the ground dimension and the further studies of the
effect of the stairs and also slotted ground. Therefore, it is important for us to start the
simulation for the simple rectangular patch antenna and try to get the optimum
performance.
The construction and simulation of the antenna is done by following procedure.
Explanation of each steps are as follow:
Step 1: Template is selected.

Step 2: Working Planes Properties is set and the properties

58

Step 3: The Substrate Brick is drew.

Step 5: Rectangular Patch Antenna is modeled

59

Step 6: The width of feed is calculated.

Step 7: The feed is modeled; the feed is designed and inserted into the patch.

Step 4: The Ground Plane is modeled.

Step 8: The Waveguide Port is defined; the excitation port is added to the patch antenna.

60

Step 9: The Frequency Range is defined.

Step 10: The Boundary Conditions is defined.

Step 11: Far field Monitor is defined; we are interested in far field gain and E-field
pattern.

61

Step 12: Simulating: S-parameters and the far field are calculated using the transient
solvers.
Table 4.1 summarizes the result of MATLAB calculation for Microstrip Antennas
dimension:

62

63

Parameters
Type of the antenna

Value
FR4.

Lower Frequency
Upper Frequency
Resonant Frequency
Dielectric constant
Bandwidth
W

3.1 GHz
10.6
6.85 GHz
2.2
7.5 GHz
32 mm

Description

Width

of

the

28.1 mm
0.8 mm

substrate
Length of the substrat
Thickness of the

16 mm

substrate
Physical width of the

PL

14.05 mm

patch
Physical length of the

T
Wf h

0.8 mm
1.8 mm

patch
Thickness of the patch
Width
of
the

Lf

8 mm

microstrip feed
Length of microstrip

Wsh

11.4 mm

feed
The width of the slot

Lsh

-0.5 mm

in horizontal
The length of the slot

0.07 mm

in horizontal
The thickness of the

0.5 mm

cutting plane
The width of the slot

-6.6 mm

in vertical
The length of the slot

L
t
PW

Wsv
Lsv
T

0.07 mm

in vertical
The thickness of the
slot
64

Table 2: Dimensions of basic rectangle patch antenna

Figure 26:Dimension of the basic Rectangular Patch Antenna

After getting the dimension of the simple rectangular patch antenna, we try
simulating it by using the CST Microwave software and get the following result. Note
that for this result we are achieving it without modifying any of the antenna structure. We

65

are using the fully ground structure and the patch in the standard dimension.

Figure 4.3: Return Loss, S11 of simple Rectangular Patch Antenna

66

Figure 27: Radiation pattern of simple Rectangular Patch Antenna for

Frequency 7 GHz
Figure 27 shows the result of the simulation. It shows the return loss, S11 of the
antenna. However, theoretically, the minimum value of the return loss, S11 should be at
the resonant frequency of the antenna for around 7 GHz. Form Figure 27 we also can see
that the impedance matching was satisfied since the return loss, S11 which represent the
ratio of the reflected wave and the incident wave is very small which equal to -29.9846
dB. However, it is assumed to be a good matching as long as the values obtain are below
-10 dB.
There are another problem occurred with result obtained which the matching does
not occurred at the resonant frequency that have been set before which is 7 GHz. Instead,
it is resonating at the frequency of 7.886 GHz. Thus, optimizations are required in order
for us to achieve the desired resonant frequency with acceptable return loss, S11.
Following subtopic will discuss and shows the simulated result of the optimization. We
will start the optimization process with modifying the dimension of the ground.
Parameter Used

Value
67

Type of Antenna

FR4

Resonant Frequency

6.85 GHz

Dielectric Constant

2.2

Height of Substrate, h

0.8

Length of the whole geometry, L

32 mm

Width of the whole geometry, W

28.1 mm

Physical Width of Patch Antenna, WP

16 mm

Effective Length of Patch Antenna

14.05 mm

Width of the Feed, WF

0.5 mm

Length of the Feed, WP

11.4 mm
Table 3:Dimension of Basic Patch Antenna

Figure 28: 3-D Radiation pattern of the simulated result

68

Figure 29: electric field (E) of the patch antenna

Figure 30: Magnetic Field of The rectangular microstrip patch antenna

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, theory behind ultra-wide band system as well as
the parameter consideration and the techniques apply to increase
bandwidth of the micro strip Patch antenna has been studied. The
physical parameters such as dimension and location of the substrates,
effect of dielectric constant, feed line, ground plane and patch of the
antenna were examined in this study. Antenna parameters also had
69

been determined after computer simulation like resonant frequency,

input electric resistance, bandwidth, return loss and transmitting aerial
parametric quantities also had been determined after computer
simulation

like

resonant

frequency,

input

electric

resistance,

bandwidth, come back loss and directivity. The design of the ultra-wideband
antenna in this project was done by three approaches in symmetrical design. The
approaches are included, partial ground, stairs and slotted ground.
The configuration has been analyzed by applying CST software.
The bandwidth achieved is 7.5 GHertz and the return loss is -45.963 dB
which is below than 10 dB that is acceptable. But, this is only my
preliminary consequence and I will do further optimization with other
different design in FYP 2.

REFERENCES:[1] DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MICROSTRIP UWB ANTENNA WITH

TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS,K.-S. Lim, M. Nagalingam, andC.-P. Tan, Hertz,
H., Electrical Waves, London, Macmillan and Co. 1893.
[2] Designing an UWB patch antenna with band notched by using Lshaped slot and unsymmetrical feed line, A.H.M. Zahirul Alam, Md.
Rafiqul Islam, Sheroz Khan,Faculty of Engineering, International
Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Faculty of Engineering, IIUM, P.O.
Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[3] Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 39, 393-409, 2012
70

[4] FCC, First Report and Order 02-48. February 2002.

[5] He W., Jin R., Geng J. (2008) E-Shape patch with wideband and
circular polarization for millimeter-wave communication. IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56(3), 893-895.
[6] Lau K.L., Luk K.M., Lee K.L. (2006) Design of a circularly-polarized
vertical patch antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation. 54(4), 1332- 1335
[7] IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 56,
NO. 10, OCTOBER 2008
[8] Thomas .A. Milligan. Modern Antenna Design, 2nd Edition, A JOHN
WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
[9] Balanis, C. A. (2005). ANTENNA THEORY : ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.
Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[10] C.Vishnu Vardhana Reddy Rahul Rana. Design of Linearly

Polarized Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Ie3d/Pso
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National
Institute of Technology Rourkela
[11] Nuurul Hudaa Bint Mohd Sobli. DESIGN OF A COMPACT BAND
NOTCHED ANTENNA FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION.
KULLIYAH OF ENGINEERING IIUM, OCTOBER 2009.

71

[12] J.Fontana, D. (N.D.). A Brief History Of UWB Communication . Multi

Spectrum Solution ,Inc .
[13] H. Nikookar, R. Prasad, Introduction to Ultra Wideband for Wireless
Communications,

Signals

and

Communication

Technology,

DOI

10.1007/978-1-4020-6633-7_10, _ Springer ScienceBusiness Media B.V.

2009
[ 14] DESIGN OF A COMPACT PRINTED BAND-NOTCHED ANTENNA FOR
ULTRAWIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS, N. H. M. Sobli and H. E. Abd-ElRaouf, Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 3, 57 78, 2008
[ 15] Design of a Tuning Fork type UWB Patch Antenna A. H. M. Zahirul
Alam, Rafiqul Islam, and Sheroz Khan, International Journal of
Computer Science and Engineering Volume 1 Number 4.
[16] DESIGNING AN UWB PATCH ANTENNA WITH BAND NOTCHED BY
USING L-SHAPED SLOT AND UNSYMMETRICAL FEEDLINE,A.H.M.
Zahirul Alam, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Sheroz Khan Faculty of Engineering,
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Faculty of
Engineering, IIUM, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[17] D. Orban and G.J.K. Moernaut. The Basics of Patch Antennas, Orban Microwave
Products
[18] G.A. Deschamps, (1953). Microstrip Microwave Antennas, Presented at the Third
USAF Symposium on Antennas,.
[19] Pozar, D. (1992). "Microstrip Antenna" . IEEE ,vol 80 , 79-91.
[20] Ramesh Grag , Pakash Bhartia , Indera Bahl Apisak Ittipiboon . (2001). "Microstrip
Antenna Handbook Design ". London : Artech House .
[21] Indra Surjati, Y. K. (2010). Microstrip Patch Antenna Fed by Inset Microstrip Line

For Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Asia-Pacific International Symposium on

Electromagnetic Compatibility. Beijing, China.
[22] Girish Kumar, K. P. (2003). Broadband Microstrip Antennas. Artech House.

72

APPENDIX A
ATTECHMENT OF MATLAB CODE FOR PATCH ANTENNA
CALCULATION
function []=MICROSTP;
clear all;
close all;
warning off;
% Input Parameters (freq, epsr, height, Yo)
freq=[];
while isempty(freq),
freq=input('INPUT THE RESONANT FREQUENCY (in GHz) = ');
end;
er=[];
while isempty(er),
er=input('INPUT THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF THE SUBSTRATE = ');
end;
h=[];
while isempty(h),
h=input('INPUT THE HEIGHT OF THE SUBSTRATE (in m) = ');
end;
Zin=[];
while isempty(Zin),
Zin=input(['INPUT THE DESIRED INPUT IMPEDANCE Zin (in ohms) =
']);
end
% Compute W, ereff, Leff, L (in cm)
W=0.3/(2.0*freq)*sqrt(2.0/(er+1.0));

73

ereff=((er+1.0)/2.0)+((er-1)/(2.0*sqrt(1.0+12.0*h/W)));
dl=0.412*h*((ereff+0.3)*(W/h+0.264))/((ereff-0.258)*(W/h+0.8));
lambda_o=0.3/freq;
lambda=0.3/(freq*sqrt(ereff));
Leff=0.3/(2.0*freq*sqrt(ereff));
L=Leff-2.0*dl;
ko=2.0*pi/lambda_o;
Emax=sinc(h*ko/2.0/pi);
% Input Impedance at Y=0 and Y=Yo
[G1,G12]=sintegr(W,L,ko);
Rin0=(2.*(G1+G12))^-1;
Y=acos(sqrt(Zin/Rin0))*L/pi;
disp(strvcat('INPUT PARAMETERS','================'));
disp(sprintf('\nRESONANT FREQUENCY (in GHz) = %2.2f',freq));
disp(sprintf('DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF THE SUBSTRATE = %2.2f',er));
disp(sprintf('HEIGHT OF THE SUBSTRATE (in cm) = %2.2f',h));
disp(sprintf('\nPHYSICAL WIDTH OF PATCH (in m) = %2.2f',W));
disp(sprintf('EFFECTIVE LENGH OF PATCH (in m) = %2.2f',Leff));
disp(sprintf('PHYSICAL LENGH OF PATCH (in m) = %2.2f',L));
fprintf('FOR DESIRED IMPENDANCE %2.2f ohms, THE FEED POINT POSITION Yo=
%2.2f m\n\n',Zin, Y);
function [G1,G12]=sintegr(W,L,ko)
th=0:1:180; t=th.*pi/180;
ARG=cos(t).*(ko*W/2);
res1=sum(sinc(ARG./pi).^2.*sin(t).^2.*sin(t).*((pi/180)*(ko*W/2)^2));
res12=sum(sinc(ARG./pi).^2.*sin(t).^2.*besselj(0,sin(t).*(ko*L)).*sin(t)
.*((pi/180)*(ko*W/2)^2));
G1=res1./(120*pi^2); G12=res12./(120*pi^2);

74

75