PHOTOVOLT

Model 577PC
Reflectometer
Users Manual

Photovolt Instruments Inc.

Revision A

WARNING
This manual contains information and warnings, which must be followed to ensure proper and
safe operation of your Model 577PC Reflectometer. For accurate results and safe use of the
Model 577PC Reflectometer, correct operation and maintenance including periodic inspection
are required. You should read the instruction manual paying attention to all warnings and notes
prior to practical use and maintenance of your instrument.
Cautions regarding operation of the Model 577PC Reflectometer are indicated by the following
format throughout the instruction manual. Be sure to read and understand all of these cautions.

WARNING

Indicates actions or conditions that pose (a) hazard(s) to the user.

NOTE

Indicates actions or conditions that may damage your

Model 577PC Reflectometer or result in inaccurate test results.

POINT

Indicates information important for the accurate use of the

Model 577PC Reflectometer system.

This document contains information for use by owners and operators of the Photovolt Instruments
Model 577PC Reflectometer. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. This
document is considered proprietary and no part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express prior written consent of Photovolt
Instruments. If copies are then permitted, they must contain this proprietary notice.
2012 Photovolt Instruments. All rights reserved.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

Model 577PC
Reflectometer
Users Manual
(Revision A)

Photovolt Instruments, Inc.

6323 Cambridge St.
Minneapolis, MN 55416 USA
Telephone: 1-800-222-5711
Fax: 952-926-5498
Internet: http://www.photovolt.com
E-mail: sales@photovolt.com

Model 577PC Reflectometer

1. Table of Contents
1. Introduction to the Model 577PC Reflectometer System

2. Unpacking the Instrument

3. Instrument Set-up

3.1. Power Adapter Module

6
3.2. Sensor (search unit) connection
3.3. Power on
6

4. Model 577A Front Panel Organization

4.1. Function Buttons
7
4.2. Shifted Functions
7
4.2.1.
Difference Mode
8
4.2.2.
Transfer Saved Readings
4.3. Reflectance Display 8
4.4. Color Select Buttons 8
4.5. Calibration Controls 9

5. Model 577PC Back Panel

10

6. How the Model 577PC Measures Reflectance

11

7. Calibration Instructions

12

8. Saving and Transferring Reflectance Readings

15

5.1. Basic Connections 10

5.2. Earth Ground Connection 10
5.3. Digital Input/Output Connections 10

7.1. Filter Selection/Reflectance Display

12
7.2. Instrument Calibration
13
7.2.1.
Calibration Memory Access (CALIBRATE)
13
7.2.2.
Black Cavity/Zero Offset Calibration (ZERO) 13
7.2.3.
Standard Plaque Value Entry (STD) 14
8.1. Storing Readings
15
8.2. Transferring Stored Readings
8.3. Format of Stored Readings 15

15

9. Digital Inputs and Outputs

17

10. Computer Settings

17

10.1. Setting Time and Date

17
10.2. Updating the 577PC Software

17

11. Users Guide to Search Units

11.1. Types of Search Units

18
11.2. Type Y search unit 18
11.3. Type X Search Units 19
11.4. Type T Search Units 19
11.5. Type W Search Units
19
11.6. Type D Search Units 19
11.7. Color Filters 20
11.8. Specific Applications by Search Unit and Filter
2

18

21

Model 577PC Reflectometer

12. Simple Maintenance Procedures

12.1. Care and Maintenance of Calibration Standards 22

12.1.1. Environment: 22
12.1.2. Handling:
22
12.1.3. Operating Conditions: 22
12.1.4. Minor Cleaning (removal of dust):
22
12.1.5. Minor Cleaning (removal of surface contamination): 22
12.1.6. Severe Cleaning:
23
12.1.7. Recalibration Period: 23
12.1.8. Black cavity Standard: 23
12.2. Changing the Light Source Lamp 24

22

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Model 577PC Reflectometer system with YA Search Unit ........................................4
Figure 2. 577PC console shipping carton contents......................................................................5
Figure 3. Search units and related items .....................................................................................5
Figure 4. Power Adapter ..............................................................................................................6
Figure 5. Model 577PC Front Panel.............................................................................................7
Figure 6. Model 577PC Back Panel ...........................................................................................10
Figure 7. Example of a Two-Point Calibration............................................................................12
Figure 8. ZERO Calibration........................................................................................................13
Figure 9. Plaque.........................................................................................................................14
Figure 10. Format in Excel for Saved Data ................................................................................15
Figure 11. Types of Search Units...............................................................................................18
Figure 12. Search Unit Apertures...............................................................................................18
Figure 13. Tristimulus Filter Characteristics...............................................................................20
Figure 14. Applications by Search Unit and Color .....................................................................21
Figure 15. Lamp Assembly .........................................................................................................24
Figure 16. Lamp Installation........................................................................................................24
Figure 17. 577PC-S Stainless Steel Model................................................................................. D

APPENDICES

Appendix A - TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE............................................................................................... A

Appendix B - GLOSSARY OF TERMS........................................................................................................... B
Appendix C - CONVERSION TO OTHER COLOR SPACES....................................................................... C
Appendix D - 577PC-S ....................................................................................................................................D

Model 577PC Reflectometer

1. Introduction to the Model 577PC Reflectometer System

Figure 1. Model 577PC Reflectometer system with YA Search Unit

The new Photovolt 577PC reflectometer is similar to older models but, contains
state-of-the-art electronics and has many new features including an embedded PC
computer, Ports for a keyboard, a mouse, two USB devices, Ethernet, RS232 serial
port, and a color display.
Figure 1 shows a typical 577PC Reflectometer system with all its components.
The type YA sensor head (search unit) shown is the most common type. Other search
unit types may be supplied with black cavity standards and calibration plaques that
differ in appearance from the ones shown. Please refer to section 13 of this manual for
more information on the different search unit types available.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

2. Unpacking the Instrument

The 577PC Reflectometer system is shipped on two cartons. The larger contains the
577PC console, the power adapter, power cord, operators manual, and warranty card.
Identify all parts and part numbers against the list shown below. Only one power cord is
supplied as required from the list. Other types may be available, please contact
Photovolt Instruments for more information.
Operators Manual Rev. A
Model 577A Reflectometer console
Universal Power Adapter
Power cord (USA, Canada, Mexico type)

(England)

(Europe Germany)
Warranty Card

9957711P
0257720
4457004
0130168

Figure 2. 577PC console shipping carton contents

The search unit, calibration plaque, black cavity, spare lamp, calibration certificate,
and color filter(s) are shipped in the smaller carton. There are a lot of possible options
so check the contents against the list of possibilities shown below.
Type YA search unit
0457711
Type WA search unit
0457720
Type TA search unit (with filters)
0457731
Type DA search unit
0457704
Type XA search unit
2457002
Color filters (for X,Y and D only) AMBER
BLUE
2457003
GREEN
2547001
Black cavity standard (not for D)
2657012
Black calibration plaque (for D only)
Brightness calibration Plaque (for W only) 2657030-2657049
Reflectance calibration plaque (X,Y,T)
2657050-2657069
Calibration plaque (for type D only)
Spare lamp for types YA, WA, TA, XA
1157707
Spare lamp for type DA only
Figure 3. Search units and related items

Report any missing, damaged, or incorrect parts to Photovolt Technical Service at

800-222-5711. If the shipment was complete and satisfactory, fill out the warranty card
and mail to Photovolt.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

3. Instrument Set-up
3.1. Power Adapter Module
The Model 577PC is supplied
with a universal power adapter
that steps any common power line
voltage down to a safe 9 VDC.
The power adapter is Energy Star
rated, UL and CSA listed, and CE
marked.

Figure 4. Power Adapter

Connect the adapter output connector to the Power socket on the backside of
the reflectometer. Connect the power cord to the adapter and plug into your power
outlet. There is a small green indicator light on the top of the adapter that is illuminated
whenever it is connected to a functioning power outlet.
NOTE
Do not attempt to power the 577PC from any source
of power other than the Photovolt provided module.
Doing so will void the warranty and may damage the
instrument.

3.2. Sensor (search unit) connection

Connect the coiled cord of the search unit to the SENSOR connector. The
search unit is connected to the Model 577PC via the 10-pin receptacle at the rear of
the instrument. To attach the search unit, connect the 10-pin plug, on the end of the
search unit cable, to the receptacle on the Model 577PC by lining up the notches on
the connectors and turning the locking ring clockwise. To disconnect the search unit,
turn the locking ring on the cable plug counter clockwise and carefully pull it away
from the Model 577PC back panel. The cable connectors are polarized to prevent
incorrect mating of the connector halves. Power should be turned off when
attaching or disconnecting the search unit.
3.3. Power on
Turn on the master power rocker switch. When it is on it lights up in a green color. This
is a master power switch like those on the power supply on the back of your PC. It should be left
on all the time. The red power button on the front of the 577PC is used to control operation of
the instrument. When the red POWER button is pushed a red light will be lit on the front panel.
If an operating 577PC is turned off with the master rocker switch it might cause a
corruption of the internal solid-state storage and a loss of saved readings and calibration
settings.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

4. Model 577A Front Panel Organization

Figure 5. Model 577PC Front Panel

4.1. Function Buttons

The function buttons control basic reflectometer operation. The red POWER
button turns the 577PC off and on. When the red POWER button is pushed a blue light
just above the red POWER button and a red light near the number display will be lit up.
The blue light indicates that power is on and the red light indicates that the computer is
booting up. When the boot up is complete, the red light will turn off and the number
display will light. When power is on the blue light above the power button is illuminated.
Since the embedded PC controls all functions As long as the blue power light is lit
the internal computer is running.
The HOLD button freezes the reflectance display reading at its current value.
The display remains frozen and the red light just above the hold button stays on until the
hold button is pushed a second time.
4.2. Shifted Functions
The HOLD button also functions as a SHIFT key to change the function of the
CALIBRATE and STD buttons. Press and hold down the HOLD button and then press
CALIBRATE or STD buttons to start the functions described below.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

4.2.1.

Difference Mode

While pressing the HOLD button pushing the CALIBRATE button puts the 577PC in the
difference mode.
When the difference mode is active all three color select lights are on. The reflectance
display shows the difference in percent between the current reading and the reading at the time
this mode was started.
The difference mode can be used to directly display variations across a large sample as
the search unit is moved about. It can also be used to show variations across a group of
samples or differences from a master sample. It can also directly display the darkening of filter
paper in the ASTM fuel stability test.
To exit the difference mode just repeat the HOLD plus CALIBRATE button procedure.
Unlike other modes the 577PC does not stay in the difference mode when power is turned off
and back on again.
Turn on the master power rocker switch. When it is on it lights up in a green color. This is a
master power switch like those on the power supply on the back of your PC. It should be left on
all the time. The red power button on the front of the 577PC is used to control operation of the
instrument.
4.2.2.

Transfer Saved Readings

While pressing the HOLD button pushing the ZERO button tells the 577PC to
transfer the internally stored reflectance readings to a USB flash memory stick. See
section 8 of this manual for a complete description of saving and transferring reflectance
readings.
4.3. Reflectance Display
The digital display shows the sample reflectance in percent from 0.00 to 99.9%.
This display is continuously updated unless the hold button is used. When the reading is
less than 10% the hundredths digit is shown. During abnormal conditions error
messages may be shown such as: Lo Hi or Err. The display is also used during
instrument calibration.
4.4. Color Select Buttons
The color select buttons select the reflectometer operation for each color:
AMBER, BLUE , or GREEN. Each color is calibrated individually and those settings are
selected with these buttons. This allows quick readings of a sample in each color
especially when using the type T search unit that has a color filter selection wheel. The
appropriate color must be used to match the color of light emitted by the search unit.
8

Model 577PC Reflectometer

For the type W search unit the blue color is always selected. The 577PC retains its
color mode setting when powered down.

4.5. Calibration Controls

The calibration controls are used to set the black ZERO and standard plaque
STD calibration for each of the three colors. The calibration procedure is described in
section 6 of this manual. When used together with the HOLD button the calibration
controls have a second function as described above in section 4.2.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

5. Model 577PC Back Panel

Figure 6. Model 577PC Back Panel

5.1. Basic Connections

Only the power input and the search unit sensor need be connected for basic
operation. The master power switch should be left on in most situations. Use the red
power button on the front panel to switch the 577PC on and off.
5.2. Earth Ground Connection
If needed the 577PC reflectometer chassis can be connected to an earth ground
using the connector shown in figure 6. This is a standard banana plug socket.
Photovolt can provide the mating plug and cable upon request.
5.3. Digital Input/Output Connections

The use of the computer input/output connections is described later in this

manual. By far the most common usage will be to plug a USB flash memory stick into
either USB connector. Saved reflectance readings are normally stored internally and
from time to time they are all written to the USB memory stick file in Microsoft Excel
spreadsheet data format. Also, when needed the 577PCs program can be updated
from a file on a USB memory stick.
The keyboard and display connections are needed only for special operations
such as setting time and date.

10

Model 577PC Reflectometer

6. How the Model 577PC Measures Reflectance

In order to measure reflectance ratiometrically, a two-point calibration is required.
This is done on the Model 577PC via a black cavity standard and a standard plaque.
The black cavity standard is designed to have nearly zero reflectance, which provides
the first of the required two calibration points. Standard plaques are specially calibrated
enamel plaques with a known reflectance, and provide the second point of the two-point
calibration.
The photosensor array in the search unit produces a voltage that is proportional
to the amount of light that shines on its surface. However, the photosensor does not
produce zero voltage in the absence of light. This no light voltage must be nulled out
or zeroed to produce the first calibration point. This first calibration point is then
referred to as the dark or zero offset.
When a plaque of known diffuse reflectance is placed on the search unit, it
produces a voltage in the photosensor array proportional to the light reflected from the
plaque. This provides the second or reference point of the calibration. Figure 5 shows
graphically how the Model 577PC is calibrated.
When a sample is placed on the search unit, the photocell produces a voltage
that is usually between the two calibration points. Since the photosensor output is
linear, the sample voltage is directly proportional to its reflectance.
Note: For best accuracy we recommend choosing a reference plaque such that the
plaques reflectance values are near or higher than the expected brightest sample. For
best accuracy when a large range of sample reflectance values is expected, we
recommend that two different standard plaques be used, one for the brighter and one
for the darker samples. This is especially desirable when working with low reflectance
samples (less than 20%) such as roast coffee.

11

Model 577PC Reflectometer

Figure 7. Example of a Two-Point Calibration

7. Calibration Instructions
The Model 577PC uses internal flash memory to store the current mode and the
calibration values for each of the tristimulus filters. The values for one calibration
plaque are retained when the instrument is powered down. Thus it is not necessary to
reenter the plaque calibration values before each recalibration if you use the same
calibration plaque. The 577PC should be allowed to warm up for at least 30 minutes
before calibration or use. To avoid the warm up period you may leave the instrument on
continuously. If left on continuously the 577 draws less than 25 watts of power and
lamp life will exceed 1.5 years. A detailed overview of the Model 577PCs calibration
procedure follows:
7.1. Filter Selection/Reflectance Display
When measuring samples the Amber, Blue, and Green buttons are used to
select appropriate calibration curve for the specific tristimulus filter in the search unit.
When one of these three buttons is depressed, the corresponding LED above it will
illuminate and indicate which filter calibration curve is being used.
12

Model 577PC Reflectometer

POINT
The calibration curve of the 577PC will be different for each of the three filter
channels. Be sure to select the correct filter channel for the filter in the search
unit. Incorrect filter channel settings will result in erroneous reflectance
measurements.

When filters are changed in the search unit, the corresponding channel should be
selected via the Amber, Blue, or Green buttons. Filters and their corresponding
memory settings can be changed at will, once the Model 577PC has been calibrated.
Only those filter channels that are being used for samples need to be calibrated.
The normal display mode displays percent reflectance of the sample.. This is the
default display mode and is active when NOT in calibration mode (whenever the
CALIBRATE, or STD lights are extinguished).
A samples reflectance value is calculated based on the calibration curve saved in
memory for the currently selected filter channel (Amber, Blue, or Green). If the
calculation results in a reflectance value well beyond 100% the display will indicate an
overrange condition by displaying (Hi. ). (Reference Section 6.6)
7.2. Instrument Calibration
As stated earlier, a filter channel (Amber, Blue, or Green) should not be used for
reflectance measurements until it has been calibrated at least once. Calibration
requires setting both the zero offset (ZERO) and a standard plaque value (STD). These
values are set by using the CHANGE button as described in the following sections.
7.2.1.

Calibration Memory Access (CALIBRATE)

To calibrate the Model 577PC, the desired filter channel must be selected via the
Amber, Blue, or Green buttons. Next, the CHANGE button is depressed causing the
CHANGE LED to illuminate. The instrument is now ready for a two-point calibration,
starting with the zero offset setting and followed by the standard plaque value setting.
7.2.2.

Black Cavity/Zero Offset Calibration (ZERO)

The first step of calibration is to set the BLACK

CAVITY zero offset (dark current correction).
The black cavity standard should be placed on
the search unit before this measurement is
taken. Once the black cavity is in place and the
CALIBRATE mode has been entered, as
described above, the ZERO button should be
depressed. This will cause the CHANGE light
to go out and normal reflectance display to
resume. While the black cavity standard is on
the search unit, the Model 577A should display
between 0.10 and -0.10. If it does not produce
this value the calibration should be repeated.
13

Figure 8. ZERO Calibration

Model 577PC Reflectometer

7.2.3.

Standard Plaque Value Entry (STD)

After the zero offset has been set, the second

CALIBRATION PLAQUE calibration point can be
determined by using a Photovolt standard plaque. To
set the standard plaque value, follow the procedure
below:
Place the standard plaque with the recessed
glazed surface toward the search unit.
Press the CALIBRATE button. The CALIBRATE

Figure 9. Plaque
light will Illuminate, then press the STD button.
The
STD light will illuminate as will all three filter color lights (Amber, Blue, and Green).
The display will show the assigned reflectance value for the previously entered
standard plaque.
Read the assigned plaque reflectance value for the selected color from the label on
the back of the plaque.
Enter the standard plaque value from the plaque label into the Model 577PC by using
the Amber, Blue and Green buttons to increment the tens, units, and tenths digits
respectively. The digits will individually increment between 0 and 9 when the buttons
are depressed. Standard plaque values of between 00.0 and 99.9 may be entered.
Once the display reads the correct standard plaque value, depress the STD button a
second time. The STD LED will extinguish, as will the CALIBRATE LED. Normal
reflectance display will resume and the display should be identical as the standard
plaque value ( 0.2%) after the standard plaque value is entered.
The reflectometer is now ready for sample measurements on the newly calibrated
color channel. For best results let the instrument warm up for at least 30 minutes before
calibration. During use calibration should be rechecked periodically by replacing the
standard plaque on the search unit. If the plaque value ( 0.5%) is displayed when the
standard plaque is replaced on the search unit, then the instrument is still in calibration.
Otherwise, calibration should be repeated.

POINT
Two-point calibration (zero offset and standard plaque entry) must be
done at least once for each filter and filter channel combination to be used.
If the search unit to be used does not require multiple filters, calibration
need be done only on the filter channel required for use with the selected
search unit. The 577PC remembers the calibration information but it is still
good practice to check it fairly often.

14

Model 577PC Reflectometer

8. Saving and Transferring Reflectance Readings
8.1. Storing Readings
The Model 577PC stores the current reflection reading whenever the button on
the side of the search unit is pressed. The HOLD light flashes for a second to indicate
the data have been saved. The most recent 100 readings are stored in internal flash
memory. Once 100 readings have been saved subsequent readings will be saved and
the oldest readings will be deleted.
8.2. Transferring Stored Readings
To retrieve the stored readings plug a USB memory stick into either USB
connector. Wait a minute or two for the memory stick to be recognized. Then press the
HOLD button and keep it down while pressing the ZERO button. All of the saved
readings in internal memory will be transferred to the USB memory stick in comma
delimitated format suitable for import into Microsoft Excel or other spread sheet
programs. This file is quite small so it takes only a fraction of a second to transfer.
Transferring the data does not erase it from the 577PC. New readings are just
added until there are 100 at which point adding a new reading erases the oldest one.
If the memory stick is full, unformatted, or write protected the data will not be
transferred. You can test the memory stick for compatibility with the 577PC by copying
some sample data to it from a PC. If it passes this test it should also work with the
577PC.
8.3. Format of Stored Readings

Figure 10. Format in Excel for Saved Data

15

Model 577PC Reflectometer

The readings are in comma delimited format used with a spreadsheet program.
Each reading is one line. The image below is what Excel shows for six readings. Types
are REF for reflectance and DIF for difference. Colors are A for amber, B for blue, and
G for green.

16

Model 577PC Reflectometer

9. Digital Inputs and Outputs

The 577PC with its embedded PC was designed for normal use without the need
of separate computer peripherals such as keyboard, display and mouse. However, the
577PC can be used with such computer peripherals to change settings in the 577PC.
The USB, keyboard, mouse, color display, and network ports on the 577PC are
all PC standard ports. If a peripherals work on your PC they will also work with the
577PC. USB keyboards and mice can also be used.

10.

Computer Settings

The two situations where the connection of a display and keyboard are needed
are in setting the internal clock time and date and updating the 577PC software.
10.1. Setting Time and Date
When shipped from Photovolt the 577PC internal clock is set to universal (GMT)
time and date. To change this you will need to connect a keyboard (or USB keyboard)
and a display to the 577PC. You must start this procedure with the 577PC power turned
off. Push the red power button to turn on the 577 and immediately start repeatedly
pushing the DELete key on the keyboard. This will cause the BIOS setup page to
appear on the display. Use the arrow keys and PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys to set
the desired time and date and then save and exit by pushing the F10 key.
Once the BIOS setup is completed the computer will restart the reflectance
program. Unless you are sure you know what you are changing do not modify the other
BIOS settings as they may keep the reflectance program from operating properly.
10.2. Updating the 577PC Software
The 577PC software can be easily updated by the user. Normally the updated
program is supplied on a USB memory stick or sent by email.
When the update is sent by email you will receive a file with the name:
577_580_update.tar.gz. Copy this file to the root directory of a USB memory stick.
The file is about 125Kb. The USB stick that is used does not have to be empty and may
contains other files on them.
Connect a PC or USB keyboard, and the memory stick to the 577PC. Connecting
a monitor to the DISPLAY connector is desirable but not necessary. Wait a couple of
minutes for the new items to be recognized by the 577PC. Then push only the U key on
the keyboard, just the U key, nothing else. The reflectance display will go blank and the
new software will be installed. This only takes a few seconds. Wait a minute for it to
17

Model 577PC Reflectometer

complete and then type: RESTART followed by [ENTER]. The new software will start
and you can disconnect the memory stick and keyboard. Or you can push the red power
button to turn off the 577PC. It will be running the new software when turned back on.

11.

Users Guide to Search Units

Figure 11. Types of Search Units

11.1. Types of Search Units

Currently there are five different types of search units available for the 577A
reflectometer. The search units are interchangeable and some users have more than
one type allowing use with different samples. They differ in their use of color filters and
the aperture or area of sample measured.

Figure 12. Search Unit Apertures

11.2. Type Y search unit

The type Y is by far the most commonly used search unit. It uses a removable
tristimulus color filter to filter the light shining on the sample. Per CIE standards amber,
18

Model 577PC Reflectometer

blue, and green tristimulus filters can be inserted one at a time in the side of the search
unit. For full color measurements the reflectance at all three colors must be measured.
More commonly the sample only needs measurement with one color. The type Y must
be used with a filter installed.
The type Y along with the W, X, and T are designed with the geometry of the
light source and the photodetector arranged to minimize or eliminate any effect on the
measurement due to the samples glossy or shiny surface.
Usually the type Y is used with a green filter. This gives a generic reflectance
reading since green is near the center of the eyes response band and near its most
sensitive color frequency. When in doubt use green. A blue filter is used with near white
samples such as paper, talc, pigments and other powders. Amber is used for coffee
beans and ground coffee. Infrared and ultraviolet parts of the lamp spectrum are filtered
out before reaching the sample so optical brighteners do not affect the readings.
The type Y measures reflectance of the sample in a circular area 0.8 inches
(20mm) in diameter. For a smaller measurement area see type X.
11.3. Type X Search Units
The type X search unit is the same as the Y except that the sample area that is
measured is much smaller. The measured area is a circle only a 0.375 inch (9.4mm) in
diameter. This allows accurate measurement of especially small or varied samples or
those with somewhat curved surfaces. Unless the smaller sample area is specifically
needed the type Y is preferred.
11.4. Type T Search Units
Type T search units have the same specifications and work the same as the
type Y except they are supplied with all three color filters mounted in a rotating Turret.
This makes it easier when measuring each sample with all three colors.
11.5. Type W Search Units
The type W search unit was designed specifically to measure the brightness of
paper samples to a old TAPPI standard. It is sometimes also used with near white
powders. The W uses a built in blue filter for the light source. The blue filter can not be
changed or removed. Like the types Y and T search units the type W measures a 0.8
inch (20mm) diameter circular area on the sample.
11.6. Type D Search Units
Like the Y and T the type D search unit uses an amber, blue, or green
tristimulus filter to filter the light striking the sample. Unlike the others the type D
measures the average reflectance over a large 2.8 inch (72mm) diameter area. The
19

Model 577PC Reflectometer

common uses are changes in cloth reflectance due to soiling or cleaning and coffee
beans or ground coffee.
Because of the large area of measurement the type D can not be used with
samples that have a glossy or shiny surface.
11.7. Color Filters
All the search units use some type of color filter. The types D,X,Y, and T
search units utilize amber, blue, or green tristimulus color filters. Tristimulus filters have
a wide bandpass and meet original CIE specifications allowing calculation of values in
other color coordinate systems such as Lab or WYZ. These filters also prevent the
passage of infrared and ultraviolet light to the sample. The following table outlines the
bandpass of these tristimulus filters:
Filter
CIE

Transmittance
Range

Transmittance
Peak (nm)

Amber
Green
Blue

540 660 nm
450 620 nm
410 490 nm

590
550
440

Figure 13. Tristimulus Filter Characteristics

20

Model 577PC Reflectometer

11.8. Specific Applications by Search Unit and Filter

Industry
Biomedical
Burlap
Ceramics (Tile &
Porcelain)
Chemical
Cosmetics
Detergents
Distillate Fuels

Food &
Agricultural

Industrial
Products
Metal Finishing
Packaging
Paint & Varnish
Pharmaceutical
Plastics
Pulp & Paper
Textile

Type
Search
Unit

Application
Erythema, skin color,
frog skin, etc.
Grading
Color classification.
Opacity, or contrast ratio

Y/T

Varies

Y/T

Tristimulus

By user

Y/D

Green-Tristimulus

By user

Y/T

Green- Tristimulus

ASTM 6468

Tristimulus

Coffee Brewing
Institute, SCAA,
etc.
By user

Y/T
Y/T

Y/T/D

Green-Tristimulus
and others
Green-Tristimulus
Varies
Varies

Test Method or
Standard
Numerous by
users
By user
ASTM E97
ASTM C347
ASTM C346
ASTM C584
By user

Y/T

Dry powders, plastics

Sun tan lotion by skin
color, lipstick, face
powders, etc.
Reflectance before and
after cleaning, both cloth
and hard materials
High temperature fuel
stability test
Color comparison of
food products such as
coffee, potato chips,
peanut butter, cocoa,
catsup, tuna, sugar,
browning of baked
goods or potatoes
Color of finished
products.
Waxes, powders, flat
solids, tiles
Color
Color comparison
Color
Hiding power and
contrast ratio
Powder brightness,
product color, packaging

Filter

Y/T
Tristimulus
Y/T
Y/T
Y/T
Y/T
Y/T

Tristimulus
Tristimulus
Tristimulus
Green Tristimulus

By user
ASTM E97
ASTM D1455
ASTM D3052
By user
By user
Federal Test
Method No. 141;
ASTM D523

All types

Varies

Color

Y/T

Varies

By user
ASTM D2457

Brightness
Opacity
Color
Rapid and convenient
color matching of textiles

W
Y/T
Y/T

Built-in
Green-Tristimulus
Tristimulus

TAPPI Methods
ASTM

Tristimulus

By user

Y/T/D

Figure 14. Applications by Search Unit and Color

21

Model 577PC Reflectometer

12.

Simple Maintenance Procedures

The Photovolt model 577PC reflectometer system does not require any regular
preventative maintenance. Normally all that is needed is to keep the instrument
relatively clean and free of dust. In especially dusty environments it will probably be
necessary to use low pressure air to blow out dust that collects down inside the search
unit aperture and on the filters.
12.1. Care and Maintenance of Calibration Standards
The model 577PC reflectance measurements can only be as accurate as the
calibration standard plaque used for calibration. Normally the human eye can detect
only about a 5% change in reflectance and it is easily fooled by changes in color tint.
The 577PC reflectance resolution is 0.1%. Thats fifty times more sensitive than the eye.
Obviously any dirt or contamination you can see on the calibration plaque is going to
have a big detrimental affect on the accuracy of the readings.
12.1.1.

Environment:

Avoid exposing the calibration plaque to sources of heat, chemicals, dust, or oil.
Contamination of the surface of the plaque will result in decreased accuracy. Avoid
damaging the surface of the plaque. Scratches, chipping of the surface, or dulling of the
surface will result in incorrect readings and make cleaning difficult.
12.1.2.

Handling:

Avoid touching the reading surface of the calibration plaque. Fingerprints, dirt, oils,
or any other surface contamination will result in incorrect readings. Handle the plaque
only by the anodized plaque holder. When placing the plaque on a table or other flat
surface, keep the reading side facing up, or place it face down on a clean, soft, dirt-free
surface such as a lint-free cloth.
12.1.3.

Operating Conditions:

It is suggested that the 577PC, search unit and calibration plaque be allowed to
equilibrate to room temperature with the power turned on for a period of one hour before
conducting critical calibrations.
12.1.4.

Minor Cleaning (removal of dust):

Remove dust by gently brushing the surface of the plaque with a soft camel-hair
brush or blow dust off of the surface with clean, dry, oil free, filtered compressed air. A
pressurized canister of air for cleaning photographic lenses is suggested for this
purpose.
12.1.5.

Minor Cleaning (removal of surface contamination):

Remove fingerprints, smudges, and other slight surface contamination by

moistening the surface of the plaque with a thin film of pure water or methanol. Use a
clean, soft, lint-free, non-abrasive cloth to gently wipe the surface of the plaque. Use a
second dry cloth to remove all traces of moisture from the plaque. Visually inspect the
22

Model 577PC Reflectometer

surface for cleanliness. Never use common household or kitchen counter cleaners as
they often contain fluorescent brighteners that are supposed to make things look
brighter or bluer in color. Methanol removes these brighteners.
12.1.6.

Severe Cleaning:

Remove severe contamination from the surface of the plaque as quickly as

possible. Extended exposure to foreign material may permanently stain or alter the
reflectance of the plaque. Use a clean, soft, lint-free, non-abrasive cloth moistened
slightly with a non-fluorescing laboratory detergent (such as Sparkleen) to gently wipe
the surface of the plaque. Use a second dry cloth to remove all traces of moisture from
the plaque. Visually inspect the surface for cleanliness. If successive cleanings do not
remove the contamination from the surface of the plaque, either replace the plaque or
return it to Photovolt for recalibration. A calibration plaque that shows extensive
physical wear or scratches on its surface should be replaced.
12.1.7.

Recalibration Period:

Photovolt recommends that the calibration plaque be returned for recalibration

once per year. More frequent calibration may be required due to improper handling or
storage. Plaques that are heavily used should be inspected frequently for scratches
and/or other physical damage. Damaged plaques must be recalibrated or replaced
depending upon the extent of the damage.
12.1.8.

Black cavity Standard:

Only the inside surface of the black cavity is used so as long as it is clean and
undamaged it should work properly. The black cavity does not need to be calibrated.

23

Model 577PC Reflectometer

12.2. Changing the Light Source Lamp P/N 0857708

LAMP

BRACKET

LOCKWASHER
NUT
Figure 15. Lamp Assembly
INSTALL LAMP INTO BRACKET AS SHOWN. TIGHTEN NUT FINGERTIGHT ONLY.
LAMP WITH BRACKET. MOUNT AS LOW
AS POSSIBLE, LEAVE SCREWS LOOSE.
MOUNTING SCREWS 4 PLACES
WIRE
CONTACT
BLOCK

Mount lamp with bracket as shown

leaving the 4 screws slightly loose.
Locate the lamp assembly as
far downward as possible. Connect
lamp wires to contact block.
Connect the search unit to the
reflectometer console and turn on the
power.
Figure 16. Lamp Installation

Move the lamp bracket up/down or tilt side to side until the sample aperture on the end of the search
unit is evenly illuminated. The easiest way to check the illumination is to hold a piece of paper against
the aperture and check for a evenly lit circle.

24

Model 577PC Reflectometer

Operators Manual Warranty
Photovolt Instruments provides this manual as is without warranty of any kind either expressed
or implied including but not limited to the implied warranties, merchantability, or fitness for a
particular purpose.

Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions;
therefore, this statement may not apply to you.
This manual could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes may be
periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated into new editions
of the manual. Photovolt Instruments may make modifications and/or improvements to the
products described in this manual at any time.
It is possible that this manual contains information about or makes reference to products or
services that are not released in your country. Such information or references must not be
construed to mean that Photovolt Instruments intends to announce such products or services in
your country. Contact your local Photovolt Instruments representative for further information.
The foregoing warranties are in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including but
not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
Issued: Feb 2012
Revision A

26

P/N 9957710P

25

Model 577PC Reflectometer

Appendix A - TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
1. Problem: After STD calibration the reading goes back to 0.00
a. Search unit not connected.
b. Lamp is burned out
2. Problem: Hi is always displayed
a. Wrong filter channel is selected for the filter or search unit in use
b. Selected filter channel needs recalibration.
c. No filter installed.
3. Problem: Reflectance values greater than 100.0 are displayed
a. 577PC was improperly calibrated.
b. Wrong filter channel is selected.
c. No filter is installed.
d. Search unit is pointed at a light source
4. Problem: 577PC display wont change
a. 577PC was left in HOLD mode (reference Section Error! Reference source not
found.).
5. Problem: 577PC always displays 0.0
a. Search unit is not connected.
b. Lamp is burned out
6. Problem: 577PC is ON but search unit lamp is OFF
a. Search unit not connected
b. Lamp is burned out.

7. Problem: Power light is on but the display is blank and LED lights are OFF
a. Internal computer is still booting up. Wait for 30 seconds.
If additional assistance is required call Photovolt Technical Service at 1-800-222-5711.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

Appendix B - GLOSSARY OF TERMS
The following is a glossary of terms used throughout this manual.
1. Search Unit: An optical sensor designed for a specific reflectance measurement such as
brightness or diffuse reflectance. Search units are lettered according to their function, i.e.,
Y, W, T, etc.
2. Filter: A piece or sandwich of colored glass that can be installed in some search units to
give it a particular optical response. The most commonly used filters are the Amber, Blue,
and Green tristimulus filters used in color matching work.

3. Standard Plaque: A small calibration plate with a surface of known reflectance.
4. Photodetector: A device that produces an electrical current proportional to the light that
shines on its surface.
5. Reflectance Photocell: The Photodetector that measures the light reflected from the sample
surface.
6. Gain: The amount of amplification applied to the photosensor output signal before it is
converted to digital information for the computer.
7. Filter Channel: One of the three electronic channels (Amber, Blue, Green) of the Model
577PC. Each channel has its own linearity settings and memory locations, which allow it to
function independently of the other two.
8. Calibration Memory: Each filter channel has three independent memory locations associated
with it. These locations are:

Zero Offset Memory: The memory locations that store the current produced by the Model
577PC when a Black cavity standard is placed on the attached search unit.

Calibration Reflectance Memory: The memory locations that store the current produced
by the Model 577PC when a standard plaque is placed on the attached search unit.

Standard Plaque Value Memory: The memory locations that store the standard plaque
reflectance values entered during calibration.

9. 4-digit LED Display: The group of four display digits that display the percent reflectance.
10. LED: Light Emitting Diode - The small, red, rectangular indicators above the HOLD, Amber,
Blue, Green, STD, and CALIBRATE buttons on the front panel.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

Appendix C - CONVERSION TO OTHER COLOR SPACES
A spreadsheet template for Microsoft Excel is available from Photovolt to convert the
amber, blue, and green reflectance measurements from the PHOTOVOLT MODELS 575, 670,
577, and 577PC Reflectance Meters to tristimulus color coordinate values. Values for
yellowness, whiteness, total color difference (Delta "E"), and delta chromaticity (Delta "C") are
also calculated. A single report or a group format is available. A PHOTOVOLT "T" or "Y" search
unit must be used and each unit must be equipped with tristimulus filters to measure amber,
blue, and green percent reflectance. This template is available as a free download from our web
site at this URL:
http://www.photovolt.com/pages/ss577.html
The formulas used for these calculations are shown below. In each case the A, B, and
G values are the percent readings from the reflectometer from 00.0 to 99.9.
CIE - X,Y,Z Scale per ASTM D 2244
X=0.80A+0.18B
Y=1.00G
Z=1.18B

CIE - x, y, z Scale per ASTM D 2244

x = X/(X+Y+Z)
y = Y/(X+Y+Z)
z = 1- (x+y)

L*a*b* (CIE 1976) per ASTM D 2244

L* = 116 (Y/100)^1/3 - 16
a* = 500 ((X/100)^1/3 - (Y/100)^1/3)
b* = 200 ((Y/100) ^1/3 - (Z/100)^1/3)
L* = 116 (Y/100) ^1/3 - 16
u = 4X/(X + 15Y + 3Z)
v = 9Y/(X + 15Y + 3Z)

Simplified NBS Equation per ASTM D 2244

L = 10 Y^
a = (17.5 (1.02 X-Y)) / Y^
b = (7.0 (Y - 0.847 Z)) / Y^

Yellowness Index
YI = 100 (A - B) / G
YI = 128X - 106Z / Y
YI = 100 (1 - 0.847 Z / Y)

ASTM E 313
ASTM D 1925
ASTM E 313

Whiteness Index per ASTM E 313

WI = 4 B - 3 G

Delta Values per ASTM D 2244

dE of L*a*b** =((L1*-L2*)^2+(a1*-a2*)^2+(b1*-b2*)^2)^
dE of L a b = ((L1-L2)^2+(a1-a2)^2+(b1-b2)^2)^
dC of a* b* = ((a1*-a2*)^2+(b1*-b2*)^2)^
dC of a b = ((a1-a2)^2+(b1-b2)^2)^

Model 577PC Reflectometer

Appendix D - 577PC-S

Figure 17. 577PC-S Stainless Steel Model

The Photovolt Model 577A reflectometer is available with the SS stainless steel
case option. This model has a shallow case with all controls and common connections
on the front side. This allows mounting on a wall or shelf above and away from the work
area. The case and search unit are made from stainless steel and sealed to a NEMA-4
splash proof rating. An extra long search unit coiled cable is included so samples up to
ten feet away can be easily measured.
The operation of the 577PC-S is identical to the standard instrument and all
previous sections of this manual apply to this model equally.

Model 577PC Reflectometer

This document contains information for use by owners and operators of the Photovolt Instruments
Model 577PC Reflectometer. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. This
document is considered proprietary and no part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express prior written consent of Photovolt
Instruments. If copies are then permitted, they must contain this proprietary notice.
2012 Photovolt Instruments. All rights reserved.

Photovolt Instruments
P/N: 9957710P Rev A