TAPES

Cloth or Linen Tape:

Used for taking subsidiary measurements, such as offset. It is very light
and handy. It is easily affected by humidity. If wet it shrinks. It stretches
easily and likely to twist.

Metric Woven Metallic Tape:

They are available in 2, 10, 30, and 50 meters. The tape is made of yarn
and metal wire. A metal ring is attached to the outer end of tapes. The
length of the tape includes the metal ring. At every centimeter a black
line 8 to 10 mm in height is drown. Every 5 centimeters is marked with an
arrow in black. Every decimeter and meter is marked with a back line
extending over the full width of the tape/ the graduation marks at every
decimeter and meter are numbered with black and red figures,
respectively.

 Metric Steel Tape:

Tape is available in 1, 2, 10, 30, and 50 meters. The tape is of steel or
stainless steel. The outer end is provided with a ring. The length of the
tape includes the metal ring. The tape is marked with a line at every five
millimeters, centimeters, decimeters, and meter. Every decimeter and
meter shall be marked with Hindu Arabic numerals in bold. When the
button release devised is pressed, the tape automatically rewind in to the
case.

 Invar Tape:
For highest precision work the invar tape in used. It is made of an alloy of
steel and nickel (36%). It is 6 mm wide and may be obtained in length of
30m and 100m. It is not calibrated through its length but has terminal
lines. Each terminal division has ten 1 mm division. It is very expensive.

Synthetic Tape:
The tapes are manufactured of glass fiber having PVC coating. They are
graduated every 10 mm and figured every 100 mm. Meter. They are
convenient for measuring shorts lengths.

ACCESSORIES

(Instruments for Marking Stations)

Arrows (Chain Pins):
They are also called as marking or chaining pins and are used to mark the
end of chain during the process of chaining. They are made up of good
quality hardened and strengthened steel wire of 4mm in diameter. The
arrows are made 400 mm in length. They are pointed at one end of
inserting in to the ground. The other end is in to a ring.

Wooden Pegs:
These are used to mark the positions. They are made of hard timber and
tapered at one end. They are usually, 2.5 cm square and 15 cm long. But
in soft ground 40 to 60 cm long and 4 to 5 cm square is suitable. They
should be driven in the ground with about 4 cm lengths, projecting above
the ground.

CHAIN

ARROWS (CHAIN PINS)

WOODEN PEG

RANGING RODS/POLES

Contd
Ranging rods:
Used for making the positions of stations and for ranging. They are made
of seasoned timber of teak, blue pine, or deodar. They are circular or
octagonal in cross section of 3 cm diameter. Lower shoe is 15 cm long.
They are made in two sizes as 2 meters and 3 meters and are divided in
to equal parts each 0.2 m long. They are painted alternatively black and
white or red and white. Now a day instead of timber, mild steel hallow
pipes are used.

Ranging Poles:
Similar to the ranging rods but are heavier, they vary in length from 4 m
to 6 m or more. Used in the case of very long lines.

Offset Rod:
Similar to the ranging rod, they are usually 3 m long and is divided into
parts each 0.2 m length. Top is provided with an open ring for puling or
pushing the chain through a hedge. It has two short narrow vertical slots.
It is used for aligning short offsets.

Contd
Laths:
Useful for ranging long lines, also used over uneven ground where the
ranging rod is not visible due to obstructions, they are light, cheap, being
white; they are easily visible at a great distance. Unusually 1.0m long

Whites:
When the ranging rod is not available or insufficient, whites are used.
These are thin strip of bamboo and 40 cm to 1 m in length. One end is
sharp and the other end is split for inserting pieces of white papers. They
are also useful for temporary marking of counter points.

Plumb Bob:
The plumb bob is required when measuring the distance along slopes in
order to transfer points to the ground. It is also used for testing the
verticality of ranging poles.

Contd
ABNEY LEVEL

RANGING OUT SURVEY LINE

In measuring the length of a survey line called chain line, it is
necessary that the chain should be laid out on the ground in a
straight line between the end stations.
RANGING:
The process of establishing intermediate point on a straight line between
two end points is known as ranging
Ranging must be done before a survey line is chained. It may be necessary to
establish intermediate points prior to chaining when chain line is much
longer. Ranging may be done by direct observation by the naked eye or by
line ranger or by Theodolite. Generally, ranging is done by naked eye with the
help of three ranging rods.

RANGING

DIRECT
RANGING

INDIRECT /
RECIPROCAL
RANGING

Contd
Direct Ranging:

When intermediate ranging rods are fixed on a straight line by direct

observation from end stations, the process is known as direct ranging. Direct
ranging is possible when the end stations are intervisible.
Assume that A and B two end stations of chain line, where two ranging rods are
already fixed.
Suppose it is required to fix a ranging rod at the intermediate point P on the
chain line in such a way that the points A, P & B are in same straight line.
The surveyor stands about two meters behind the ranging rod at A by looking
towards line AB.
The assistant holds ranging rod at P vertically at arms length the rod should be
held tightly by the thumb and forefinger.
Now the surveyor direct the assistant to move the ranging rod to the left or
right, following a proper code of signals until the three ranging rods come
exactly the same straight line.
The ranging will be perfect, when the three ranging rods coincide and appear as
a single rod.
When the surveyor is satisfied that the ranging is prefect, he signals the
assistant to fix the ranging rod on the ground.
By following the same procedure, the other ranging rods may be fixed on the
line.

 Here an intermediate point P

is set to rang a chain line.

Here a point P is set farther

from point B to rang a chain
line .

Contd
Indirect or Reciprocal Ranging:
Indirect ranging is used when the end stations are not intervisible due to high
ground or a hill or if the ends are too long. In such cases, intermediate points
can be fixed on the survey line by a process known as reciprocal ranging.
Let A & B be the two stations with rising ground or a hill.
Let two chainmen with ranging rods take up positions at M and P, such that,
chainmen at M1 can see both rods at P1 and B and the chainmen at P1 can see
the ranging rods at M1 and A.
The chainmen at P1 directs the chainmen at M1 to shift the ranging rod at M2
in line with A and then chainman at M2 directs the chainmen at P1 to shift the
ranging rod to P2 in line with B, by successively directing each other to be in line
with the end points.
Their positions will be changed until finally they are both in line with A & B
exactly on line AB.
Now the four ranging rods at A M P & B are on same straight line.
This method may also be used in ranging a line across a valley or river.

Elevation

View From Top

CODE OF SIGNALS
SIGNAL GIVEN BY THE SURVEYOR

MEANING OF THE SIGNAL

Rapid sweep with right hand.(Fig.(a)) Move considerably in that direction (to
your left).
Slow sweep with right hand. Move slowly to your left .
Right arm extended. (Fig.(b)) Continue to move to your left.
Right arm up and moved to the right. Plumb the rod to your left.
Rapid sweep with left hand. (Fig.(c)) Move considerably in that direction (to
your right).
Slow sweep with left hand. Move slowly to your right.
Left arm extended. (Fig.(d)) Continue to move your right.
Left arm up and moved to the left. Plumb the rod to your right.
Both hands above head and then brought Ranging is correct.
down. (Fig.(e))
Both arms extended forward horizontally Fix the ranging rod.
and brought down quickly.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Pictorial Representation

(e)

ANY QUERIES

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