MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE

There are two main methods of determining distance

Direct Method distances are actually measured on
ground by means of a chain, tape or other instruments.

Computative Method distances are obtained by

calculations as in tacheometry, telemetry or triangulation.

DIRECT MEASUREMENT
(METHODS)

Several methods are available,

Pacing
Passometer
Pedometer
Odometer
Speedometer
Perambulator
Judging distance
Time measurement
Chaining

 PACING

Contd

Where approximate result is required, distance may be determined by

pacing.
This method is used for reconnaissance survey, for preparation of military
plans etc.
Also used for approximate checking of distance.
The method consists of walking over a line and
counting the number of paces and than the
required distance may be obtained by multiplying
the number of paces by the average length of
pace.
The length of pace varies with the:
Individual, age, height and physical condition
The nature of the ground (uphill and
downhill)
The slope of the country and
The speed of pacing

Contd
PASSOMETER:

Passometer is a pocket instrument

which count the number of paces.
It automatically records the number
of paces.
Its mechanism is being operated by the
motion of the body.
It should be held vertically in pocket.

PEDOMETER:

The device which measured the distance

automatically is known as pedometer.
It is similar to Passometer but difference
is that Passometer count the number of
paces whereas pedometer records the
distance.
It is adjusted according to the length of
the pace of the person carrying it.

 ODOMETER:

It measures the distance approximately.

It can be attached to the wheel of any
vehicle, such as carriage, cart bicycle, etc.
It registers the number of revaluation of the
wheel.
Knowing the circumference of the wheel,
the distance traversed may be obtained by
multiplying the number of revolutions by the
circumference of the wheel.

PERAMBULATOR:

It can measure distance rapidly.

It consist a single wheel provide with forks
and a handle.
It is wheeled along the line, the length of
which is desire.
The distance traversed is automatically
registered on the dial or an odometer
attached.
The reading approximates an rough ground.

Contd

Contd
SPEEDOMETER:

The Speedometer of an automobile

may be used to measure distances
approximately.
It gives better results than pacing,
provided the route is smooth.

JUDGING DISTANCE:

This is very rough method

determining distance.
It is used reconnaissance survey.

TIME MEASUREMENT:

of

Distance is roughly determined by

time intervals of travel.
Knowing the average time per km for
a person at walk or a horse, the
distance traversed may be easily
obtained.

Contd
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURING TOOL

Contd

CHAINING
Measuring distance with chain or tape is the
most accurate and common method.
For work of ordinary precision a chain is used.
Where great accuracy is required, a steel tape
is used.

LENGTH MEASURING TOOLS

Chain

Tapes

Metric chain

Cloth or linen Tape

Gunters Chain

Metric Woven Metallic Tape

Revenue Chain
Engineers chain

Metric steel Tape

Invar tape.
Synthetic Tape.

OTHER ACCESSORIES

Arrows (chain pins)

Wooden Pegs
Ranging Rods.
Ranging Poles.

Offset Rod.
Laths & Whites
Plumb Bob
Abneys Level

Contd

CHAIN
The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild
steel wire 4mm in diameter called links.
The end of each link are bent into a loop and connected
together by means of three oval rings.
The ends of the chain are provided with brass handles for
dragging the chain on the ground.
The length of link is the distance between the centers of the
two consecutive middle rings.
The end links includes the handles.
Metallic tags or indicators are fixed at various distinctive of
the chain to facilitate quick reading.

Contd
METRIC SURVEYING CHAINS:
The chains are made in lengths of 20 and 30 meters.
To enable reading a chain, tallies (tags) are fixed at every five meter
length and small brass rings are provided at every meter length.
To facilitate holding of the arrows in position with the handle, a
groove is cut on the outside surface of the handle.
The handle joints are flexible.
The tallies used for marking the distances in a metric chain are
marked with letters Me and m.

Contd

STEEL BAND
The steel, band, also called the band chain, consists of a tape
of steel with a brass swivel handle at each end.
It is 20m or 30 m long and 16 mm wide.
It is wound on an open steel cross or on a metal reel in a
closed case.
The graduations are marked in two ways :
The band is divided by brass studs at every 0.2 m and numbered at
every 1 m the first and the last link being subdivided into cm and mm.
The graduations are etched as meters, decimeters, centimeters on one
side and 0.2 m links on the other.

Brass tallies are fixed at every 5 m length of the band.

Contd

Steal Band Chain

PROS & CONS

(STEEL BAND VS CHAIN)

It is best adapted to general field work and rough usage.

For accurate work the steel band is now preferred.
It is lighter and easier to handle than the chain.
It is practically unchangeable in length.
However, if sufficient care is not taken it is easily broken.
It cannot be repaired in the field, as it is repaired only by soldering,
riveting or by clipping, while the chain can easily be repaired.
It must be protected from rust by frequent cleaning and oiling.
It cannot be read so easily as the chain.
On the other hand, the chain is not only heavy and cumbersome, but also
it has many wearing surfaces and, therefore, it is too much liable to
increase in length by stretching when in continued use.
It also gets shortened due to bending of the links and mud adhering to the
links.
Being heavier, the chain sags considerably when suspended.
But chains also known to be suitable for rough usage, and they could also
be read easily.

Contd
Gunters Chain:

It is 66 fit long and is divided into 100 links.

Each link is 0.66 ft long.
It is very convenient for measuring distance in miles and
furlongs.
Also for measuring area when the units of area is an acre.

Revenue Chain:

It is commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral survey.

It is 33 ft long and divided into 16 links.
Each link is 2.0625 ft long.

Engineers chain:

It is 100 ft long and it is divided into 100 links.

Each link is 1 ft in a length.
Used in all Engineering surveys.

ANY QUERIES

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