Joining Processes: Permanent Joints

Objectives
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Design welded joints to carry many types of loading conditions

Introduction to Joints

Joining Processes
For cases where portions of machine elements are more

efficiently manufactured separately

Structures too large to be made of a single material or
material stock

Joining Processes
Non-Permanent

Permanent
Efficient for joining thin members
Eliminates individual fasteners, reducing machining and

assembly cost
Welding, Brazing, Soldering, Cementing, Gluing

Welding: Types of Joints

Welding: Types of Joints

Fillet Welds

Number indicates leg size

Arrow points to one side when both sides are the same
Circle on weld symbol welding to go all round

Welding: Types of Joints

Butt or Groove Welds

Square butt welded on

both sides

Single V with 60 bevel

and root opening of 2mm

Double V

Single Bevel

Welding: Types of Joints

Special Groove Welds

T Joint for thick plates

U and J welds for thick

plates

Corner Weld

Edge Weld

Design Considerations for Welding

Clearance for welding operation

Heat causes metallurgical changes

Cold rolled properties transform to hot rolled properties on

the vicinity of the welds

Residual Stresses due to clamping or order of welding
Light heat treatment after welding can help

Welded Joint Design

Stresses in Welded Joints

Butt Welds

Stresses in Welded Joints

Parallel Fillet Welds

Stresses in Welded Joints

Transverse Fillet Welds
Consists of shear and

normal stresses
There have been attempts
on accurately predicting
stresses on welds (9-2 of
Shigley), however,
geometry of fillet is crude
and macrogeometry is
complex.

Stresses in Welded Joints

Conservative Model
Consider the external loading to be carried by pure shear forces

on the throat area.

=

0.707

Use distortion energy for significant stresses

= 0.577

Stresses in Welded Joints: Torsion

Stresses in Welded Joints: Torsion

M, J and r should be computed using the J and r and centroid of

the weld group

Stresses in Welded Joints: Torsion

Stresses in Welded Joints: Torsion

Stresses in Welded Joints: Torsion

Stresses in Welded Joints: Torsion

Stresses in Welded Joints: Torsion

Stresses in Welded Joints: Bending

Stresses in Welded Joints: Bending

Stresses in Welded Joints: Bending

Stresses in Welded Joints: Bending

Strength of Welded Joints

Strength of Welded Joints

= 0.577

Strength of Welded Joints

Fatigue
Endurance Limit Modifying Factors
Surface Factor ( ) Forged
Size Factor ( ) 1 if uniform shear stress on throat
Loading Factor ( ) - 0.59 (fillet, shear), 1 (butt, axial)
Stress Concentration Factor(reduced):

Use fatigue failure criteria

General Method
Examine primary shear stress due to external forces

Examine secondary shear stress due to torsional and bending

moments
Estimate strengths of the parent metals
Estimate strength of the weld metal
Estimate permissible loads for parent metal
Estimate permissible loads for weld metal