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LEARNING OUTCOMES

DIFFERENTIATION AND
ITS APPLICATIONS

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

MOHD RIJAL BIN ILIAS

UiTM KEDAH

Differentiate any function by using suitable

techniques (constant, polynomial, product and
quotient rule).

rijal_rs@hotmail.com
0177979464
1. LEARNING

OUTCOMES

Apply the concept to solve problems involving

related rate, displacement and velocity.

4. APPLICATIONS

2. INTRODUCTION

5. CONCLUSIONS

3. TECHNIQUES

6. EXERCISES
7. REFERENCES

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DIFFERENTIATION: A TEXTBOOK DEFINITION

DIFFERENTIATION SYMBOLS
Given a function,

The process of obtaining the derivative of a function by

considering small changes in the function and in the
independent variable and finding the limiting value of the
ratio of such changes.
(Penguin Dictionary of Mathematics, Second Edition,
Ed. David Nelson, Penguin Books Ltd 1998, p 119)

y = f (x)
When we differentiate once itll become
dy
First derivative
or y '
dx
Differentiate again itll become
d2y
or y ''
dx 2

Second derivative

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TECHNIQUES

In this section, we
will introduce
about techniques
that can be used to
solve the
differentiation
problems.

Constant Problem
When we differentiate numbers.

CONSTANT

1.

y=5
dy
=0
dx

3.

y = 7777
dy
=0
dx

2.

y = 99
dy
=0
dx

4.

y = 845
dy
=?
dx

POLYNOMIALS
PRODUCT RULE
QUOTIENT RULE

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Polynomials Problem

Product Rule Problem

When we differentiate polynomials.

Differentiation of products.

d
(a x n ) = (n )a x n 1
dx

G iv e n y = u v ,

Examples:

1.

y = 2 x4
dy
= (4) 2 x 4 1 = 8 x 3
dx

2.

dy
dv
du
= u
+ v
dx
dx
dx

th e n

y = 4x5
dy
= (5)4x51 = 20x6
dx

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Example:

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Example:
y = 2 x (4 x 2 + 2 )
u = 2 x1

y y= =2 x2 (x4(x4 +x +2 )22 )

v = (4 x 2 + 2)

du
= (1 ) 2 x 1 1
dx

u u= =2 x21x 1

dv
= ( 2 ) 4 x 2 1
dx

= 2x0

= 8 x1

= 2

= 8x

= =( 2(1
) 1)(04 )
) ()4( 4x x+ +2 2
= 32 x + 16

= 2

= 1

dy
dv
du
d y= u d xd v+ v d xd u
dx
= u
+ v
dx
dx
dx
= ( 2 x )(3 2 x + 1 6 ) + ( 4 x + 2 ) 2 ( 2 )

= ( 2 x )(8 x ) + ( 4 x 2 + 2 )( 2 )

= ( 2 x ) (1 ) + ( 4 x + 2 ) ( 2 )

= ( 6 4 x 2 + 3 2 x ) + (1 6 x 2 + 1 6 x + 4 ) ( 2 )

= ( 2 x ) + (8 x + 4 )

= (1 6 x 2 ) + ( 8 x 2 + 4 )
= 24x

d vd v
= ( 2 ) ( 4 x + 2 ) 2 1 1 1
d xd x = (1 ) ( 4 x + 2 )

= =2 x2 0x 0
= 2

dy
dv
du
= u
+ v
dx
dx
dx

v v= =( 4( 4x x+ +2 2) 2)

d ud u
= (1 ) 2 x 1 11 1
d xd x = (1 ) 2 x

= =6 41 x0 2x ++ 34 2 x + 3 2 x 2 + 3 2 x + 8
= 96 x2 + 64x + 8

+ 4

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Example:

Quotient Rule Problem

y =

Differentiation of quotient.
G iv e n y =

th e n

dy
=
dx

u = 2 x1
d u
d x

u
,
v

2 x
3 x 1

du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2

d v
= (1 ) 3 x 1 1
d x

= 2 x 0

= 3 x 0

= 2

= 3

d y
=
d x
=
=

d u
d v
u
d x
d x
v 2
(3 x 1)(2 ) (2 x )(3 )
v

(3 x 1)2
6 x 2 6 x

NEXT

v = 3 x1 1

= (1 ) 2 x 1 1

(3 x 1)2
2
(3 x 1)2

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Reflection!!!

APPLICATIONS

Try all the questions.

In this section, we
will discuss about
the applications of
differentiation in a
real life and how to
solve it.

1. y = 7474
2. y = 4 x3

4
3

x
4 3
3. y = (
x 12)2
5
4 . y = ( 2 x + 4 )(3 7 x 9 )
5. y =

RATE OF CHANGE
VELOCITY

2x 5
7 3x

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Example:

Rate of change problem

2
It is given that y = 3 x 2 x . If x increase at a
constant rate of 2 units per second, find the rate of
change of y when x=4.
Answer:

If y represents a quantity and t represent time,

then dy represents the rate of change of y

dt

STEP ONE
dx
= 2
dt

with respect to time.

dy
dy
dx
=

dt
dx
dt

y = 3x2 2x
dy
= 6x 2
dx

STEP TWO
dy
dy
dx
=

dt
dx
dt
= (6 x 2 ) 2
r e p la c e x = 4 ,
= (6 (4 ) 2 ) 2
= 44

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Example:

Velocity problem

A particle is moving along a straight line. The displacement

from fixed point O, s m, after t seconds passing through O is
given by

Displacement
Displacement, s, is a vector quantity that has both
magnitude and direction. It is a function of t,

s = 2 t 3 + 3t 2 + 5

s = f (t )

Find velocity of the particle at time,t =5.

When we differentiate displacement, well get

Velocity
Instantaneous velocity, v, of a particle at time t is the
rate of change of the displacement, s, with respect to t
v =

Strategy:
1. Differentiate displacement, we will get velocity.
2. Substitute the given time.

d s
d t
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Answer:

Reflection!!!

STEP ONE
We differentiate the given function

It is given that y = 9 x 5 2 x . If x increase at a

constant rate of 3 units per second, find the rate of
change of y when x=6.

s = 2t3 + 3t 2 + 5
ds
= v = 6t2 + 6t
dt

A particle is moving along a straight line. The displacement

from fixed point O, s m, after t seconds passing through O is
given by

STEP TWO
Substitute t=5 to get the velocity.

s = 9t 2 8t 4 + 5t.

v = 6t 2 + 6t
t = 5, v = 6 (5) 2 + 6 (5) = 1 5 0 + 3 0 = 1 8 0

Find velocity of the particle at time,t =7.

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CONCLUSION
By now, you should already be able to:
In this section, you
should try to solve
the problems by
using knowledge
from the previous
sections.

Determine which techniques to be used to find

the derivative of given function.

Solve the related rate and velocity problems.

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8. y = (3x + 9)2 (25 2x2 )

7x 9
9. y =
4 3x

1. y = 45
2. y = 64
3. y = 3 x 2
4. y = 7 x

7
x5
4
+
x

5. y = (2 x 5)

10. y =
11. y =

6. y = 2 x (5 3 x )
7. y = (4 x + 1)(5 2 x 6 )

3x3 9

7
6
13. It is given that y = 83 x 2 x . If x increase at a
constant rate of 7 units per second, find the rate of
change of y when x=3.

14. A particle is moving along a straight line. The

displacement from fixed point O, s m, after t seconds
passing through O is given by

3x +1
(2x6 3)3

s =

8x8 2

5 8
t + 9t 6 3t 4 .
9

Find velocity of the particle at time,t =2,3,4,5,6 and 7.

12. y =

8x 19
( x1 3)8
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REFERENCES
1. H.Anton, I.C. Bivena and S. Davis, Calculus Late
Transcendentals, 9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
2005.
2.Finney, Weir and Giordano, Thomas Calculus, 10th
edition, Addison-Wesley Pub. Com.,2001.
3. Penguin Dictionary of Mathematics, Second Edition, Ed.
David Nelson, Penguin Books Ltd 1998, p 119

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