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Abstract
This section contains information on drainage for typical Company facilities. It
includes:
This section, however, does not cover drainage on offshore structures and is not
intended to be a comprehensive text on drainage, hydraulics, or waste treatment.
Chevron Corporation
Contents
Page
510
Introduction
500-3
511
512
513
514
Sources of Liquids
520
Surface Drainage
521
522
Tankfield Drainage
523
524
525
530
Underground Drainage
531
532
533
500-5
500-1
500-12
June 1997
500 Drainage
June 1997
534
535
536
537
538
539
Material Considerations
540
541
542
543
544
External Repairs
545
546
Complete Replacement
550
551
Introduction/Summary
552
553
Trough Containment
554
555
560
561
General Evaluation
562
570
Miscellaneous Data
571
572
Rainfall Data
573
Model Specification
574
575
576
Sources of Information
577
578
580
Library References
500-50
500-63
500-76
500-78
500-102
500-2
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
510 Introduction
While drainage is an important factor in most civil design work, it takes on added
importance for many Company projects. Safety and environmental issues involved
in the handling, processing and storing of hydrocarbons and other chemicals require
well-thought-out drainage systems.
This section of the manual discusses basic drainage concepts, offers recommendations for different applications, and serves as a useful reference tool in organizing
drainage design tasks.
For design considerations for drainage systems related to fire protection, see the
Fire Protection Manual, Section 1400.
Please note that this section references a variety of documents which may not be
locally available. If you need assistance in obtaining any of these references,
contact the corporate library at CTN 242-4755.
Route flammable fluids away from ignition sources and into enclosed drains. It
also isolates flammable vapors in drainage piping from ignition sources.
Route burning liquids away from equipment that might rupture and add fuel to
the flames. It also minimizes exposure of adjacent property.
Get rid of rain water quickly and prevent flooding from outside sources.
Segregate clean and contaminated water to minimize the amount of water that
must be treated.
In todays regulatory and economic climate, leak-free drainage systems are almost
always essential. An investment in a leak-free drainage system today minimizes
cleanup costs tomorrow.
Chevron Corporation
500-3
June 1997
500 Drainage
In areas where large spills of hazardous material are possible, use surface drainage
to route spills and firewater to open basins.
June 1997
Acids
Caustics
Hydrocarbons
500-4
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Paved areas should have slopes that range from 3/16 to 1/4 inch/foot (1.5-2%)
Unpaved areas should slope about 1/8 inch/foot (1%)
Absolute minimum and maximum slopes are 1/8 and 1/2 inch/foot (1-4%)
If the slope is less than 1%, deviations during construction or settlement will cause
ponding. Steeply sloped, unpaved surfaces may erode quickly. Large differences in
slopeand slopes more than 4%throughout an area make walking or rolling
equipment difficult, so you should maintain uniformity throughout high traffic areas.
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500-5
June 1997
500 Drainage
Contain Normal Drips. Normal drips from mixers and valves create a slipping
hazard and potential soil, groundwater, or surface water contamination. These drips
should be contained near the tanks, but once contained, they present a fire hazard.
Use low curbs (about 2 inches high) to contain the drips; the curbed areas must be
cleaned frequently or drained to an underground system.
Locate Large Containment Areas Properly. Do not locate tank water draw basins
or other large-capacity containment areas under mixers, valves, or manways. References [1], [6], and [9] give basin size and minimum spacing requirements. References [1] and [8] give special considerations for LPG tankage areas.
Guide Potential Spills. Consider using slopes, berms, or low walls between tanks
to help guide spills directly to drainage channels and prevent the spill from
covering a larger area (see Reference [6].) You might need ramps or stairs for
pedestrian access.
Locate Your Primary Drainage Path Logically. The path should begin on the
opposite side of the tank from where pipelines enter it.
Size Your Drainage Channels. Size them in tank-field areas to handle the largest
of these flows:
The largest stream of liquid that could be discharged from one tank through a
broken pipe under maximum normal pump pressure or gravity.
2.
June 1997
500-6
Chevron Corporation
Fig. 500-1
500 Drainage
carry most surface fluids to impound areas or sumps. Guide oil to keep it out of
unlined ditches. Use shallow ditches and relatively flat slopes for economy, ease of
access and maintenance, and erosion control. Route drainage away from pipeways
or manifolds.
Where drainage channels go through pipes or culverts, make provisions to re-direct
overflow in case the pipe gets plugged. You can do this by providing a low section
in an encircling roadway or diversion dike. If the low section is directly over the
culvert, make sure that there is enough cover to protect the culvert from wheel
loads on the road. See Section 360 for more information on wheel loads.
Minimize the Surface Area of Draining Liquids. The amount of evaporation and
flame area is proportional to surface area. You can reduce the surface area of small
spills by putting weirs along the drainage path.
Provide a Way to Drain Impounding Basins. Provide a manually operated gate
valve (normally closed) operable from outside the impoundment area and accessible during a fire. When the valve is open it should never be left unattended; a sign
to that effect should be near the valve handle. At the very least, you should provide
a single low point within the basin to allow easier removal of accumulated liquid.
Chevron Corporation
500-7
June 1997
500 Drainage
If possible, lay out diked areas so that spills will flow to a low point within the
dikes, yet remote from tankage. This will protect the tanks and allow easier
removal. Route drainage out from under lines and manifolds.
References [6] and [9] give information about dike capacity, surface drainage, and
subdivision requirements. Walls made from cast-in-place concrete or masonry are
alternatives to earthen dikes.
June 1997
Locate catch basins or drains for each area as far as possible from equipment
and overhead pipeways. A minimum distance of 10 feet is desirable. Provide a
short drainage path by locating the basins and drains near the center of the
drainage areas.
Around pumps and other areas where leaks are anticipated, use at least 1/4
inch/foot (2%) slope.
Place a high point ridge between a very important pump and its spare to minimize the chance of a fire at one spreading to the other. Separate the pumps so
that there is enough room for the high point.
Provide a high point ridge between pumps handling flammable liquids and
adjacent equipment so that a spill from the pumps will not flow toward the
equipment.
When practical, route high points through buildings, large equipment, and
along centerlines of roads and pipeways.
500-8
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
New Installations
For open surface drainage areas, concrete slabs are normally used to receive and
contain drain liquids for routing into underground drainage systems. These slabs
will absorb moisture and may be subject to attack by corrosive chemicals in the
drainage liquids. Concrete slabs that are likely to be exposed to such chemicals
must be surface-coated for protection. For effective protection:
The concrete must be properly specified and constructed to receive the coating
system.
At present, Materials and Equipment Engineering recommends fiberglass-reinforced epoxies for most usages. For detailed recommendations, contact CRTCs
Materials and Equipment Engineering.
Expansion joints, control joints (a saw cut or scribed line intentionally placed in the
concrete), or other working (moving) or potentially movable joints in a concrete
slab must receive special treatment before and during application of any surface
coating system. The methods presently recommended by Materials and Equipment
Engineering are described in Section 578.
Diversion of the drainage liquid flow into the underground drain system requires
catch basins, drain funnels, etc. These appurtenances are usually made of the same
material as the underground drain (for example, HDPE). If they are made of
concrete like the slab, they should be surface-protected as noted above.
The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) has studied the subject
of coatings for concrete surfaces and is preparing recommended practices for this
purpose. A draft of Paper No. T-6H-39, Proposed NACE Standard Recommended
Practice Coatings for Concrete Surfaces in Non-Immersion and Atmospheric
Services is available from:
NACE Publications Order Department
P.O. Box 218340
Houston, TX 77208
Telephone: (713) 492-0535
Chevron Corporation
500-9
June 1997
500 Drainage
Assure that there will be no pits, depressions, catch basins, or drains below the
trucks.
Design any gutter that will parallel a loading rack to be on the far side of the
truck away from the rack.
If there are important structures nearby, slope the area around the terminal or
have barriers that will prevent a spill from causing damage.
Buildings
Use the guidelines below for planning a drainage system around buildings that are
in or near facilities that handle flammable or toxic materials.
Use slopes that route spills away from buildings. This also reduces problems
for buildings with basements.
Process or oily water drains should not be located near living quarters. The
intent is to prevent the escape of process vapors to unclassified areas and to
reduce overloading of oily water sumps and treatment facilities.
June 1997
500-10
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
0.666
1.49
Q = ---------- AR
n
0.5
(Eq. 500-1)
where:
Q = flow rate (cfs)
A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2)
area of flow ( ft 2 )
R = hydraulic radius (ft) = ------------------------------------------------wetted perimeter ( ft )
(Eq. 500-2)
0.014
0.020
0.030
For design of shallow drainage ditches, the following guidelines provide information on grades:
Absolute minimum grade
0.25%
0.50%
Preferred grade
1%
1%
2%
Culvert Design
The hydraulic design of culverts is somewhat more complicated than normal
drainage lines because entrance and exit conditions can have a significant effect on
the flow capacity. There are many references on this subject and most civil engineering handbooks have good explanations and easy-to-follow design examples.
The materials generally used for culverts are galvanized or aluminized corrugated
steel pipe or arches, reinforced concrete pipe, or reinforced concrete rigid frame
boxes. Manufacturers catalogs usually provide useful information on cover requirements for culvert pipe. For corrugated steel pipe, a minimum of 12 inches of cover
is sufficient for a HS-20 truck loading.
For culverts with a free discharge outlet (not flooded), the following culvert slopes
will provide a flow velocity of approximately 4 fps. This velocity is considered
Chevron Corporation
500-11
June 1997
500 Drainage
sufficient to carry sediment with the culvert flow. Slopes are based on corrugated
steel pipe with a Manning value for n = 0.021.
Culvert Size
Slope (Ft/Foot)
14"
0.015
18"
0.009
24"
0.007
June 1997
Avoid locating lines in areas that will make access for repair or maintenance
difficult (such as in areas with heavy traffic, under concrete slabs, or under
conduit banks).
Avoid locating lines under or adjacent to foundations, since a break in the line
might wash out the foundation.
Minimize changes in direction and length of tie-ins to drain hubs and catch
basins.
500-12
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Consider grouping parallel lines close enough so only one trench needs to be
excavated.
Keep excavation and backfill costs down by using shallow slopes for all lines
and making up differences in elevation between connecting lines with
manholes (drop manholes) or fittings.
Compare the cost of field cutting RCP pipe to length vs. the fabrication costs
and design manhours for nonstandard lengths.
Avoid mitered field cuts in RCP pipe: they can be very expensive.
Check that your system always flows down-slope and that there are no pockets
or low points.
Minimize the number of oily water drains by using them only for sources that
flow during regular operations. Dont install drains just for shutdown maintenance work unless alternatives are impractical.
Provide oily water drains in front of each process pump (except those handling
very heavy oils) and at all other locations where equipment or piping normally
are drained. In a segregated system, these drains are raised above the paving
level or finished grade to insure that surface liquids such as storm runoff and
firewater dont enter the system.
Chevron Corporation
All oily water drains and area catch basins should be individually sealed.
500-13
June 1997
500 Drainage
In oily water systems, branches and laterals should enter main lines and be
sealed in manholes.
May intersect without seals unless drain hubs are used in lieu of sealed
catch basins (such as in areas where catch basins are susceptible to frost
damage.)
May enter main lines without gas seals if sealed catch basins are used.
If sealed catch basins or manholes are used at upstream junctions, main lines
may intersect without seals.
Main lines leaving a facility or operating unit should be sealed at the first
connection with another line or manhole.
Catch basin seals dry out (lose their seals) easily if liquid is not added regularly
through storms or maintenance. Manhole seals dry out less easily. In arid areas
or where catch basin seals are infrequently maintained, consider using
manholes to seal all branch, lateral, and main line intersections with other main
lines.
June 1997
A clean storm system for areas away from tanks and process facilities and not
subject to hydrocarbon or other chemical spills.
An oily water system to carry hydrocarbons (or water that will frequently
contain hydrocarbons) from sources such as process drains, laboratory sinks,
tank water draws, pump base drains, and manifolds.
Chemical systems to carry all chemical drips and drains plus washdown water,
process water, and storm water collected in curbed chemical areas.
500-14
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
If annual rainfall and intensity are high, use segregated storm drainage systems.
If annual rainfall and intensity are low, consider combining storm runoff with
other waste liquids.
If rainfall is infrequent but intense, combine storm and other waste liquids. A
surge pond or other storage may be required to even out flows to treatment
facilities.
Raw Sewage. Segregate raw sewage from all wastes except clean runoff due to its
potential health hazard and its adverse effect on oil separation. Even septic tank
effluent contains suspended solids capable of forming emulsions that reduce oil
separating efficiency.
Boiler Blowdown and Caustics. Segregate them from wastes containing carbonates, such as cooling tower blowdown, to prevent plugging the lines with precipitate.
Spent Caustics and Acid Wastes. Since they might release hydrogen sulfide, segregate them from other wastes. Neutralized and degassed products from these wastes
can be added to the oily water system.
Chemical Liquids. Use curbs, high points in area paving, or troughs to keep chemical liquids (such as acids or caustics) separate from process liquids. Some facilities
prefer to drain these areas to the stormwater drainage system through a valve
(normally closed) to allow easy disposal of uncontaminated water. Portable pumps
can be used to remove chemical spills in these areas.
Chemical wastes are typically collected in covered and purged sumps. The waste is
periodically pumped to chemical tankage or disposal facilities. Drawing
GF-S99943 shows example details for acid service. Consult materials engineers for
advice on material selection for chemical drainage systems.
Chevron Corporation
500-15
June 1997
500 Drainage
Soil Type, Composition, Strength, Weight. These soil properties affect the design
of your buried pipe and the amount of load transmitted from the surface to buried
pipe. Information on soil properties will help you determine whether:
The pipe can lie directly on the native soil at the trench bottom
Conditioned (dried or mixed with other soil) trench spoils will be suitable for
backfill.
The installation contractor will also need information on soil properties to choose
trenching equipment, design bracing for trench walls, etc.
Location of Rock Outcrops. Avoid routing lines through rock. Trenching in rock
is expensive; if blasting is prohibited, it can be extremely expensive.
Water Table Location and Seasonal and Other Variations. Since moisture accelerates electrochemical corrosion, you should pay special attention to the corrosion
protection of metallic underground lines in or near the water table.
If the water table is close to or above the bottom of the underground lines, water
will enter the installation trenches. Since the trench cannot be prepared properly
when the bottom is covered with water, the water must be removed. The installation
contractors will have to plan for the removal and you will have to plan for the
disposal of the water.
Types and Extent of Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater. The installation
contractor needs this information so he can protect his workers. You need it to plan
for disposal of water and soil from trenches. Check this especially at existing facilities.
Allowable Slope for Excavation/Shoring Requirements. You and the installation
contractor need this information since it affects the methods used for trenching. For
example, if a shallow slope is required due to unstable soil conditions, the
contractor might want to use sheet piles to brace the trench walls instead of excavating a large volume of soil. See Reference [24] for Company excavation shoring
and bracing requirements.
Anticipated Overall and Differential Settlement. In areas where there might be
significant settlement due to fill, structures, or drawdown of the water table (from
groundwater cleanup wells, for example) you should anticipate changes in surface
drainage patterns and flow in non-pile-supported piping.
Pile Capacity. This information will help you select the proper pile size and length
for your pile-supported components.
Frost Line. In cold climates, bury lines and components that will contain standing
liquid at or below the frost line to prevent damage.
June 1997
500-16
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Component Support
Pile Support. How you support your drainage system will depend mostly on the
soil conditions in your area. Generally, if the structures and surfaces you are
draining are piled, and large area soil settlement is expected, then your system
should also probably be pile-supported or supported by connections to pilesupported structures (see Detail 20 on CIV-EF-611).
You can connect soil-supported pipe to drains in pile-supported concrete foundation
or slabs with slip joints, but soil settlement may radically change the slopes of your
pipes, break components, or cause leaks. If liquid rises higher than the slip joint, the
joint will probably leak. Details 17 and 18 on CIV-EF-611 show an example of a
slip joint.
Bedded Support. If the soil is relatively stable and well consolidated, you will
probably use some sort of bedded support, laying the pieces of your system in
trenches on top of compacted backfill or on the native soil. See Reference [5] for
information on bedding design.
Flexible Connection. If differential settlement between drainage components is
predicted, you will need to design a compatible support system or flexible connection so that:
Chevron Corporation
500-17
June 1997
500 Drainage
See References [2], [3], [4], [5], [7], and [25] for more information. References [5]
and [7] might be particularly helpful.
For complex drainage systems, hire a consultant to do hydraulic analysis and design.
Choosing Depth of Flow. Choose the pipe size so the pipe flows full at 100 to
200% of the design flow rate:
If you are confident that the design flow rate is accurate and that it will not
increase in the future, tend toward 100%.
To allow for future flow rate increases, use a number closer to 200%.
Sanitary sewers should flow one-half full to three-quarters full to allow for ventilation and to avoid sulfide generation. See Reference [5] for more guidance on depth
of flow selection.
Recommended Minimum Line Size. Small lines will get plugged easily and
might be hard to clean. We recommend these minimum sizes:
Recommended Velocities
Minimum Velocity. Select pipe diameters and slopes to achieve no less than
minimum fluid velocities. This will keep suspended solids from dropping out and
clogging your system. Try to reach these minimum velocities at average (not
maximum) flow rates.
June 1997
500-18
1.0 fps.
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
2.0 fps.
2.5 fps.
Laterals and branches should be designed to carry 0.2 gpm per ft2 of contributing surface area. This is the firewater flow rate required to absorb the heat of
combustion of a hydrocarbon spill fire.
Mains should be designed to carry 3000 to 5000 gpm of firewater. This flow
rate depends on the size of your facility, its layout, the materials handled, the
extent of possible fires, the capacity of the water supply, and the number of
people available to fight a fire.
For facilities with fixed high capacity monitors or fixed water spray systems,
design flow rates will be higher.
Storm Water Runoff. The Rational Formula is a commonly used method for estimating stormwater runoff. It gives an estimate of maximum flow rates throughout
your drainage system based on certain characteristics of the system and expected
rainfall. Its most accurate for paved and other impervious areas less than 200 to
300 acres. The Rational Formula is based on the idea that runoff from rain that is
uniform over time and area will peak at the instant when all parts of the area
contribute to the flow at the design point. The peak runoff rate is assumed to occur
when the rain duration equals or exceeds the time of concentration.
If your drainage area is large or pervious or if temporary flooding might cause
significant damage, get help from an experienced hydrologist.
Chevron Corporation
500-19
June 1997
500 Drainage
Rational Formula
The Rational Formula estimates peak runoff flow rate at any location in the system:
Q = CIA
(Eq. 500-3)
where:
Q = peak runoff flow rate at some point within your system (cfs)
C = runoff coefficient (dimensionless)
I = average rainfall intensity (inch/hour) lasting for time t (time of
concentration)
A = tributary drainage area (acres)
The units on the left side of the equation (cfs) are not the same as the units on the
right side (acre inch/hour) but no correction is needed since one cfs equals one acre
inch/hour within 1 percent. (1 acre = 43,560 square feet)
Runoff Coefficient (C). Select the runoff coefficient based on the types of usage or
surfaces in the drainage area (see Figure 500-2). If the surfaces within the drainage
area arent similar, use an area-weighted coefficient.
Time of Concentration (t). To find the stormwater flow rate at a specific point in
your system, you must calculate the time of concentration at that point. The time
of concentration is the longest time required for runoff to reach that point from
anywhere in the drainage area. It is the largest sum of overland flow time and
conduit flow time.
Calculating Conduit Flow Time. Find conduit flow time by using velocities from
Figure 500-3 which is a nomograph for fluid flow calculations. The nomograph is
based on Mannings equation for water flow in pipes and the equation Q = V A
where:
Q = flow rate (cfs)
V = velocity (fps)
A = pipe flow area = (/4) (D/12)2 (ft.2)
If your situation is off the end of the nomograph scale, use these equations directly.
Mannings equation:
V = (1.49/n) * (D/48)0.666 * S0.5
(Eq. 500-4)
where:
V = velocity (fps)
n = roughness coefficient (dimensionless)
June 1997
500-20
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Runoff Coefficients
By Usage
By Surface Type
Industrial
Light
Streets
0.50-0.80
Asphaltic
0.70-0.95
Heavy
0.60-0.90
Concrete
0.80-0.95
Railroad yards
0.20-0.35
Brick
0.70-0.85
Roofs
0.75-0.95
Business
Downtown
0.70-0.95
Neighborhood
0.50-0.70
Residential
Flat(<2%)
0.05-0.10
Average (2-7%)
0.10-0.15
Steep (>7%)
0.15-0.20
Single-family
0.30-0.50
Flat (<2%)
0.13-0.17
Multi-unit, detached
0.40-0.60
Average (2-7%)
0.18-0.22
Multi-unit, attached
0.60-0.75
Steep (>7%)
0.25-0.35
Suburban
0.25-0.40
Apartment
0.50-0.70
Calculating Overland Flow Time. Overland flow time varies with surface slope,
type of surface material, length of flow, and rainfall intensity. The two empirical
formulas below give overland flow time for impervious areas with undefined channels. Use one formula or the other, according to the length of your overland flow.
Reference [20] gives additional formulas for a number of slope and gutter configurations.
If your drainage or rainfall characteristics are outside the range of applicability
calculated for each formula, consult a hydrologist.
Chevron Corporation
500-21
June 1997
500 Drainage
Fig. 500-3
where:
to = overland flow time (minutes)
I = average rainfall intensity (in/hr)
k = surface coefficient (given in Figure 500-4)
L = length of overland flow (ft)
S = slope of surface (ft/ft)
C = runoff coefficient (given in Figure 500-2)
Range of applicability: I*L < 500 and S < 0.04.
Since the formula gives the overland flow time as a function of intensity, you must
iteratively find the combination of intensity and time of concentration that satisfies
this formula and the intensity/duration/ frequency relationship. Iteration to 2 significant digits is sufficient. (From References [2] and [3].)
June 1997
500-22
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Fig. 500-4
Surface Coefficients
Surface
Surface Coefficient k
Smooth asphalt
0.007
Concrete pavement
0.012
0.017
Grass
0.060
Overland Flow Time Formula #2 (For length of overland flow greater than 100
feet.) The terms used in the formula are defined above.
to = [1.8*(1.1-C)*L1/2] / (S*100)1/3
(Eq. 500-6)
Chevron Corporation
The peak runoff rate actually depends on whether there has been a storm
recently, the uniformity of rainfall over time and area, storage in the system,
and a host of other factors that cannot be accounted for except by arbitrary variation of the coefficient C.
The selection of overland flow time for pervious surfaces is quite arbitrary.
500-23
June 1997
500 Drainage
Roughness Coefficients
Use the roughness coefficients in Figure 500-5 with the nomograph in Figure 500-3.
Fig. 500-5
Roughness Coefficients
Material
Roughness Coefficient
Asbestos-cement
0.013
Cast iron
New
0.014
Tuberculated
0.025
Cement-lined
0.013
Concrete
0.013
Plastics
0.012
Steel
0.013
Vitrified Clay
0.013
If your material isnt listed here, check with the supplier or manufacturer; they
usually publish roughness coefficients. The roughness coefficient increases with
time; be sure to get their estimate of the coefficient for used pipe.
June 1997
500-24
Chevron Corporation
Fig. 500-6
500 Drainage
y/D
A/Af
Q/Qf
V/Vf
0.05
0.019
0.005
0.25
0.10
0.052
0.021
0.40
0.15
0.094
0.049
0.52
0.20
0.143
0.088
0.62
0.25
0.196
0.137
0.70
0.30
0.252
0.195
0.77
0.35
0.312
0.262
0.84
0.40
0.374
0.336
0.92
0.45
0.437
0.416
0.95
0.50
0.500
0.500
1.00
0.60
0.627
0.671
1.07
0.70
0.748
0.837
1.12
0.80
0.858
0.977
1.14
0.90
0.950
1.062
1.12
0.95
0.982
1.073
1.09
1.00
1.000
1.000
1.00
Example 1
Problem Statement: (See Figures 500-7, 500-8, and 500-9): Area 1, the manhole,
and Pipes 1 and 2 already exist. Area 2 and Pipe 3 are to be added. The location is
Orange, Texas. The rainfall return period is 10 years. What diameter should Pipe 3
be? Is Pipe 2 large enough?
Chevron Corporation
500-25
June 1997
500 Drainage
Fig. 500-7
Data: See Figures 500-8 and 500-9 for data on surface areas and drainpipes.
Fig. 500-8
Area No.
Area (acre)
Slope (ft/ft)
Average
Length (ft)
Surface Coeff.
0.01
120
C=0.2
0.5
0.01
90
k=0.009
C=0.8
Fig. 500-9
June 1997
Pipe No.
Inside Diam.
(in.)
Slope (ft/ft)
Roughness
Coeff.
Length (ft.)
12
0.005
0.013
200
12
0.005
0.013
400
0.010
0.012
60
500-26
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
= [1.8(1.1
= 18 min.
0.2)(120)1/2]
/ (0.01
100)1/3
= 2.6 cfs
Q/Qf = 0.46
From Fig. 500-6, depth of flow/diameter = 0.48
= 41((0.00078.4)+0.009)(90/0.01)1/3]/(0.8 8.4)2/3
= 3.6 min
Assuming 5 min is OK
Sizing Pipe:
Try 8 inch ID, from Fig. 500-3, Qf = 1.3 (No Good)
Try 12 inch ID, from Fig. 500-3, Qf = 3.9 (OK)
Q/Qf = 0.87
From Fig. 500-6, depth of flow/diameter = 0.73
Chevron Corporation
500-27
June 1997
500 Drainage
CIA
(No Good)
Summary
Pipe 3 should have a 12 inch ID. Pipe 2 does not have sufficient capacity to handle
the entire flow.
Example 2
Problem statement: For a flow rate of 4.0 cfs, find combinations of pipe diameter
and slope that give a depth of flow equal to three quarters of the diameter. Find the
fluid velocity for each combination. Pipe material is asbestos-cement. Results are
given in Figure 500-10.
Fig. 500-10 Fluid Velocity vs. Pipe Diameter, Slope
Inside
Diameter
D (in.)
Slope
(ft/ft)
Velocity
Full Vf
(fps)
Velocity V
(y/D=0.75)
(fps)
12
0.015
5.6
6.3
14
0.0067
4.1
4.6
16
0.0033
3.2
3.6
18
0.0018
2.5
2.8
Solution: From Figure 500-5, the roughness coefficient for asbestos-cement pipe is
0.013.
From Figure 500-6, if y/D = 0.75, then Q/Qf = 0.91 and V/Vc = 1.13.
So, to use the nomograph (Figure 500-3) for pipes flowing full, we need
Qf = Q/0.91 = 4.0/0.91 = 4.4 cfs.
V = 1.13 Vf using Vf from Fig. 500-3.
Enter the nomograph with flow rate = 4.4 cfs and roughness coefficient = 0.013.
One result (D = 18 inches and Slope =0.0018) is plotted on the nomograph.
June 1997
500-28
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Loads
Drainage pipes might have to support any combination of these loads:
Soil loads
Superimposed loads
Thrust due to water dynamics
Temperature changes
Internal pressure
Additional considerations for design of intermittently supported pipe, such as pilesupported pipe, are described in Section 533.
Soil Loads. Buried pipe must support the weight of the soil above it. The weight
increases with the depth of burial and depends on backfill properties, trench or
tunnel characteristics, pipe flexibility, etc. Reference [5] will help you calculate this
load.
If geotechnical engineers predict significant differential settlement in your area,
your system must also resist the forced deformation without leaking or breaking.
Short pipe sections with flexible joints can accommodate differential settlement
without breaking, but leaking or ponding might be a problem.
Superimposed Loads. Trucks, cranes, and trains are common superimposed loads
on drainage pipes.
Only part of a load applied to the ground over a buried pipe is transferred to the
pipe; the amount transferred decreases as the depth of burial increases. Paving also
reduces the loads considerably. Ways to calculate loads on buried pipe from surface
loads are covered in References [2], [5], [7], [13], and [17].
Section 300 gives wheel loads for trucks and cranes.
Trucks are usually specified according to AASHTO designations; for example, HS20 for a tractor truck with a semi-trailer. For design, the weight is increased by an
impact factor, since moving vehicles cause higher loads on pipe than stationary
ones.
Train loads are usually specified according to AREA designations: a typical rail
designation is Cooper E-80. Train loads and impact factors are described in References [7] and [14].
Chevron Corporation
500-29
June 1997
500 Drainage
The design loadings will depend on the traffic anticipated at the site. Talk with the
facility operators or engineers to see what loads are normally used. Local regulations may dictate design loads.
Thrust Due to Water Dynamics. Fluids produce radial forces on pipe bends. The
change in fluid velocity at size changes (reducers, for example) produces an axial
force on the pipe. Supports (commonly called thrust blocks) help the pipe resist
these forces and keep joints from separating. References [2], [7], and many civil
engineering handbooks describe how to calculate the forces.
Temperature Changes. A large difference between installation and operating
temperatures can cause movement in an unrestrained line or high stresses in a
restrained line.
See Reference [18] for help on calculating stresses in and movement of unburied
pipe due to temperature differences. Computer programs are available to do these
calculations.
The effect of temperature differences on buried pipe is more difficult to analyze
since the restraint provided by the soil must be considered. If you use crude models
of the soil restraint, you can use the computer program described in Reference [18];
some geotechnical and structural consultants have programs with sophisticated,
easy-to-use soil models.
Internal Pressure. Most drainage lines are driven by gravity, not pumps, and have
little or no internal pressure. Internal pressure causes circumferential stress in pipe.
Depending on the degree of longitudinal restraint, internal pressure can also cause
tensile longitudinal stresses from 0 to 50% of the circumferential stress. If your
lines are pressurized, you should check the circumferential and longitudinal stress.
You may need supports (thrust blocks) to keep joints from separating.
June 1997
500-30
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Chevron Corporation
500-31
June 1997
500 Drainage
Runoff from unpaved areas will contain suspended sediment that can clog small
catch basins, so be sure to use adequately sized basins. Experience is the best guide
for size selection.
A drain or drain hub is a simple inlet that has no retention capacity. If it protrudes
above grade, it is called a raised drain hub. If it is below grade, it is called a
recessed drain hub. Raised hubs can receive waste from vessels or pumps while
preventing surface fluids from entering. Details 3 and 4 on CIV-EF-611 show
recessed and raised drain hubs.
Manholes
Manholes provide access for inspection and cleaning (hydroblast or roto-rooter)
of drain lines, and they act as junction boxes for drains where fittings are not available or are more expensive. Manholes are also a good place to tie in future drain
lines.
If the standing water in sealed manholes is a groundwater pollution concern, then a
double wall manhole with leak monitoring between the walls might be required.
If the water table is high, ensure that the manhole weight exceeds the buoyant force
or anchor the manhole by extending its base beyond its walls.
If your manholes are in traffic areas, design them for wheel loads.
See CIV-EF-411 for typical manhole details.
Manhole Covers
Manholes in systems carrying volatile flammable or toxic liquid should have vaportight covers to prevent the release of gases near ignition sources and people. See
Reference [21] for federal regulations governing emissions from manhole covers.
If samples will be taken from manholes frequently, consider using covers with
sample windows. The sample window shown in Figure 500-12 is not vapor tight.
June 1997
500-32
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Manhole Vents
You should provide vents to relieve pressure and prevent oxygen depletion in
manholes with vapor-tight covers.
Vents within a 10-foot radius of walkways and equipment should end 18 inches
above the highest pipe or piece of equipment and 12 feet or more above walkways.
Vents in VOC or benzene service must be at least 3 feet in length and less than
4 inches in diameter. In addition, vents in benzene service must be controlled.
See Reference [21] for federal regulations on this topic.
Chevron Corporation
500-33
June 1997
500 Drainage
cleaning contractors and Company maintenance and operations people to learn their
preferences and to get advice on cleanout locations and manhole spacing.
Cleanouts in process sewers that carry waxy fluids, asphalts, or other heavy stock
should be spaced closer than cleanouts in lines with light stock or water service. A
constant trickle of hot water through lines carrying heavy stock can prevent plugging.
See Detail 2 on CIV-EF-611 for typical cleanout.
June 1997
500-34
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Regulations
Local governments usually regulate the design and layout of septic systems. For
example, the location of their components relative to water wells, streams, trees,
buildings, etc. is usually regulated since the tank discharge is odorous and contains
pathogens.
Agencies also commonly regulate the volume and number of compartments of
septic tanks, as well as tank and leach field materials and construction.
Be sure to find out which codes apply to your area.
Septic Tanks
A two-compartment, cast-in-place septic tank is shown in Figure 500-14. The
walls, roof, and floor must be designed to resist soil loads. Prefabricated septic
tanks are available and are more economical to use. Total liquid capacity should be
at least 750 gallons. Use Figure 500-15 to find the total fixture units served and the
required minimum septic tank capacity.
Fig. 500-14 Typical Septic Tank
Chevron Corporation
500-35
June 1997
500 Drainage
Fixture Units
Drinking fountain
Urinal
Toilet
15
750
20
1000
25
1200
33
1500
45
2000
55
2250
60
2500
Leach Fields
Leach fields must provide sufficient soil area for the waste liquid to percolate into
the ground. The area needed is strongly dependent on the permeability of the soil. If
percolation test data are not available, use Figure 500-16 (from Reference [29]).
The soil area is the trench bottom area plus excess sidewall area (see
Figure 500-17). Design the system so that additional areaat least equivalent to the
original areacan be added if the original area cant absorb all the wastewater.
Fig. 500-16 Soil Area Needed for Leach Fields
Leach Field Soil Area
Required Area Per 100 gal.
of Tank Capacity (ft2)
Type of Soil
June 1997
20
Fine sand
25
40
90
120
500-36
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Chevron Corporation
Acrylonitrite-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
500-37
June 1997
500 Drainage
For information on non-metallic piping and cement-lined steel pipe, see References
[5] and [11]. For information on metallic piping, see References [5] and [12].
Most of the materials listed above are discussed in detail in the following paragraphs. Their relative leakage potentials are tabulated in Figures 500-18 and
500-19. Also refer to Figure 500-20 Materials for Sewer and Drain Systems.
Fig. 500-18 Relative Leakage Potential of Drain Pipe Materials
Relative Leakage Potential
1 to 5(1)
1(2)
1(2)
Cast Iron
Ductile Iron
Reinforced Concrete
Vitrified Clay
Not recommended
June 1997
500-38
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
1 to 5(1)
Asbestos Cement
Bell and Spigot
Threaded
3
5
Carbon Steel
Flanged
Other Mechanical Joints
Welded
3
4
1
2
2
2
2
3
5
3-4
1
4
3
2
Reinforced Concrete
Bell and Spigot
Bell and Spigot w/welded steel seal
2
1
Not recommended
Vitrified Clay
Note
2
1
Evaluations on this page are independent of Material Evaluations. They are intended only to indicate
the security of various joining materials or methods relative to each other for each pipe material.
Chevron Corporation
500-39
June 1997
Chemical/Temp.
Resistance(2)
Physical/
Mechanical
Properties
Typical
Strength
(psi x 103)
Installation
Considerations
500-40
Material(1)
Availability
Carbon Steel/Cast
Iron/Ductile Iron
Density 7.8
g/cm3. Lin. Expn.
6.5-6.0 x 10-6 in./in.
F. High strength.
CS resists mechanical damage; CI
more brittle but
resists mechanical
damage well.
Ductile iron is
almost as resistant
as CS, resists
thermal shock
better than CI.
25-35
Buried CS usually
coated; CI (much
thicker) not
coated. CS weld
joints reliable; CI
hub and spigot
joints usually reliable (if no soil
movement).
Thermoplastics:
ABS, PVC, CPVC
Density 1.05
g/cm3 (ABS), 1.35
g/cm3 (PVC), 1.5
g/cm3 (CPVC). Lin.
Expn.
30-60 x 10-6 in./in.
F. Good resistance to mechanical damage but
more rigid, brittle
than HDPE after
UV exposure.
7-8
Joints solvent
cemented
(preferred) or use
elastomeric
gaskets, can be a
leak source.
Consider thrust
blocks at changes
in direction.
Review UV resistance for aboveground installations.
Relative
Potential
Leakage(3)
Codes/
Specifications
CS: 1
CI & DI: 2
CS: ANSI/ASME
B31.3 and B31.8,
Co. EG-2505. CI:
ASA-A40.1, ASTM
A74 (215)
Chevron Standard
Drawing EF-611.
DI: ANSI/AWWA
C-151/A21.51.
ASTM D2661
(ABS drain,
waste, vent pipe,
and fittings).
ASTM D2680
(ABS sewer pipe).
ASTMS D2665
(PVC Drain Waste
Vent pipe &
fittings). ASTM
D3034 (PVC
Sewer pipe &
fittings). ASTM
D2846 (CPVC hot
water distribution
systems) For
buried piping, see
ASTM D2321 or
D2774 guidelines.
Chevron Corporation
Relative Cost
(Installed)
500 Drainage
June 1997
Fig. 500-20 Materials for Sewer and Drain Systems (Low Pressure) (1 of 4)
Chemical/Temp.
Resistance(2)
Physical/
Mechanical
Properties
Typical
Strength
(psi x 103)
Installation
Considerations
500-41
Material(1)
Availability
HDPE
(High Density
Polyethylene
Smooth)
Readily available:
Continuous coiled
lengths 1/2-2 in.
Straight lengths
(20 and 40 ft.) 2-16
in. Available
through 48 in. on
special order.
Some trade
names: PLEXCO
a Chevron
product, Phillips
Driscopipe,
DuPont Canada
Sclairpipe, Poly
Pipe Industries
Poly Pipe.
Density 0.95
g/cm3. Lin. Expn.
1.2 10-4 in./in. F.
Not as strong as
thermoplastics but
very tough and
resists mechanical
damage.
Joined by heat
fusion of butt
ends. With UV
screen (carbon
black), good resistance for aboveground applications. See thermoplastics for other
comments.
Spirolite
(Rib-Reinforced
HDPE, smooth
wall on inside)
See Plastics.
Relative
Potential
Leakage(3)
Relative Cost
(Installed)
Codes/
Specifications
2
(1 if welded)
Chevron Corporation
Fig. 500-20 Materials for Sewer and Drain Systems (Low Pressure) (2 of 4)
500 Drainage
June 1997
Chemical/Temp.
Resistance(2)
Physical/
Mechanical
Properties
Typical
Strength
(psi x 103)
Installation
Considerations
500-42
Material(1)
Availability
Fiberglass Pipe
Resistance varies
with resin selection; best with
vinyl ester resins.
Excellent resistance to moderate
acids, caustics,
waters, and hydrocarbons. Limited
resistance to
concentrated
acids. Temperature limit 220F;
higher for short
excursions.
20-50
Variety of joining
methods; adhesive bonding of
bell and spigot
the most
common.
Requires some
training and care
to make reliable
joints. Careful
trench preparation and handling
required. See
thermoplastics
above for additional comments.
RCP (Reinforced
Concrete Pipe)
and CCP (Concrete
Cylinder Pipe)
Excellent water
and hydrocarbon
resistance. Not
resistant to acids,
caustics, or H2S.
Susceptible to
thermal shock.
ANSI B31.3 recommends 200F limit.
Density 2.3-2.5
g/cm3
Lin. Expn. 0.5
10-5 in./in.F.
Brittle material.
Relative
Potential
Leakage(3)
Relative Cost
(Installed)
Codes/
Specifications
2
(1 if CCP is
welded)
RCP is not
completely impervious, and very
small cracks
caused by loads
may increase
leakage. Use
lined RCP or CCP
for lower risk of
leakage.
500 Drainage
June 1997
Fig. 500-20 Materials for Sewer and Drain Systems (Low Pressure) (3 of 4)
Chevron Corporation
Material(1)
Availability
VC (Vitrified Clay)
Note: No longer
recommended for
any service due to
high risk of
leakage.
Chemical/Temp.
Resistance(2)
Excellent water,
hydro-carbon, and
acid resistance.
Limited caustic
resistance.
Temperature limit
150F (with
oakum joints;
higher with
synthetic gaskets).
Susceptible to
thermal shock.
Physical/
Mechanical
Properties
Typical
Strength
(psi x 103)
Installation
Considerations
Usually bell and
spigot joints
finished with
mortar. Synthetic
gaskets are available. Adaptors
are available to
connect VC to
other materials.
Even more brittle
and susceptible
to handling
damage than RCP
(see RCP above
for precautions).
Relative
Potential
Leakage(3)
Sizes to about 15
in., about the
same cost as thermoplastic pipe.
Large sizes more
expensive than
HDPE or RCP.
Relative Cost
(Installed)
Codes/
Specifications
Chevron Corporation
Fig. 500-20 Materials for Sewer and Drain Systems (Low Pressure) (4 of 4)
500-43
500 Drainage
June 1997
500 Drainage
Asbestos-Cement
Commonly known as Transite, asbestos-cement pipe is produced primarily by
Johns Manville. In years past, it was considered to be a reasonable alternative to
cast iron or ductile iron for water mains. Recently, it has lost market share to newer
developments such as HDPE and fiberglass. Although somewhat out of favor now
because recent restrictions on the use of asbestos, this component does not affect its
use for drain lines. It is readily available and cheap.
Sections are joined by belled couplings with rubber ring gaskets. All types of
fittings are precast, some of cast iron. If the pipe is used for pressure applications,
end restraint must be provided. It can be cut easily by a number of methods
including the use of a hammer and chisel, but power-driven abrasive discs should
not be used because such cutters produce airborne asbestos dust. Because of allowable deflection at the joints (up to 13.6 inches in a 13 ft length), the line can be laid
in what amounts to a curve.
Transites one major disadvantage is that it is quite brittle; great care must be used
in handling and installing it. Trench bottom preparation and proper backfill are
extremely important.
Vendor: Johns Manville
Carbon Steel
If absolute assurance against leakage is needed, carbon steel pipe with welded
joints is probably the safest product to use. However, it is subject to corrosion problems under certain conditions:
If the pipe is in contact with most soils, the exterior surfaces must be coated
and cathodic protection must be used.
If the pipe is to handle corrosive fluids, the interior may also require coating.
These factors tend to make carbon steel pipe less desirable for drains than some
other materials unless the pressure-retaining or temperature properties of steel are
needed.
Under certain conditions, it may be preferable to join the pipe sections with
mechanical connectors (such as flanges or Victaulic or Dresser couplings). Mechanical connectors should be used if:
The interior is coated (welding will usually destroy any such coating).
Frequent inspection of the interior surfaces is required.
Replacement without welding will be necessary.
Vendors:
Carbon steel pipe is so commonly available that a listing will not be given here.
June 1997
500-44
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
For both materials, joints are usually bell and spigot type with a packing material or
gasket. The type of packing material or gasket must be carefully selected for the
application. These joints lack end restraint but this is not usually a problem for
gravity drains which are buried and stabilized with thrust blocks. If end restraint is
necessary, flanged or other special mechanical joints can be used on ductile iron
pipe.
Fittings such as ells, tees, wyes, etc., are precast. Most bell and spigot joints allow
some joint deflection which enables the line to be laid in a slight curve. Depending
on the joint type and sealing material, typical deflections might be 3 to 4 degrees
(approximately 12 to 20 inches deflection) for a 20 ft length.
If rubber gaskets are used, deflections can be larger.
Advantages of iron pipe include:
Vendors:
American Ductile Iron Pipe Company
U. S. Pipe Company
Chevron Corporation
500-45
June 1997
500 Drainage
Cost competitive.
Easy to handle and install. HDPEs specific gravity is less than 1.0; it will float
even if filled with water. Trenches must be drained before placing the pipe.
The smaller sizes can be bent to shape somewhat to conform to unusual ditch
grades or alignments.
The larger sizes lack structural strength unless special forms or shapes are used
(refer to Spirolite data).
Can be used as a corrosion protection barrier for the external surfaces of steel
pipe and for some internal linings.
June 1997
500-46
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
swells, softens, and becomes weaker. This change is not permanent; when the
hydrocarbon is removed, the strength returns (refer to vendor data; e.g., ADS).
Certain acids, chlorine gas, and other chemicals can cause permanent damage. If a
drain is likely to contain these substances, consult technical data from the vendors
or Materials and Equipment Engineering before using HDPE.
Maximum allowable operating pressures range from 225 psi in the smaller sizes to
50 psi in the larger. The usual allowable temperature ranges are:
HDPEs temperature range is better than PVC which has less impact resistance at
low temperature. Water can freeze in the HDPE pipe without causing permanent
damage. High temperature reduces the strength and stiffness and improves
ductility; low temperature has the opposite effects.
Joining lengths of HDPE pipe and installation of fittings in the smaller, solid wall
pipe sizes is usually done by heat fusion welding. End thrust restraint is not needed
in this case. In the larger sizes with special configurations (refer to Spirolite data),
bell and spigot-type joints with special rubber gaskets are used.
HDPE pipe is produced by many companies in many sizes.
The smooth interior gives good flow characteristics. It is also available with a
smooth exterior (retaining the hollow rings for added strength); this design is
preferred if the pipe sections are to be jacked or pulled into an existing drain as
a renovation liner.
Manholes, sumps and other fittings such as ells, wyes, tees, etc., can be fabricated from Spirolite.
Chevron Corporation
500-47
June 1997
500 Drainage
weld bead on the inside or outside or both. For a cross section view of Spirolite,
refer to Figure 500-21.
Fig. 500-21 Cross Section View of Spirolite Joint
June 1997
500-48
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
and outside of the seal ring is then filled with grout. These joints are not normally
end thrust restrained but in some cases steel joint rings can be seal welded.
Disadvantages:
All tees, wyes, ells, etc. as well as even minor changes in direction require
precast fittings.
Vendor: Ameron
If stored or installed above ground, ultraviolet light from the sun will reduce its
impact strength.
Joints can be made using solvent welds, flanges with gaskets, or bell and spigot.
For the latter type joint, end restraints or thrust blocks must be provided. Precast
fittings of all types are available. To some extent, the pipe can be bent to fit trench
curvature.
Vendors:
Johns Manville
Ryan Herco
Vitrified Clay
Vitrified clay pipe has been used for centuries but it is no longer recommended. It is
very fragile and the joints tend to leak. Its major advantage is its resistance to acids
and most other corrosive substances.
Chevron Corporation
500-49
June 1997
500 Drainage
Pressure testing
Visual inspection
Leakage detectors
Pressure Testing
Pressure testing of a drain line can give some indication of its condition. This test
can be done by blocking off a section between manholes, filling the manholes and
drain with water, and observing the water level for changes:
If the water level drops, water is leaking out (if the ground water level is lower
than the test water level).
If the water level rises, water is leaking in (if the ground water level is higher
than the test water level).
A change in the water level indicates leakage, but it could be difficult to determine
the location(s), type(s), and best way(s) to stop it.
Testing with air pressure is also an option, but this method has the same limitations
as the water test described above.
June 1997
500-50
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
If a pressure test indicates leakage, the leak location(s) must be found by one of the
following methods:
Visual Inspection
Visual inspection can be done in several ways. Initially, some indication of drain
condition can be obtained by visual examination of the manhole(s) and the adjacent
portions of the drain lines. If a drain line is large enough and can be taken out of
service, a worker can enter the drain and observe the interior surfaces and joints of
the drain. Deterioration effects could include the following:
Separations at joints.
Corrosion.
If the adjacent ground water table is high, infiltration might be observed through
cracks, broken sections, or bad joints.
Although vendor literature contains striking photos of major infiltration leaks, some
leaks may not be obvious under all conditions:
Chevron Corporation
500-51
June 1997
500 Drainage
If the adjacent ground water level is below the drain elevation, an infiltration
leak will not be visible.
Leakage Detectors
Descriptions of leak detection systems for new drain installations are covered at
length in Section 554. Many of the systems listed there can be used to check an
existing drain for leaks by drilling holes in the ground near the drain for placement
of probe detectors.
Several companies offer methods which claim to detect and locate leak points in
existing underground tanks or piping including drain lines. The equipment or chemicals used may be proprietary.
Other methods inject a specific substance or chemical into the drain for detection when it leaks.
Flame ionization
Gas chromatography
Ground penetrating radar
Photoionization detectors
Soil vapor sampling systems
Tracer gas injection and detection
Vendors and contractors for leak detection systems and their general method of
operation are listed below (also see Section 554):
June 1997
Geophysical Survey Systems Inc. uses subsurface interface radar for gas leak
detection.
500-52
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Hydrogen flame ionization to test for trace leaks of methane and ethane.
Helium as a tracer gas (drain must be taken out of service for test).
Tracer Research Corporation uses proprietary tracer gas injection for leak
detection.
West Coast Locators, Inc. uses helium as a tracer gas and hydrocarbon gas
detectors.
By whether the repair is applied to the external or internal surfaces of the drain
line joint or local area.
Mechanical
Foam grout or equivalent
For remotely controlled internal repairs, the operating system usually includes:
If the line is large enough for worker entry, all of the above functions can be
performed manually.
Chevron Corporation
500-53
June 1997
500 Drainage
If the drain line has conveniently located manholes, these can be used as the
primary access points.
If the system does not have manholes, special access points must be excavated.
At the end of the work, these access points can be converted into system
manholes or the drain line can be reconnected across the excavation.
Vendor claims vary for the lengths of drain line that can be worked on between
access openings. For remote controlled systems, this distance is limited by:
Certain features of the drain line such as direction changes, diameter changes,
etc.
For worker-accessible drain lines, the limitations are primarily safety (the
maximum distance from an access opening that it is safe for a person to work).
Generally, smaller diameter drains should have more closely spaced access points.
Drains up to approximately 30 inches in diameter:
If ground water is leaking into the drain, the leak can probably be easily
located by worker entry or TV camera.
If the drain is leaking into the ground, the leak may be difficult to locate by an
internal inspection. If the leakage is severe, complete sealing of all joints or of
every joint within a specified section should be considered.
Method of Inspection:
Visual
Method of Testing:
Not indicated
Method of Repair:
Mechanical
Accessibility:
Worker entry
Not indicated(1)
Not indicated(1)
This sealing system is very similar to Weko-Seal with somewhat more sealing
surfaces.
June 1997
500-54
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Seals are available in three widths of 10.2 inches, 14.4, and 25.6 inches. Seal material for:
The manufacturer claims that these seals have been used to repair many types of
lines including ductile iron, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, PVC and other
synthetics, and concrete-lined steel.
Cues Reveal and Seal
Vendor or Contractor Offering:
Cues, Inc.
Method of Inspection:
Television camera
Method of Testing:
Method of Repair:
Grout
Accessibility:
Not indicated
Not indicated
This system for non-accessible drain repair is completely controlled from the
outside. The manufacturer claims it to be an integrated system for:
Chevron Corporation
500-55
June 1997
500 Drainage
The manufacturer claims that bad joints in laterals coming into the drain can also be
sealed.
Details about how the system works are sketchy but apparently it is similar to the
Cherne Industries system described below.
In-Weg
Vendor or Contractor Offering:
Method of Inspection:
Visual
Method of Testing:
Air/Water pressure
Method of Repair:
Grout
Accessibility:
Worker entry
This seal is essentially identical to the Weko-Seal (see above). The In-Weg Seal was
developed in Europe and first used in 1964. PLCS, Inc. obtained a license to
distribute it in the USA.
For distance between openings, no claim is made but it would be comparable to the
Weko-Seal. The access distances depend more on the safety of workers than on the
design of the sealing system. On one job in Britain (a 24 inch drain line 6.2 km
long), sections of line 400 to 1500 meters long were repaired.
Weko-Seal
Vendor or Contractor Offering:
Method of Inspection:
Visual
Method of Testing:
Air pressure
Method of Repair:
Mechanical
Accessibility:
Worker entry
This system uses a specially designed synthetic rubber (E.P.D.M.) seal with stainless steel retaining bands. Good surface cleaning and preparation of the internal
pipe surfaces is necessary to get a well-sealed joint. After this is done, the seal is
manually placed in position across the joint to be sealed. Then stainless steel
retaining bands are fitted into place and expanded outward against the rubber seal.
The completed seal can be air tested. The finished joint repair has a very low profile
which optimizes flow characteristics.
June 1997
500-56
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Apparently, actual or potential leaks other than joints could also be sealed (e.g., a
localized corroded area, deep pits, etc.) but the vendors literature does not address
this capability.
Weko seals have been installed on steel, cast iron, ductile iron, and reinforced
concrete pipe (lined and unlined).
This seal was originally developed in Germany and was first used in Frankfurt in
1964. (See In-Weg Seal description above).
(Trade Name Not Given)
Vendor or Contractor Offering:
Method of Inspection:
Visual
Method of Testing:
Method of Repair:
Grout
Accessibility:
Worker entry
None stated
This system uses a special testing/sealing ring placed manually across the joint.
Two balloon elements on either side of the joint opening are expanded by air pressure against the inner surfaces of the pipe to form a seal on both sides. Then water
is pumped into the cavity:
If the pressure drops, it can be assumed that the water is leaking through the
joint and into the ground outside the joint.
If the joint needs sealing, grout is pumped into the same space to displace the water
and seal the joint. After the grout hardens, the joint can again be tested as before.
The type of grout used is not stated.
Grout can also be used to seal leaking joints in manholes by injection with a probe
to the back side of the manhole rings.
This system appears to be of Swiss origin.
(Trade Name Not Given)
Chevron Corporation
Method of Inspection:
TV camera
Method of Testing:
Not indicated
500-57
June 1997
500 Drainage
Method of Repair:
Accessibility:
Not given
This system is similar to Cues Reveal and Seal but more details are given. It uses a
remotely controlled TV camera to inspect and control the cleaning and repair work.
Two seal mediums are used:
Urethane
Vari Seal (various grouts)
A special packer allows the joint to be tested before any work is done. The system
was developed in Switzerland.
(Trade Name Not Given)
Vendor or Contractor Offering:
Method of Inspection:
Internal TV camera
Method of Testing:
Not specified
Method of Repair:
Grout
Accessibility:
Not specified
This general services contractor does maintenance work on existing sewer and
drain lines. They offer:
The equipment used is not clearly specified and probably includes devices reviewed
elsewhere in this document.
June 1997
If ground water is infiltrating the drain, the locations of the leaks may not be
obvious.
If the drain is leaking from the inside to the surrounding ground, there may be
some obvious indication such as drainage liquids coming to the surface.
500-58
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
For a line that gives some indication of 50% or more of joints leaking, standard
practice has been to excavate and seal all joints. Once the joint is uncovered
(depending on the type of joint), sealing will usually consist of:
The drain line may be leaking somewhere other than the joints (for example, at a
corroded/pitted area or the pipe section may be cracked). For these cases, uncovering of the joints only will not suffice and the only alternative may be to uncover
the entire line. Such a procedure could approach or surpass the cost of complete
line replacement.
One advantage of external repair of joints (compared to internal methods) is that
usually the drain can remain in service during the repair.
Encapseal uses a flexible, disposable fabric mold which encircles the leaking
joint. A two-part polyurethane mixture sealing medium is injected into the
mold. For operating pressures up to 60 psi, various materials can be used for
the mold.
Millerseal is primarily intended for sealing leaking bell joints on cast iron
mains. It uses a polymeric sealing material with heat sensitive properties that is
mechanically squeezed into the leaking joint.
Either seal system can be used with the slot and vacuum excavation technique
which minimizes digging.
Most inspections use a closed circuit television camera. If the line to be inspected is
steel, magnetic flux current devices can be used to measure wall thickness, detect
corrosion pits, etc.
Chevron Corporation
500-59
June 1997
500 Drainage
Sliplining/Swagelining
Sliplining is a somewhat generic term for the process by which an internal liner
(usually of HDPE) is pulled or pushed into an existing installed drain.
The inserted liner is slightly smaller in diameter than the existing drain, the OD/ID
differences being sufficient to minimize installation friction between the two. In
most cases, the improved flow characteristics of the HDPE compared to the deteriorated original drain usually compensates for the reduced cross section.
Insertec is a sliplining process offered by Miller Pipeline Corp. for live insertion
(without taking the line out of service). It is intended primarily for relining gas
mains and appears to be of little use for drains. The slip-liner is pushed into the
main through a special fitting which holds pressure on the main. The information
available is limited.
Phillips Driscopipe 9100 (offered by Miller Pipeline Corp) has been used for
relining of steel pipes from 2 to 30 inches in diameter. On one job, the pull lengths
ranged from 100 ft to 3700 ft. Production averaged 1800 ft/day with a crew of 12.
The HDPE pipe sections are delivered to the site and fusion-butt welded together
on the job to form a continuous string for pulling into the drain to be relined. After
insertion, the liner is pressurized and expanded against the inner wall of the steel
pipe. The liner is held in this position until it viscoelastically stress relieves itself
and accepts the expanded diameter as its permanent diameter. In some cases, hot
water or steam can be used to assist this process.
Swagelining (offered by Dowell Schlumberger for drains of 3 to 24 inches in diameter) is very similar to Driscopipe. The HDPE is heated and pulled through a
swaging die to reduce its diameter as it enters the steel pipe. As the in-place HDPE
liner cools, it expands to its original diameter to fit tightly against the steel. Service
laterals would have been located earlier by TV camera. After the Swagelining
process, openings at the laterals are cut out by a remote-controlled high pressure
water jet cutter.
Vendors/Contractors:
Dowell Schlumberger (Trade name: Swagelining)
Miller Pipeline Corp. (Trade names: Driscopipe 9100 and Insertec)
Plexco, Inc. (for sliplining material)
Rodding-Cleaning Services, Inc. (division of Carylon Corp.)
Insituform
This is a rather unique process for lining the inside of a deteriorated drain line. The
lining material is a polyester fiber felt tube impregnated with a thermosetting resin.
June 1997
500-60
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
The liner is installed in the drain section by inverting (turning it inside out) with
hydrostatic water pressure. This pressure also forces the tube outward to mold itself
to the interior surfaces of the drain line. The resin is then cured by circulating and
heating the water. The resulting lining:
Has a smooth interior surface with virtually no reduction in drain line ID but
improved flow characteristics.
The lining is installed manhole-to-manhole so access to the drain through permanent or temporary manholes is necessary.
This system has been used on lines from 4 to 96 inches in diameter and in sections
up to 2000 ft long. Even non-circular conduits (e.g., egg-shaped) can be lined in
this way. The tube can negotiate direction changes in the drain up to 90 degrees. To
some extent, the lining will correct minor irregularities in the interior wall of the
existing drain because the hydrostatic pressure tends to force it outward slightly.
The manufacturer also claims that the lining will strengthen the drain.
After the lining is cured, lateral outlets are cut either manually (if the drain is large
enough to be accessible) or with special remote controlled cutting equipment.
The system was developed in the United Kingdom in 1971 and brought to the USA
in 1977. More than 8 million feet of pipe have been relined in this way.
Figure 500-23 shows how the Insituform internal lining is installed.
XPANDIT
This is a method specifically designed to replace vitrified clay pipes (up to 20 inch
diameter) that are badly broken but not completely collapsed. Although intended
for clay drains, it presumably could also be used for plain concrete pipe (not reinforced), and probably even asbestos-cement (Transite) pipe.
A specially designed head walks its way into the conduit of the existing clay pipe.
As the head advances:
Chevron Corporation
500-61
June 1997
500 Drainage
STAGE 2
STAGE 1
The resin saturated material is installed in the existing pipe through
a manhole or other access point via an inversion standpipe and
inversion elbow. The Insitutube is cuffed back and banded to the
inversion elbow, creating a a closed system that allows the water
inversion process to take place.
STAGE 3
After the Insitutube reaches the termination point, the water in the
line is circulated through a heat exchanger where it is heated and
returned to the Insitutube. The hot water cures the thermosetting
resin, causing it to harden into a structurally sound, jointless pipewithin-a-pipe an Insitupipe.
STAGE 4
Once the Insitupipe has hardened and cooled, the water pressure is
released and the ends are trimmed. Service connections are reinstated internally with a remote control cutting device or by manentry techniques. The Insituform operation is then completed, and
the newly installed pipe is ready for immediate use. All this is accomplished without excavation.
It expands to break the clay pipe and forces it out into the surrounding soil.
It pulls the special design HDPE replacement pipe into place.
The replacement pipe can be the same size as the original clay line or even the next
larger size.
Vendor/Contractor: Miller Pipeline Corp.
Figure 500-24 shows the XPANDIT head in operation.
June 1997
500-62
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
The required excavation, disruption of surface traffic, etc. are major disadvantages.
Replacement is effectively a new installation; relevant information is given elsewhere in this manual (for Material Considerations, refer to Section 539).
Chevron Corporation
500-63
June 1997
500 Drainage
ment for equipment that processes, conveys, and stores solids and liquids. The
general principles relating to secondary containment are reviewed, followed by
guidelines for specific cases. References are provided to direct the reader to the
appropriate environmental regulations. This appendix also provides example
designs typically used for both new construction and existing facilities. The reader
should review the Introduction, Legal Requirements, and Environmental Factors
sections of this appendix before proceeding to a specific section. Each of the
sections contain information on applicable regulations, recommendations for
secondary containment in absence of regulations, and a discussion on designs for
both new and existing facilities.
Proprietary Systems
Several partially pre-assembled double pipe systems are on the market as proprietary designs. Most of these systems use fiberglass pipe. Available technology
seems to be limited to a maximum size of about 12 inches/16 inches (inner/outer)
June 1997
500-64
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
pipe. Since each of the proprietary systems available are somewhat different in
design, they will be reviewed here by name.
Chevron Corporation
500-65
June 1997
500 Drainage
The largest size of containment fittings available is 6 inches for enclosing 4 inch
carrier pipe. As with Ameron, it is geared more to containment of fuel piping
systems.
Although the containment system is tested to 5 psi after installation, the vendor
does not claim it to be a pressure-containing system. It is expected that any leaks
from the carrier pipe into the containment system would flow by gravity and at
atmospheric pressure to a low point for detection.
The carrier pipe can be any material (steel, fiberglass, etc.). It is installed in the
usual way and can be pressure tested before the containment system is closed up
around it.
This system appears to be easier and quicker to install than some of the others but it
may be less secure. The manufacturer claims that it is reusable (if changes or
repairs are needed on the carrier pipe system, the fittings can be disassembled and
reassembled).
Note that there is no specific provision for differential expansion and contraction of
the inner and outer pipe systems; some care would be needed in assembly to give it
the required flexibility.
This vendor also offers plastic HDPE sumps for use with the containment system to
collect and detect any leakage retained in the containment piping. Detection devices
can also be used in the pipe.
Fibercast Dualcast
This system is fabricated entirely of fiberglass. Various materials in the fiberglass
family can be used. All components offered for the double containment systems are
specially fabricated for that purpose including pipe lengths, couplings, ells, tees,
wyes, and drain traps. The sizes available are:
All connections are by close-fit sockets and joint adhesive. Fabrication and
assembly appears to be quite complicated. Some field cut and fit work may be
possible but most pieces are prefabricated (including pipes cut to length) before the
field assembly work is done. Pressure and temperature ratings normally conform to
fiberglass piping limits. The containment pipe is rated up to 150 psi.
As with all double pipe systems, careful consideration must be given to differential
thermal expansion of the carrier and containment pipe. Generally, this system
restrains such movement in the components but minor movement of the inner pipe
within the outer pipe can be allowed.
The system allows the use of leak detection devices (either cable or single point) in
the annular space between pipes but Fibercast does not provide this equipment.
Hydrostatic testing of this system is very difficult. The vendors procedure must be
fully understood and carefully followed. Even so, it is likely that some joints will
not be observable during testing and leaks could be missed.
June 1997
500-66
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
For pipe sizes 10 to 16 inches are split longitudinally. After testing of the inner
pipe, they are joined with resin and fiberglass.
For pipe sizes 2 to 8 inches are bolted on. These are easier to install but probably not as secure against leaks.
Chevron Corporation
500-67
June 1997
500 Drainage
1 to 5(1)
Ameron
2-3
1(2)
Fiberglass Dual-Cast
Smith Fiberglass
with resin bonding
Fiberglass Dual-Cast
threaded
For this evaluation to be valid, double pipe systems must be properly installed in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations.
This evaluation refers generally to the security of the outer containment pipe. For relative security of
pipe materials in general, refer to the Drain Pipe Materials tabulation (Figure 500-18).
May be backfilled with some material such as sand or pea gravel to avoid
creation of a hazardous air-hydrocarbon vapor mixture.
June 1997
500-68
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Leak detection devices or test location points are installed at low points in the
trough. A leak from any of the lines in the trough will be detected. For easier location of leaks, detection devices can be installed at many places in the system.
Generally, a trough system would cost less than a double pipe system only if two or
more drain lines can be contained in the same trough. Therefore, the relative costs
of troughs versus double containment pipes should be investigated for each installation.
Several proprietary secondary containment systems use troughs. Most of these
troughs are made of fiberglass. Such systems are being promoted for containment
of regular hydrocarbon lines (not necessarily drain lines) at service stations, bulk
plants, etc.
The fiberglass troughs have a snug-fitting cover nominally to keep out rain and
surface drainage. The interior of the trough (around the pipe or pipes contained) is
filled with a granular material such as pea gravel. Pipe expansion/contraction movements caused by temperature changes are absorbed by the gravel.
Although fiberglass troughs are designed mainly for underground installation, they
can be used for above-ground drains (even in a pipe rack). Pipe rack installations
would probably not be backfilled with pea gravel because of the added weight.
Another method of trough containment is the use of reinforced flexible synthetic
trench liner such as a thermoplastic elastomer sheeting, polyurethane rubber, or
polyethylene. This material would line the excavated ditch and be suitably backfilled after the drain line is installed. The installation procedure requires special
attention:
The bare trench must not contain sharp rocks or other material that could
damage the liner.
Detection devices can be installed at low points as with the fiberglass troughs.
Other materials (such as concrete) can be used for the trough. The use of a concrete
trough solely for secondary containment of one drain line may not be cost effective.
However, an open trench storm drain system could be used as secondary containment for hydrocarbon drain pipes placed in it. The concrete trough would not have
a cover and would not be backfilled with granular material. If enhanced containment capability of the secondary (storm drain) system is required, it can be lined
with fiberglass resin as is done on flat slabs (refer to Section 523).
Fiber-Trench Inc.
This vendor uses rectangular U-shaped modular fiberglass units which can contain
one or more pipelines. Standard sizes up to 30 inches wide are available; larger
troughs can be made on special order. Tee-shapes, ells, crosses, and other forms are
also available.
Special sections (for installation at low points in the system) have sumps for leak
detection monitors. Joints between sections are retained mechanically by aluminum
Chevron Corporation
500-69
June 1997
500 Drainage
pop rivets and sealed with resin glues and fiberglass. This vendor also offers sumps
and underground tank top containment units for use with the containment troughs.
Figure 500-27 shows:
June 1997
500-70
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Chevron Corporation
500-71
June 1997
500 Drainage
Trough-Type Containment
Concrete Trench:
Bare concrete
Fiberglass:
Fiber-Trench Inc.
1-2
1-2
Flexible Membrane:
MCP Containment Systems
For a double pipe containment system, the leakage detectors would be installed
in the annular space between the two pipes.
For a trough containment system, the leakage detectors would be placed at one
or more low points in the system.
For either system, the leak detectors could be continuous cables or probes. For
enhanced detection only (no containment), refer to Section 555.
Many types of leakage detectors are on the market. Some of these devices depend
on detection of leakage of the material normally carried in the line:
If the drain material is volatile (such as a gas) and would normally rise to the
surface, the detector must be placed:
Some systems depend on a trace gas such as helium being injected into the drain;
leaks are detected by a specific sensor.
Some vendors offer a complete double containment package with a detection
system.
Leakage detectors have various principles of operation. These include:
June 1997
500-72
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Sensing the presence of a foreign fluid (gas or liquid) based on changes in the
electrical characteristics of the sensor (cable or probe) from a base (no-leak)
standard.
Each vendors system must be evaluated to determine its suitability for use in a
proposed new drain.
In some systems, a component degrades to cause the alarm. If this happens, replacement of some parts would be necessary for continued use of the system (See TCI
Leak Detection System). The physical installation must allow for easy replacement.
Sonic detectors are useful for locating leaks in high pressure piping. For drain
piping, sonic detectors would probably be ineffective because of the relatively low
exit velocity of the leaking material.
Bacharach Inc.
This vendor offers only detectors for continuous monitoring for gas leaks.
The inlet end of the tube is fitted with an air dryer unit.
The exhaust end of the tube is fitted with a vacuum pump and a gas detector.
As dry air is pulled through the tube, the gas detector unit continuously compares
the passing sample to previous base level samples. If hydrocarbon is leaking into
the tube, the detector triggers an alarm. The sensor tube wall is impervious to water
so only hydrocarbon leaks will be detected.
The system can monitor line lengths of 5 to 10 miles. However, time-to-alarm is
dependent on travel distance in the tube so shorter lengths may be advisable.
The manufacturer offers two versions of the system:
Chevron Corporation
500-73
June 1997
500 Drainage
A level detector (float switch) system for installation in low points of a double
pipe system or a containment trough.
Leaks in underground monitoring wells, double wall tanks, double wall piping,
and similar applications.
For water detection, the sensor cable can be equipped with an optional watersensitive probe.
June 1997
Water leaks
Aqueous liquids (acids, bases, and water)
Fuels and solvents (hydrocarbons)
500-74
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Each type of cable operates on the principle of electrical circuit completion causing
an alarm. The hydrocarbon detector cable uses a swellable conductive polymer to
mechanically close the circuit. All cables contain extra wires for continuity checks
and testing.
The manufacturer claims that in addition to determining that a leak exists, the location of such leak along the length of a cable can be determined by the instrumentation provided.
Chevron Corporation
Detectors are installed along the underside of the drain line, at manholes, etc.
Generally, continuous-cable-type detectors are more effective than spot-type
detectors.
500-75
June 1997
500 Drainage
Detection Effectiveness
1 to 5 (2)
Bacharach Inc.
2-3
Owens-Corning
3-4
TraceTek
1-2
Universal Sensors
3-4
3-4
(1) These systems are designed for installation in a new drain system or for retrofitting to an existing drain
system for continuous or intermittent monitoring of leaks.
(2) Lowest (1) to Highest (5)
(3) The Total Containment system includes insulation which degrades to indicate a leak. After a leak indication, the degraded parts must be replaced.
Detection Effectiveness
1 to 5 (2)
2-3
2-3
3-4
(1) These systems are meant to detect drain leaks by methods or equipment not permanently installed (by
detection of fluids normally in the drain or by means of a tracer gas injected specially for the purpose).
(2) Lowest (1) to Highest (5)
Generally:
June 1997
500-76
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
For a new drainage system, the first design consideration must be what level of
assurance is required that the system will not leak. To facilitate this, a hierarchy
system has been established as follows:
Degree 1: (System absolutely must not leak to the environment.)
A bulletproof design.
Must be almost 100% good for all possible services (can handle virtually all
types of drainage liquids it could receive).
Degree 3: (Integrity somewhat less than Degree 1 but has many of the same
features.)
Detection devices installed or installable on site when needed but not necessarily monitored continuously.
Degrees 2 and 4 are intermediate categories which have some of the features of the
categories on either side.
The hierarchy system described above is used to express current opinion about the
integrity of several elements of a drain system.
Note that the evaluations herein do not compare costs of alternative materials or
systems. A final decision on which to use must be based on a risk analysis and cost
comparison as well as the evaluations listed here.
2.
3.
Chevron Corporation
Eliminate non-candidates.
Observe limiting factors (e.g., sizes available).
Compare costs.
500-77
June 1997
500 Drainage
4.
5.
A final selection of all components of the drain system may require more than one
iteration of the above steps.
API
AREA
AWWA
NFPA
UBC
UPC
USGS
June 1997
500-78
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Hawaii
Barbers Point/Honolulu
Louisiana
Venice/Leeville/Oak Point/Morgan City/Cameron
(combined with Orange/Port Arthur, Texas)
Mississippi
Pascagoula
New Jersey
Perth Amboy
Ohio
Marietta
Oregon
Willbridge
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
Texas
Cedar Bayou/Houston/Mont Belvieu
El Paso
Orange/Port Arthur
Utah
Salt Lake City
Washington
Kennewick
Wyoming
Evanston
Rock Springs
Chevron Corporation
500-79
June 1997
500 Drainage
EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA
Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.)
Return Period
Duration
(min).
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
1.06
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
1.29
1.56
5.0
2.37
2.92
3.57
1.03
1.25
1.51
5.5
2.29
2.83
3.45
6.0
1.00
1.21
1.46
6.0
2.22
2.74
3.34
6.5
0.97
1.18
1.42
6.5
2.16
2.66
3.25
7.0
0.94
1.15
1.38
7.0
2.10
2.59
3.16
7.5
0.92
1.12
1.35
7.5
2.05
2.53
3.08
8.0
0.90
1.09
1.32
8.0
2.00
2.47
3.01
8.5
0.88
1.07
1.29
8.5
1.96
2.41
2.95
9.0
0.86
1.05
1.26
9.0
1.92
2.36
2.88
9.5
0.84
1.02
1.24
9.5
1.88
2.31
2.82
10.0
0.83
1.00
1.21
10.0
1.84
2.27
2.77
11.0
0.80
0.97
1.17
11.0
1.77
2.19
2.67
12.0
0.77
0.93
1.13
12.0
1.71
2.11
2.57
13.0
0.74
0.90
1.09
13.0
1.66
2.04
2.49
14.0
0.72
0.87
1.06
14.0
1.60
1.98
2.41
15.0
0.70
0.85
1.02
15.0
1.56
1.92
2.34
20.0
0.61
0.74
0.89
20.0
1.35
1.67
2.04
25.0
0.54
0.65
0.79
25.0
1.20
1.48
1.81
30.0
0.48
0.59
0.71
30.0
1.08
1.33
1.62
40.0
0.40
0.49
0.59
40.0
0.90
1.10
1.35
50.0
0.35
0.42
0.51
50.0
0.77
0.95
1.16
60.0
0.31
0.37
0.45
60.0
0.68
0.84
1.03
June 1997
500-80
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA
Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.)
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
2.91
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
3.49
4.16
5.0
1.94
2.30
2.70
2.81
3.37
4.02
5.5
1.88
2.22
2.61
6.0
2.72
3.27
3.89
6.0
1.82
2.15
2.53
6.5
2.65
3.17
3.78
6.5
1.77
2.09
2.46
7.0
2.58
3.09
3.68
7.0
1.72
2.04
2.39
7.5
2.51
3.01
3.59
7.5
1.68
1.99
2.33
8.0
2.45
2.94
3.51
8.0
1.64
1.94
2.28
8.5
2.40
2.88
3.43
8.5
1.61
1.90
2.23
9.0
2.35
2.82
3.36
9.0
1.57
1.86
2.18
9.5
2.30
2.76
3.29
9.5
1.54
1.82
2.14
10.0
2.26
2.71
3.23
10.0
1.51
1.78
2.09
11.0
2.17
2.61
3.11
11.0
1.45
1.72
2.02
12.0
2.10
2.52
3.00
12.0
1.40
1.66
1.95
13.0
2.03
2.43
2.90
13.0
1.36
1.60
1.88
14.0
1.96
2.36
2.81
14.0
1.31
1.55
1.82
15.0
1.90
2.29
2.72
15.0
1.27
1.51
1.77
20.0
1.66
1.99
2.37
20.0
1.11
1.31
1.54
25.0
1.47
1.76
2.10
25.0
0.98
1.16
1.36
30.0
1.32
1.58
1.89
30.0
0.88
1.04
1.23
40.0
1.10
1.32
1.57
40.0
0.73
0.87
1.02
50.0
0.94
1.13
1.35
50.0
0.63
0.74
0.87
60.0
0.84
1.00
1.19
60.0
0.56
0.66
0.78
Chevron Corporation
500-81
June 1997
500 Drainage
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
2.40
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
2-yr.
10-yr.
50-yr.
2.74
3.10
5.0
3.49
5.65
6.97
2.32
2.64
3.00
5.5
3.37
5.46
6.75
6.0
2.25
2.56
2.91
6.0
3.28
5.31
6.56
6.5
2.19
2.49
2.82
6.5
3.20
5.18
6.39
7.0
2.13
2.42
2.75
7.0
3.12
5.06
6.25
7.5
2.08
2.36
2.68
7.5
3.06
4.95
6.11
8.0
2.03
2.31
2.62
8.0
3.00
4.85
5.99
8.5
1.98
2.26
2.56
8.5
2.94
4.76
5.88
9.0
1.94
2.21
2.51
9.0
2.89
4.67
5.77
9.5
1.90
2.17
2.45
9.5
2.83
4.59
5.67
10.0
1.86
2.12
2.41
10.0
2.79
4.51
5.57
11.0
1.79
2.04
2.32
11.0
2.69
4.36
5.39
12.0
1.73
1.97
2.24
12.0
2.61
4.22
5.21
13.0
1.67
1.91
2.16
13.0
2.52
4.09
5.05
14.0
1.62
1.85
2.10
14.0
2.45
3.96
4.89
15.0
1.57
1.79
2.03
15.0
2.37
3.84
4.74
20.0
1.37
1.56
1.77
20.0
2.04
3.31
4.09
25.0
1.21
1.38
1.57
25.0
1.78
2.88
3.56
30.0
1.09
1.24
1.41
30.0
1.57
2.54
3.14
40.0
0.91
1.03
1.17
40.0
1.29
2.08
2.57
50.0
0.78
0.89
1.01
50.0
1.14
1.85
2.28
60.0
0.69
0.79
0.89
60.0
1.10
1.78
2.20
June 1997
500-82
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
7.39
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
8.24
9.33
5.0
5.79
6.64
7.72
7.32
8.19
9.28
5.5
5.64
6.48
7.56
6.0
7.23
8.09
9.19
6.0
5.49
6.33
7.40
6.5
7.11
7.97
9.06
6.5
5.36
6.19
7.25
7.0
6.99
7.83
8.91
7.0
5.23
6.05
7.09
7.5
6.86
7.69
8.75
7.5
5.10
5.92
6.95
8.0
6.73
7.55
8.59
8.0
4.99
5.79
6.81
8.5
6.61
7.41
8.43
8.5
4.87
5.67
6.67
9.0
6.48
7.27
8.27
9.0
4.77
5.55
6.54
9.5
6.36
7.14
8.12
9.5
4.67
5.44
6.42
10.0
6.25
7.01
7.97
10.0
4.57
5.33
6.30
11.0
6.03
6.77
7.70
11.0
4.40
5.13
6.07
12.0
5.84
6.55
7.45
12.0
4.24
4.95
5.86
13.0
5.66
6.35
7.23
13.0
4.09
4.79
5.67
14.0
5.50
6.17
7.03
14.0
3.95
4.63
5.49
15.0
5.35
6.01
6.85
15.0
3.83
4.49
5.33
20.0
4.78
5.40
6.19
20.0
3.32
3.91
4.65
25.0
4.40
5.00
5.77
25.0
2.95
3.48
4.15
30.0
4.11
4.71
5.47
30.0
2.66
3.15
3.76
40.0
3.66
4.23
4.97
40.0
2.25
2.66
3.19
50.0
3.24
3.76
4.43
50.0
1.95
2.31
2.77
60.0
2.80
3.24
3.80
60.0
1.72
2.04
2.45
Chevron Corporation
500-83
June 1997
500 Drainage
WILLBRIDGE, OREGON
Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.)
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
5.71
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
6.51
7.52
5.0
1.11
1.21
1.32
5.55
6.34
7.34
5.5
1.07
1.17
1.27
6.0
5.39
6.18
7.17
6.0
1.04
1.14
1.23
6.5
5.26
6.03
7.02
6.5
1.01
1.10
1.20
7.0
5.13
5.90
6.87
7.0
0.98
1.08
1.17
7.5
5.01
5.77
6.73
7.5
0.96
1.05
1.14
8.0
4.90
5.64
6.60
8.0
0.94
1.02
1.11
8.5
4.79
5.53
6.47
8.5
0.92
1.00
1.09
9.0
4.69
5.42
6.34
9.0
0.90
0.98
1.06
9.5
4.59
5.31
6.23
9.5
0.88
0.96
1.04
10.0
4.50
5.21
6.11
10.0
0.86
0.94
1.02
11.0
4.33
5.02
5.90
11.0
0.83
0.91
0.98
12.0
4.17
4.84
5.70
12.0
0.80
0.88
0.95
13.0
4.03
4.68
5.51
13.0
0.77
0.85
0.92
14.0
3.89
4.53
5.33
14.0
0.75
0.82
0.89
15.0
3.76
4.38
5.17
15.0
0.73
0.80
0.86
20.0
3.23
3.77
4.46
20.0
0.63
0.69
0.75
25.0
2.82
3.31
3.92
25.0
0.56
0.61
0.67
30.0
2.51
2.94
3.49
30.0
0.50
0.55
0.60
40.0
2.05
2.41
2.88
40.0
0.42
0.46
0.50
50.0
1.76
2.07
2.48
50.0
0.36
0.39
0.43
60.0
1.58
1.86
2.22
60.0
0.32
0.35
0.38
June 1997
500-84
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.)
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
5.96
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
6.81
7.89
5.0
7.49
8.38
9.51
5.81
6.66
7.75
5.5
7.45
8.35
9.49
6.0
5.66
6.52
7.61
6.0
7.38
8.28
9.41
6.5
5.53
6.38
7.47
6.5
7.29
8.17
9.30
7.0
5.40
6.25
7.33
7.0
7.18
8.06
9.17
7.5
5.28
6.12
7.19
7.5
7.07
7.93
9.02
8.0
5.17
6.00
7.06
8.0
6.96
7.80
8.87
8.5
5.06
5.89
6.93
8.5
6.84
7.67
8.71
9.0
4.96
5.77
6.81
9.0
6.73
7.53
8.56
9.5
4.86
5.66
6.69
9.5
6.61
7.41
8.41
10.0
4.76
5.56
6.58
10.0
6.51
7.28
8.27
11.0
4.59
5.36
6.35
11.0
6.30
7.05
8.00
12.0
4.42
5.18
6.15
12.0
6.11
6.83
7.75
13.0
4.27
5.01
5.95
13.0
5.93
6.63
7.53
14.0
4.13
4.85
5.77
14.0
5.77
6.45
7.33
15.0
4.00
4.71
5.60
15.0
5.62
6.29
7.14
20.0
3.46
4.09
4.89
20.0
5.02
5.65
6.46
25.0
3.06
3.62
4.34
25.0
4.60
5.22
6.01
30.0
2.74
3.26
3.91
30.0
4.28
4.90
5.69
40.0
2.29
2.72
3.27
40.0
3.77
4.38
5.14
50.0
1.98
2.36
2.84
50.0
3.34
3.89
4.59
60.0
1.76
2.10
2.53
60.0
2.90
3.36
3.94
Chevron Corporation
500-85
June 1997
500 Drainage
EL PASO, TEXAS
Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.)
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
3.71
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
4.41
5.29
5.0
7.36
8.19
9.25
3.67
4.38
5.29
5.5
7.28
8.13
9.21
6.0
3.62
4.35
5.27
6.0
7.18
8.04
9.12
6.5
3.58
4.31
5.24
6.5
7.06
7.92
9.00
7.0
3.53
4.27
5.21
7.0
6.94
7.78
8.85
7.5
3.48
4.22
5.17
7.5
6.81
7.64
8.70
8.0
3.43
4.18
5.13
8.0
6.68
7.50
8.54
8.5
3.38
4.13
5.08
8.5
6.55
7.36
8.38
9.0
3.33
4.08
5.03
9.0
6.43
7.22
8.23
9.5
3.28
4.03
4.97
9.5
6.31
7.09
8.08
10.0
3.23
3.98
4.92
10.0
6.20
6.96
7.93
11.0
3.14
3.87
4.81
11.0
5.98
6.72
7.66
12.0
3.05
3.77
4.69
12.0
5.78
6.50
7.42
13.0
2.96
3.67
4.57
13.0
5.61
6.31
7.20
14.0
2.87
3.57
4.45
14.0
5.44
6.13
7.00
15.0
2.79
3.47
4.33
15.0
5.30
5.97
6.82
20.0
2.44
3.03
3.78
20.0
4.73
5.37
6.17
25.0
2.16
2.66
3.31
25.0
4.35
4.97
5.76
30.0
1.93
2.37
2.92
30.0
4.06
4.68
5.46
40.0
1.60
1.93
2.35
40.0
3.61
4.21
4.96
50.0
1.38
1.66
2.02
50.0
3.20
3.74
4.43
60.0
1.24
1.51
1.85
60.0
2.77
3.22
3.80
June 1997
500-86
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
KENNEWICK, WASHINGTON
Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.)
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
2.22
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
2.63
3.09
5.0
1.36
1.72
2.15
2.15
2.54
2.99
5.5
1.31
1.66
2.08
6.0
2.08
2.46
2.90
6.0
1.27
1.61
2.01
6.5
2.02
2.39
2.82
6.5
1.23
1.56
1.96
7.0
1.97
2.33
2.74
7.0
1.20
1.52
1.91
7.5
1.92
2.27
2.67
7.5
1.17
1.49
1.86
8.0
1.87
2.22
2.61
8.0
1.14
1.45
1.82
8.5
1.83
2.17
2.55
8.5
1.12
1.42
1.77
9.0
1.79
2.12
2.50
9.0
1.10
1.39
1.74
9.5
1.76
2.08
2.45
9.5
1.07
1.36
1.70
10.0
1.72
2.04
2.40
10.0
1.05
1.33
1.67
11.0
1.66
1.96
2.31
11.0
1.01
1.28
1.61
12.0
1.60
1.90
2.23
12.0
0.98
1.24
1.55
13.0
1.55
1.83
2.16
13.0
0.95
1.20
1.50
14.0
1.50
1.78
2.09
14.0
0.92
1.16
1.45
15.0
1.45
1.72
2.03
15.0
0.89
1.13
1.41
20.0
1.27
1.50
1.77
20.0
0.77
0.98
1.23
25.0
1.12
1.33
1.56
25.0
0.69
0.87
1.09
30.0
1.01
1.19
1.41
30.0
0.62
0.78
0.98
40.0
0.84
0.99
1.17
40.0
0.51
0.65
0.81
50.0
0.72
0.85
1.00
50.0
0.44
0.56
0.70
60.0
0.64
0.76
0.89
60.0
0.39
0.49
0.62
Chevron Corporation
500-87
June 1997
500 Drainage
Return Period
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
5.0
1.56
5.5
Return Period
25-yr.
Duration
(min.)
5-yr.
10-yr.
25-yr.
1.85
2.17
5.0
1.37
1.67
2.02
1.51
1.78
2.10
5.5
1.32
1.61
1.95
6.0
1.46
1.73
2.04
6.0
1.28
1.56
1.89
6.5
1.42
1.68
1.98
6.5
1.24
1.52
1.84
7.0
1.38
1.64
1.93
7.0
1.21
1.48
1.79
7.5
1.35
1.60
1.88
7.5
1.18
1.44
1.74
8.0
1.31
1.56
1.84
8.0
1.15
1.41
1.70
8.5
1.29
1.52
1.79
8.5
1.13
1.38
1.67
9.0
1.26
1.49
1.76
9.0
1.10
1.35
1.63
9.5
1.23
1.46
1.72
9.5
1.08
1.32
1.60
10.0
1.21
1.43
1.69
10.0
1.06
1.29
1.57
11.0
1.16
1.38
1.63
11.0
1.02
1.25
1.51
12.0
1.12
1.33
1.57
12.0
0.98
1.20
1.46
13.0
1.09
1.29
1.52
13.0
0.95
1.16
1.41
14.0
1.05
1.25
1.47
14.0
0.92
1.13
1.36
15.0
1.02
1.21
1.42
15.0
0.89
1.09
1.32
20.0
0.89
1.05
1.24
20.0
0.78
0.95
1.15
25.0
0.79
0.93
1.10
25.0
0.69
0.84
1.02
30.0
0.71
0.84
0.99
30.0
0.62
0.76
0.92
40.0
0.59
0.70
0.82
40.0
0.51
0.63
0.76
50.0
0.50
0.60
0.71
50.0
0.44
0.54
0.65
60.0
0.45
0.53
0.62
60.0
0.39
0.48
0.58
June 1997
500-88
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
CIV-EF-611
Drainage Details
GC-S78325
GD-S99992
GF-S99943
Material Standards:
ASTM D 1248 Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials
ASTM D 3350 Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Material
Chevron Corporation
500-89
June 1997
500 Drainage
Piping Standards:
ASTM D 2104 PE Plastic Pipe, Schedule 40
ASTM D 2239 PE Plastic Pipe, SDR-PR
ASTM D 2447 PE Plastic Pipe, Sch. 40 & 80 based on O.D.
ASTM D 2683 Socket Type Fittings for O.D. controlled PE Pipe
ASTM D 2609 Plastic Insert Fittings
ASTM D 2513 Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings
ASTM D 2737 PE Plastic Tubing
ASTM D 3035 PE Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR), O.D. Controlled
ASTM D 3261 Butt Heat Fusion PE Fittings for PE Plastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D 3281 PE Fittings, Butt Type
ASTM F 405 Corrugated Tubing & Fittings
ASTM F 714 PE Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) based on O.D.
ASTM F 894 PE Large Diameter Profile Wall Sewer and Drain Pipe
APE Spec 15LE PE Line Pipe
AWWA C 901 PE Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings, 1/2 through 3 for Water
CSA B137.1-M PE Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings for Cold Water Pressure Services
CGSB 41-GP-25M Pipe, PE for the Transport of Fluids
ASTM D 2662 PB Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR)
ASTM D 2666 PB Plastic Tubing
ASTM D 3000 PB Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) based on O.D.
ASTM D 3309 PB Hot/Cold Water Systems
ASTM F 809 Large Diameter PB
AWWA C 902 PB Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings, 1/2 through 3 for Water
AWWA C 900 PVC Pressure Pipe for Water
ASTM D 2241 PVC Plastic Pipe SDR-PR
ASTM D 2466 PVC Fittings, Sch. 40
ASTM D 2672 PVC Pipe, Belled End
ASTM D 2564 Solvents for PVC
June 1997
500-90
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Installation Standards:
ASTM D 2321 Underground Installation of Flexible Thermoplastic Sewer Pipe
ASTM D 2774 Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping
ASTM F 585 Insertion of Flexible PE Pipe into Existing Sewers
ASTM F 690 Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping Irrigation
Systems
ASAE S 376 Design, Installation and Performance of Underground Thermoplastic
Irrigation Pipe lines (1980)
Chevron Corporation
500-91
June 1997
500 Drainage
June 1997
500-92
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Pipe materials
Double containment piping
Trough containment
Leak detection
Drain inspection and leak repair
It should be recognized that some firms offer more than one product or service and
may be on more than one list.
Chevron Corporation
500-93
June 1997
500 Drainage
Services Offered
PLEXCO Inc.
1050 Busse Highway
Suite 200
Bensenville, IL 60106
Tel: 708-350-3700
Fibercast Company
P. O. Box 968
Sand Springs, OK 74063
Tel: 918-245-6651
June 1997
500-94
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Services Offered
Johns-Manville Pipe
J-M Manufacturing Co. Inc.
1051 Sperry Road
Stockton, CA 95206
Services Offered
Fibercast Company
P. O. Box 968
Sand Springs, OK 74063
Tel: 918-245-6651
or 800-331-4406
FAX: 918-241-1143
or: 800-365-7473
Chevron Corporation
500-95
June 1997
500 Drainage
Services Offered
Double containment piping in polyethylene
Services Offered
Fiber-Trench Inc.
45581 Industrial Place, #1
Fremont, CA 94538
Tel: 510-490-2333
FAX: 510-490-3306
June 1997
Services Offered
Internal Seals
External Seals
Pipeline Cleaning
XPANDIT
TV Inspection
HDPE Slip lining
500-96
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Services Offered
PLCS Inc.
27 Roland Avenue
Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054
Tel: 609-722-1333
FAX: 609-273-9723
Cues, Inc.
3501 Vineland Road
Orlando, FL 32811
Tel: 407-849-0190
or 800-327-7791
TV internal inspection
Drain cleaning
Internal joint repair
Grout sealing
Slip lining
Sewer manhole sealing
TV Inspection
Internal Joint Sealing, by grout and mechanical
PLS International
P. O. Box 35168
Cleveland, OH 44135
Tel: 216-252-7770
FAX: 216-252-7792
TV Camera Inspections
Sewer cleaning
Slip lining
Grouting from internal for leaks
Chevron Corporation
500-97
June 1997
500 Drainage
Services Offered
Olympus Industrial
4 Nevada Drive
Lake Success, NY 11042
Tel: 516-488-5888
FAX: 516-488-3973
PLEXCO Inc.
1050 Bussy Hwy
Bensenville, IL 60106
Tel: 708-350-3810
Services Offered
Raychem Corporation
Chemelex Division
300 Constitution Drive
Menlo Park, CA 94025-1164
Tel: 415-361-4602
FAX: 415-361-3904
June 1997
500-98
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Services Offered
Bacharach Inc.
625 Alpha Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15238-2878
Tel: 412-963-2000
FAX: 412-963-2091
Water-finding dipstick
Environmental Instruments
5650 Imhoff Dr., Suite A
Concord, CA 94520
Tel: 510-686-4474
or 800-648-9355
Chevron Corporation
500-99
June 1997
500 Drainage
Services Offered
Leak detection by various means
Control Joints, placed to form weak planes and to help control the location of
cracking.
All types of joints and cracks can initiate cracks that will propagate through a
coating and destroy the integrity of the coating.
June 1997
500-100
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
Method C is probably the best system. A 12- to 24- inch (18 inches is recommended by one manufacturer) strip of reinforced flexible coating is applied over the
crack. The flexible coating has little or no chemical resistance, so the resistant
coating is applied over it.
Method D (Figure 500-38) shows open cracks and control joints (where a saw cut
has been made, or a scribed line placed in the concrete) and can use one of the three
systems described above once the open joint is filled with an elastomeric joint
sealer.
Chevron Corporation
500-101
June 1997
500 Drainage
2.
Linsley, Ray K. and Franzini, Joe B. Water Resources Engineering, 3rd ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Summary: This is a general textbook with information on materials, hydraulics, strength, construction, etc.
3.
June 1997
500-102
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
5.
6.
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 30, Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1984.
Summary: This Code outlines requirements for handling of flammable liquids,
including drainage of many kinds of facilities that handle such liquids. It is
often included in local regulations.
7.
Merritt, Fred S., ed. Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 3rd ed. McGrawHill, 1983.
Summary: This all-inclusive handbook includes information on general
drainage, culvert design, sanitary sewers, construction, etc. It also covers standard train wheel loads.
8.
9.
10. Concrete Pressure Pipe Manual No. M9. American Water Works Association,
1979.
Summary: This is part of a series of good references published by the AWWA.
It covers the basics of RCP and CCP materials, manufacturing methods, joints,
details, design, installation, etc.
11. Piping Manual, Section 1100, Non-metallic Piping.
Summary: This section provides information on joints, material properties,
handling, etc. of plastic and cement pipe.
Chevron Corporation
500-103
June 1997
500 Drainage
June 1997
500-104
Chevron Corporation
500 Drainage
20. Akan, A. Osman Kinematic-Wave Method for Peak Runoff Estimates, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol.
111, No. 4, July, 1985.
Summary: A technical paper that gives several very practical formulas for overland flow time (for use with the Rational Formula.) The paper gives formulas
for plain, flat slopes; flat slopes intercepted by gutters; converging slopes; and
others.
21. 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 60 and 61.
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources Subpart QQQ, Volatile
Organic Compounds Emissions from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Systems
(40 CFR 60.692-2), requires all process drains to have water seals and all
junction boxes to be covered. Junction boxes may have a vent pipe, but it must
be at least three feet long, and less than four inches in diameter.
The National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants Subpart FF,
National Emission Standard for Benzene Waste Operations (40 CFR 61.346)
applies to facilities at which the total annual benzene quantity from facility
waste is more than 10 megagrams per year or aqueous waste streams are
treated to a total of 6 megagrams per year of benzene. Process drains subject to
this standard must have water seals, and manholes must have covers that allow
emissions less than 500 ppm above background levels. Junction boxes must be
covered and may have a vent pipe, but it must be at least three feet long, less
than four inches in diameter, and emissions from the vent pipe must be
controlled.
22. Coatings Manual.
23. Corrosion Prevention Manual.
24. Safety In Designs Manual. (SID)
25. Airport Drainage Advisory Circular No. 150/5320-5B. United States Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, July 1970.
Summary: This circular provides guidance for the design and maintenance of
airport drainage systems. It includes nomographs for flow in open channels
and an equation for calculating overland flow time for use with the Rational
Formula.
26. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS Hydro-35, 5 to 60 Minute Precipitation
Frequency for the Eastern and Central United States, 1977.
Summary: Gives intensity-duration-frequency information for use with the
Rational Formula. Gives rainfall-frequency values for durations of 5, 15, and
60 minutes at return periods of 2 and 100 years for 37 states from North
Dakota to Texas and eastward. Equations are given to derive 10- and 30-minute
values for return periods between 2 and 100 years.
27. NOAA Atlas 2, Precipitation-Frequency Atlas of the Western United States,
Volumes I - XI, 1973.
Chevron Corporation
500-105
June 1997
500 Drainage
June 1997
500-106
Chevron Corporation