PSYCH Ch.

5
Consciousness
Consciousness: internal thinking as well as taking in external
experiences
awareness of internal sensation
James Stream of Consciousness
Freud what's beneath the surface
Biological Rhythms: Physiological patterns that our bodies follow
Circadian about 24 hours
o Sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure,
hormones, digestion, alertness, short-term memory
o Darkness produces more melotonin
Infradian more than 24 hours
o Hormone production Menstruation
o Bird migration, hibernation, lunar cycle
Ultradian less than 24 hours
o Hormones, digestion, sleep cycle
Sleep
17% of humans have to rotating/night shifts
o low levels of productivity
o high risk for cancer, ulcers, social problems
Stages:
Stage 1 alpha waves 10 minutes
o Hypnic jerk
Stage 2 theta 20 minutes
o Sleep spindles
Stage 3 & 4 Delta waves 1 hour during first cycle
o Varied EEG from 1-4
Stage 5 - REM (Rapid Eye Movement) 10 minutes during the
first cycle and up to 90 minutes during last cycle
o Dreams
o Rapid eye movement
o Deepest stage of sleep
o High frequency, low amplitude brain waves
o We need REM b/c of memory consolidation
o Promotes creativity & insight about learning

Adults receive less sleep but handle it better than children &
teens

Cultural differences Caucasian/African americans claim they

dont receive enough information, while eastern Asians claim
they do
Ascending Reticular Formation getting drowsy
o Sleep evolved to conserve energy
o Inactivity of sleep is
o Helps restore bodily resources that are depleted from
waken activities
Sleep Deprivation
Impairs attention, reaction time, cognitive speed, motor
coordination & decision making
Sleep Restriction
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
o Falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up too early
o Reduced productivity
o Disrupts rhymth
o Anxiety & tension
o Depression
o Recreational drug use
o Sometimes genetic
o Hyperarousal model of insomnia people at higher risk of
insomnia b/c elevated heart rates/body temp/pulse rates
o Benzo - Benadryl, valium, Xanax
o Non-benzo (fall asleep/stay asleep) lunesta
o Overdose
o Tolerance
o Withdrawl symptoms flu-like
Hyper-Somnia sleep too much
o Depression
Narcelepsy
o Fall asleep wherever
Sleep Apnea
o Stops breathing, disrupts sleep
o Older adults, obese, post-menopausal women
o Tired during day
o High blood pressure,
Nightmare Disorder
Can be caused by stress or anxiety
Happens in REM
Sleep Terror
Unconscious

 Cannot wake person

Increase of heart rate and breathing
Sleepwalking (Somnabulism)
First three hours of sleep
15% children, 3% adults
Emuresis
urinating in bed
caused by school and separation anxiety
parents going through divorce
Encropresis
deprecating in bed
DREAMS
mental experience during REM Sleep
first person perspective
sex, aggression, misfortune
considered a daily residue
Theories
o Freudian: Manifest vs. Latent
Trying to fill unconscious urges through the dream
state
o Mental House Keeping
Organizing, restructuring
Drugs
Chemical substance that alter mental, emotional, and behavioral
functioning
Sedatives
Stimulants
Opiates (Narcotics)
o Relieve pain and produce euphoria
o Slows down breathing and heart rate
o Side effects: Lethargy, nausea, impaired mental and
cognitive functioning
Sedatives
o sleeping inhancing drugs that decrease the CNS
functioning
o Create relaxed and pleasant state of mind with loosened
inhibitions
Alcohol
Barbiturates sleeping pills

Stimulants
o Increase CNS functioning
o Speed up breathing, heart rate, improve mood, suppress
appetite
Nicotine
Caffeine

Benzodiazapines
Valium
Xanax
Ketamine
Side effects: drowsiness, mood swings,
impairment in motor functioning and mental
functioning

Cocaine
Bruxism grinding of teeth
Crack
Crystal Meth
Ecstacy
Adderall/Ritalin

Hallucinogens
o LSD
o PCP
o Psilocybin (shrooms)
o Mescaline
o Marijuana/Hash
Increased heart rate, anxiety, sluggish
o DXM (cough syrup)
o Colorado River/Sonoran Desert frogs
Factors that Influence Drug Use
o Tolerance
o Withdrawl
o Drug dependence
o MDMA Ecstacy
Tolerance
o Progressive decrease in a persons responsiveness to a
drug
o Physical dependence body needs it
o Psychological dependence takes it to satisfy mental
dependence
o Coke prefrontal cortex ad amygdala
o Withdrawl

o Overdose sedatives, narcotics, alcohol

o Stimulants heart attack and stroke