S ANSI/ISA-77.14.01-2010 Fossil Fuel Power Plant Steam Turbine Controls

STANDARD
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Fossil Fuel Power Plant
Steam Turbine Controls
Approved 10 November 2010
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Fossil Fuel Power Plant Steam Turbine Controls
ISBN: 978-1-936007-67-7
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Copyright 2010 ISA. All rights reserved.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Preface
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ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010.
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The following people served as voting members of Subcommittee ISA77.14:
NAME
COMPANY
Jeffrey Schleis, Chair

Wayne Holland
Sergio Alvarez
Drake Bosler
Byron Broussard
Gary Cohee
Alan Davison
Dudley Foreman
Andrew Gavrilos
Robert Hubby
Goray Mookerjee
James Olson
Philip Reeves
Michael Skoncey
Stephen Sykes
Cyrus Taft
Joseph Vavrek
Wood Group TCS

CH2M Hill
Compania Inspeccion Mexicana
Consultant
Turbomachinery Controls Solutions LLC
Applied Control Systems
Fluor Canada Ltd.
Power Consultants
ABB Inc.
Consultant
Consultant
Tennessee Valley Authority
Luminant Power
First Energy Generation Corp.
Invensys Process Systems
Taft Engineering Inc.
Sargent & Lundy LLC
The following people served as voting members of ISA77:

NAME
COMPANY
G. McFarland, Managing Director

L. Altcheh
J. Batug
D. Christopher
G. Cohee
D. Crow
R. Eng
A. Gavrilos
J. Gilman
W. Hocking
W. Holland
Emerson Process Management

Israel Electric Corp.
PPL Generation LLC
Consultant
Applied Control Systems
Invensys Foxboro*
Hitachi Power Systems America
ABB Inc.*
JFG Technology Transfer LLC
Invensys Process Systems*
CH2M Hill
R. Hubby
H. Johansen
R. Johnson
D. Lee
G. Mookerjee
J. Olson
P. Reeves
D. Roney
M. Skoncey
T. Stevenson
C. Taft
A. Zadiraka
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Robert N. Hubby Consulting

Bechtel Power Corp.
IC Engineering
ABB Inc.*
Detroit Edison Co.
Tennessee Valley Authority
Luminant Power
URS-Washington Division
First Energy Generation Corp.
Constellation Energy
Taft Engineering Inc.
Consultant
This standard was approved for publication by the ISA Standards and Practices Board on
10 November 2010.
NAME
COMPANY
P Brett
M. Coppler
E. Cosman
B. Dumortier
D. Dunn
R. Dunn
J. Gilsinn
E. Icayan
J. Jamison
D. Kaufman
K. Lindner
V. Maggioli
T. McAvinew
A. McCauley
R. Reimer
N. Sands
H. Sasajima
T. Schnaare
J. Tatera
I. Verhappen
R. Webb
W. Weidman
J. Weiss
M. Widmeyer
M. Wilkins
M. Zielinski
Honeywell Inc.
Ametek, Inc.
The Dow Chemical Co.
Schneider Electric
Aramco Services Co.
DuPont Engineering
NIST/MEL
ACES Inc.
EnCana Corporation Ltd.
Honeywell International, Inc.
Endress+Hauser Process Solutions AG
Feltronics Corp.
Jacobs Engineering
Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc.
Rockwell Automation
DuPont
Yamatake Corp.
Rosemount, Inc.
Tatera & Associates, Inc.
Industrial Automation Networks, Inc.
ICS Secure LLC
Consultant
Applied Control Solutions LLC
Kahler Engineering, Inc.
Yokogawa IA Global Marketing
Emerson Process Management
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
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ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
CONTENTS
1.
Scope
2.
Purpose
3.
Definitions
4.
Design requirements
12
4.1.
Instrumentation
12
4.2.
Overspeed trip system
13
4.3.
Turbine control system design
13
4.4.
Turbine control system functions
14
4.5.
Operator interface
22
5.
Training
24
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
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1.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Scope
This standard addresses steam turbine governor controls and overspeed protection of steam turbine
generators in fossil power plants. Specifically excluded from consideration are single valve and controlled
extraction turbines, mechanical drive turbines, automated startup/shutdown systems, turbine supervisory
instrumentation, steam bypass systems, and turbine water induction prevention (TWIP) systems.
2.
Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to establish the minimum requirements for functional design specifications
of steam turbine control systems for use in fossil fueled power generation plants.
3.
Definitions
The following definitions are included to clarify their use in this standard and may not correspond to the
use of the word in other texts:
3.1.
Bumpless transfer:
Automatic tracking such that any control mode transfer is accomplished without a sudden process upset.
3.2.
Controller:
Any manual or automatic device or system of devices used to regulate processes within defined
parameters.
3.3.
Control valve:
A valve or set of valves used to regulate inlet steam flow to the turbine during normal operation and
controlled by the turbine control system.
3.4.
Distributed control system (DCS):
A digital control system in which the control computations are performed on multiple processing units.
Decision-making equipment with its associated power supplies, control processor(s), I/O hardware, and
sensing devices.
3.5.
Emergency condition:
Any condition that requires operator or control system intervention to prevent personal injury or
equipment damage.
3.6.
Failsafe:
The capability to go to a predetermined safe state in the event of a specific malfunction.
3.7.
Fault tolerant:
Built-in capability of a system to provide continued correct execution of its assigned function in the
presence of one or more hardware and/or software faults.
3.8.
First-stage pressure:
The pressure within a steam turbine at the point where the steam exits the first row of turbine blades.
The pressure at this point is closely proportional to the flow rate of steam through the turbine. First-stage
pressure is also referred to as impulse pressure by some turbine manufacturers.
3.9.
Full arc:
Steam admission that throttles steam equally through all nozzle segments or partitions simultaneously.
See partial arc.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
10
3.10. Governor valve:

See control valve.
3.11. Impulse pressure:
See first-stage pressure.
3.12. Inlet pressure:
Pressure immediately upstream of the throttle valve(s). Inlet pressure is also referred to as main steam
pressure or throttle pressure by some turbine manufacturers.
3.13. Intercept valve:
A valve or set of valves in position to regulate steam flow from the reheater to the IP turbine. The
intercept valves are an integral part of the overspeed protection system and, depending on the turbine
manufacturer, may be of the modulating or open/closed design. In some applications, the intercept valves
are used to regulate steam flow during startup.
3.14. Initial pressure regulator (IPR):
A device or function that modulates the control valves closed on loss of inlet pressure.
3.15. Load control:
Control of generator output power while the generator breaker is closed.
3.16. Load limiter:
A device or function that limits turbine flow and therefore limits the power generated by the turbine.
3.17. Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT):
A form of position measurement made by varying the inductive coupling (core rod position) between the
primary and secondary windings of a transformer.
3.18. Main steam pressure:
See inlet pressure.
3.19. Overspeed:
Any speed above rated synchronous speed.
3.20. Operator parameter:
A parameter within the turbine control system accessible from an operator console by anyone with
operator access rights.
3.21. Partial arc:
Steam admission that does not throttle steam equally through all nozzle segments or partitions. See full
arc.
3.22. Reset:
An action taken to prepare the turbine for startup. This is also sometimes referred to as latching the
turbine.
3.23. Restricted access parameter:
A parameter within the turbine control system to be adjusted or tuned by qualified personnel with
restricted access and not modified as part of normal operation.
11
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
3.24. Runback:
An action initiated by the loss of selected auxiliary equipment, in which the load is reduced automatically
to a level which can be sustained with the remaining auxiliary equipment.
3.25. Rundown:
An action initiated by an undesirable operating condition, in which the load is reduced until the
undesirable condition has cleared.
3.26. Sequential valve mode:
Control valves opening in a sequence; one or more valve(s) opening following another. See partial arc.
3.27. Shall and should:
The word SHALL is to be understood as a REQUIREMENT; the word SHOULD as a STRONG
RECOMMENDATION.
3.28. Single-valve mode:
Control valves opening simultaneously. See full arc.
3.29. Speed control:
Closed-loop control of turbine speed (RPM) before synchronization.
3.30. Speed droop:
The ratio of the percentage speed change to the resulting percentage valve-position change. Speed
droop is inversely proportional to the steady-state gain of the speed controller.
3.31. Stop valve:
A valve or set of valves used to shut off steam flow to the turbine during turbine shutdown. The stop
valves are tripped closed by the turbine protection system. In some applications, these valves are used to
regulate steam flow during startup.
3.32. Synchronization:
The process of matching frequency, phase, and voltage between the turbine generator and the utility grid
to allow proper breaker closure.
3.33. Turbine control system (TCS):
Decision-making equipment with its associated power supplies, control processor(s), I/O hardware, and
sensing devices that monitor and control the turbine.
3.34. Throttle pressure:
See inlet pressure.
3.35. Throttle valve:
See stop valve.
3.36. Trip:
An action where all of the steam turbine valves are closed as quickly as possible. This can occur as a
result of an emergency condition or as part of a normal shutdown.
3.37. Valve position limiter:
See load limiter.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
12
3.38. Valve position control:

A control mode in which the load demand is directly translated into valve position demand without closed
loop load feedback within the turbine controller. However, some turbine valve actuators may require a
closed loop positioning system.
4.
Design requirements
4.1.
Instrumentation
Process-sensing devices (see Figure 4.Error! No text of specified style in document.1 - Turbine
instrumentation) should be installed as close as practical to the source of the measurement with
appropriate design to prevent excessive vibration and temperature and to provide access for periodic
maintenance. Separate isolation valves and impulse lines should be run to each pressure-sensing device
used for control.
Figure 4.Error! No text of specified style in document.1 - Turbine instrumentation (typical)
ZT
101
PT
101
ZT
102
Stop
Valve
Control
Valve
JT
101
PT
102
ST
101
ST
102
ST
103
HP
IP
LP
Generator
Intercept
Valve
Reheat
Stop
Valve
ZT
104
Condenser
ZT
103
Re-heater
4.1.1. Speed sensing

A minimum of three speed-sensing devices (probes) shall be used for speed control (ST-101, 102, 103).
At least one of these speed probes shall be capable of reading turning-gear speed.
An additional installed spare-speed probe should be supplied.
When the backup overspeed trip system is an electronic design (refer to section 4.2), the speed probes
used by the turbine control system shall be independent of those used by a backup electronic overspeed
trip system.
4.1.2. Valve position
Feedback shall be instrumented for all valves controlled by the turbine control system: stop (ZT101),
control (ZT102), reheat stop (ZT103), and intercept valves (ZT104). LVDTs or similar measurement
devices shall be used for modulating valves. Limit switches are acceptable for valves whose position is
not modulated.
13
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
4.1.3. Steam pressures

Inlet-pressure transmitter (PT-101).
First-stage pressure transmitter (PT-102).
4.1.4. Generator
Megawatt transducer (JT-101).
Generator breaker status
4.1.5. Turbine trip status
Typically a pressure signal on the trip oil header.
4.2.
Overspeed trip system
Two independent turbine overspeed trip systems shall be provided: The primary system shall be within
the turbine control system; the backup system shall be either a mechanical overspeed trip device or an
electronic overspeed trip system as defined by the American Petroleum Institute standard, API 670.
The backup overspeed trip system shall be capable of tripping the turbine without the involvement of the
turbine control system.
Speed sensing devices (probes) used by the turbine control system shall be independent of those used
by a backup electronic overspeed trip system.
The turbine control system and the electronic overspeed trip system, when utilized as the backup system
for the overspeed trip function, shall perform the trip function through independent solenoids.
A multi-toothed surface for speed sensing shall be provided integral with or securely attached to the
turbine shaft. Sharing this surface between the turbine control system, a backup electronic overspeed trip
system, and a tachometer shall be permitted. Details of the speed sensing measurement shall follow API
670.
4.3.
Turbine control system design
4.3.1. Architecture
The turbine control system design should be fault tolerant.
The failure behavior of components shall be considered and incorporated in the design. The turbine
control system shall be designed to be failsafe.
The turbine control system functions shall reside in a dedicated controller that is segregated from other
plant functions.
4.3.1.1. Diagnostics
The control system design shall include diagnostics to monitor and alarm any component failures,
including: processor, data transfer, input or output hardware, and power supplies.
Diagnostics shall be included to monitor and alarm any analog input (4-20mA, T/Cs, RTDs, etc.) signal
failure.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
14
4.3.2. Data archival

Archival of turbine control system data is used for performance analysis and not intended for sequence of
event analysis. The data update period for data archival shall not exceed 1 sec. The minimum data to be
archived include:
a)
turbine speed;
b)
generator load;
c)
first-stage steam pressure;
d)
inlet steam pressure;
e)
valve positions;
f)
controller outputs;
g)
active control mode; and
h)
trip-system status.
4.3.3. Security
Changes to the turbine control systems logic shall be protected from unauthorized access.
Tunable values and parameters shall have restricted access.
4.4.
Turbine control system functions
4.4.1. Turbine reset

Once all of the trip conditions have been cleared, the operator shall be able to initiate a reset of the
turbine. Reset of the turbine is a prerequisite to complete the reset sequence before attempting speed
control.
Upon confirmation the turbine is reset (turbine trip status input cleared), all steam admission valves that
are not used to control speed for the selected steam admission mode shall ramp open. Refer to Section
4.4.16 for a definition of possible steam admission modes based on OEM design.
The turbine control system shall include interlocks to ensure valves open in a sequence in accordance
with the OEM design.
4.4.2. Normal range speed control
The turbine speed control described in this section shall provide closed-loop speed control from zero
speed through rated speed when the main generator breaker is open.
The speed control system shall use a median-signal select of the three speed sensors. Speed-sensor
voting shall switch from median-signal to high-signal select if a speed-sensor fault condition exists.
The turbine control system shall automatically transfer to speed control mode when the turbine is initially
reset and when the other speed control permissives are satisfied. When this occurs, the speed control
setpoint shall be automatically set to no greater than the current turbine speed.
15
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
After the turbine is reset, the turbine control system shall control turbine speed to maintain an operator
adjustable setpoint in RPM. The speed controller shall provide at a minimum the equivalent of
proportional plus integral control action. This type of control ensures zero speed error under steady-state
conditions. The operator shall have the capability of ramping the speed control setpoint at a minimum of
three selectable rates expressed in RPM/min. Implementing the ramp as an operator function within
predefined limits shall be permitted.
The turbine control system shall accommodate an external speed setpoint function (e.g. from an
automated turbine startup system). The input from the external system shall be limited by the TCS to
reasonable ranges and rates and shall be either a hardwired input or a digital data interface with a data
update period not to exceed 500 msec.
A method shall be implemented to prevent turbine speed from operating continuously in a critical vibration
window.
The turbine control system shall assume speed control of the turbine when the generator breaker opens,
and the speed setpoint at that time shall be the rated speed of the turbine.
The speed controller shall provide stable control at all times and regulate within plus or minus one RPM of
setpoint during steady speed conditions.
On turbines where a steam admission valve transfer occurs before rated speed is reached, the speed
control system shall be designed to accomplish this transfer with an upset to the actual turbine speed of
less than one percent of rated speed.
4.4.3. Overspeed functions
The overspeed functions included in the turbine control system shall use the same speed sensors as the
normal range speed control.
An overspeed trip condition shall be sensed by two out of three voting of the three speed sensor circuits
from the normal range speed control signal. A failed speed sensor circuit shall be voted as an overspeed
condition for that sensor. The overspeed trip setpoint shall be a restricted access parameter.
A means of testing and verification of all overspeed trip systems shall be provided. The turbine control
system shall have provisions, if necessary, to test the backup overspeed trip system. Activation of online
testing functions shall have safeguards to prevent inadvertent operation.
Based on the unit size and turbine OEM, there may be several additional overspeed protection functions
(e.g. pre-emergency governor, load-drop anticipator, power-load unbalance) that require additional
measurements (e.g. reheat pressure and generator current). This functionality shall be incorporated into
the control system design.
4.4.4. Synchronization
The turbine control system shall be capable of receiving demand signals for speed setpoint changes
during synchronization. This demand input shall be separate from the operator speed control inputs in
order to allow different gains, limits, and permissives.
4.4.5. Initial megawatt pick-up
Upon generator breaker closure, the turbine control shall initiate a step change in flow demand to
establish load on the generator. This action shall be a step function and is not subject to the loading rate.
After load is established, this function shall have no further action.
Initial megawatt pick-up settings shall be restricted access parameters. These parameters shall be
implemented as a function of inlet steam pressure.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
16
4.4.6. Isochronous control mode

Isochronous control is an optional function but subject to the following when provided:
Isochronous control shall be used when the generator breaker is closed, and the unit is
independent of the grid. Isochronous control shall be a proportional-plus-integral type of control
that maintains turbine speed at the setpoint. In this situation, the operator shall not be able to
select any load-control mode.
When the unit is tied to the grid, isochronous control is not allowed, and speed droop shall be
utilized as described in Section 4.4.9.
4.4.7. Open-loop load control

The transition from speed control to open-loop load control shall be automatic at the time the generator
breaker closes. This is the prevailing control mode while the generator breaker is closed unless a closedloop control mode is in service.
Load reference shall be implemented with no closed-loop control feedback signals and shall include an
operator adjustable setpoint expressed in percent or megawatts. The operator adjustable setpoint shall
equate to turbine flow demand.
The turbine control system shall provide the capability of ramping the open-loop load control setpoint at a
minimum of three operator selectable rates expressed in percent/min or megawatt/min. Implementing
loading rate as an operator function within predefined limits shall be permitted. The upper limit shall be
calculated based on the turbine OEM loading design limits.
4.4.8. Load limiter function
The load limiter function shall limit the maximum flow demand to the turbine; it shall be adjustable by the
operator and expressed in the same units as the open-loop load control. The load limiter shall take priority
over all control modes.
Some suppliers also provide a high- and low-load limit on the open-loop load control reference and/or the
closed-loop megawatt control setpoint. This function operates in addition to and not instead of the load
limiter function, which is an electronic descendant of the load limiter function traditionally provided with a
mechanical governor system.
4.4.9. Speed droop
Speed droop shall be enabled when the turbine/generator unit is connected to an electrical grid in parallel
with other turbine/generator units. The purpose of speed droop is to enhance grid stability and allow the
turbine control system to respond to changes in bus frequency without operator intervention.
Speed droop shall be proportional-only control. The proportional control setting, called regulation, is
defined such that 5% regulation will mean that a 5% error in turbine speed will cause 100% travel of the
turbine valves. The regulation value shall be adjustable from 2% to 10%. The specific setting shall be in
accordance with the authority having jurisdiction.
There shall be an allowable speed error deadband. The deadband shall be a restricted access parameter
adjustable between 0 and +/- 10 RPM. The specific setting shall be in accordance with the authority
having jurisdiction.
17
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Figure 4.2 Speed droop curves for 5% regulation
The output of the speed droop function shall include a first order lag function with an adjustable time
constant from 0 to 10 seconds.
Speed droop settings shall be restricted access parameters.
An alarm shall be initiated any time speed droop exceeds the deadband and is active. This alarm, along
with the current load demand, shall be provided to the unit load master to coordinate steam generation.
4.4.10. Remote load control
The turbine control system shall provide at least one remote load control mode that enables a turbine
load reference (i.e. open-loop load demand, MW setpoint, or load limiter) to be controlled by an external
system. This would typically be used to interface with an automatic load dispatch system, unit load
master, or other control system.
The remote load control mode shall have the capability to interface with the available signal type from the
load control system. Typically these are either discrete raise/lower inputs or a continuous analog value
input either as a hardwired input or a digital data interface with a data update period not to exceed 500
msec.
When the remote signal is implemented via discrete raise/lower inputs, typical with automatic dispatch,
the turbine control system shall be capable of pulse width, pulse frequency, and pulse counting
modulation.
4.4.11. Closed-loop megawatt control
Closed-loop megawatt control is an optional function but subject to the following when provided:
The megawatt signal shall be either a hardwired or digital data interface with a data update period
not to exceed 500 msec.
The turbine control system shall provide an operator adjustable setpoint in megawatts and a
controller to maintain that setpoint. The closed-loop megawatt controller shall be at a minimum
the equivalent of proportional-plus-integral control action. This type of control ensures zero load
error under steady-state conditions.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
18
The operator shall have the capability of ramping the megawatt control setpoint at a minimum of
three selectable rates expressed in percent/min or megawatt/min. If the loading rate is
implemented as an operator adjustable function, there shall be predefined limits. The upper limit
shall be calculated based on the turbine loading design limits.
Placing the closed-loop megawatt control in and out of service shall be a bumpless transfer.
Failure of the megawatt control signal shall prevent this control from being put in service by the
operator. If the failure occurs while this control is active, the control system shall automatically
take this function out of service. See Section 4.5.2 for controller modes.
4.4.12. Closed-loop, first-stage (impulse) pressure control

Closed-loop, first-stage pressure control shall be required when the turbine valve configuration allows for
automated valve testing or steam admission valve transfers and is subject to the following when provided:
The first-stage pressure signal shall be either a hardwired signal or a digital data interface with a
data update period not to exceed 250 msec.
Closed-loop, first-stage pressure control shall provide a controller to maintain first-stage pressure
to the setpoint value. It shall have at a minimum the equivalent of proportional-plus-integral
control action. This type of control ensures zero pressure error under steady-state conditions.
Placing the closed-loop, first-stage pressure control in and out of service shall be a bumpless
transfer.
Failure of the impulse pressure control signal shall prevent this control from being put in service
by the operator. If the failure occurs while this control is active, the control system shall
automatically take this function out of service. See Section 4.5.2 for controller modes.
4.4.13. Close-loop inlet pressure control

Closed-loop inlet pressure control is an optional function but subject to the following when provided:
The inlet pressure signal shall be either a hardwired signal or a digital data interface with a data update
period not to exceed 250 msec.
An operator adjustable setpoint shall be provided in inlet steam pressure units and shall provide a
controller to maintain setpoint. The inlet pressure control shall have at a minimum the equivalent of
proportional-plus-integral control action. This type of control ensures zero pressure error under steadystate conditions.
Placing the closed-loop inlet pressure control in and out of service will be a bumpless transfer.
Failure of the inlet pressure signal shall prevent this control from being put in service by the operator. If
the failure occurs while this control is active, the control system shall automatically take this function out
of service. See Section 4.5.2 for controller modes.
4.4.14. Initial pressure regulator (IPR)
Initial pressure regulator shall be implemented to accommodate either of two methodologies. The first
method ramps the turbine back until inlet pressure recovers and then allows the turbine to ramp back to
its original level prior to the upset condition. The second method ramps the turbine back until the inlet
pressure recovers but then holds that value as the load reference has tracked down during the upset
condition.
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ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
The inlet pressure signal shall be either a hardwired signal or a digital data interface with a data update
period not to exceed 250 msec.
The initial pressure regulator shall be initiated when inlet pressure drops below setpoint or when inlet
pressure decreases at a high rate. The setpoint shall be either fixed or adjustable by the operator. The
operator shall also have the ability to place this control loop in or out of service.
A deadband for initiating and clearing the IPR function shall be provided to prevent continuous initiating of
the IPR function when operating around the setpoint. The deadband amount shall be a restricted access
parameter.
The initial pressure regulator shall include a method of preventing the unit from ramping to a zero load
setpoint.
An alarm shall be generated if initial pressure regulator becomes active, is selected out of service, or is
disabled for any reason.
Failure of the inlet pressure control signal shall prevent this control from being put in service by the
operator. If the failure occurs while this control is active, the control system shall automatically take this
function out of service. See Section 4.5.2 for controller modes.
4.4.15. Runbacks and rundowns
A minimum of one turbine runback and one turbine rundown shall be provided.
When the turbine control system interfaces to an automatic load dispatch system, unit load master or
other control system that has implemented turbine runbacks and rundowns as part of the remote demand
signal, the turbine control system shall include logic to disable the turbine control systems runback and
rundown feature while the remote load control mode is in service.
A command to initiate a runback or rundown shall be either a hardwired signal or a digital data interface
with a data update period not to exceed 500 msec.
When initiated, a runback overrides the current mode of operation and lowers the unit demand. Each
runback provided shall have its own dedicated lower threshold and rate. Once initiated, the runback will
continue until the threshold is reached. If more than one runback is initiated at a time, the fastest rate
shall prevail.
When initiated, a rundown overrides the current mode of operation and lowers the unit demand. Each
rundown provided shall have its own dedicated lower threshold and rate. Once initiated, the rundown will
continue until the threshold is reached or the initiating condition is cleared. If more than one rundown is
initiated at a time, the fastest rate shall prevail.
An alarm shall be generated when a runback or rundown is initiated. Each runback and rundown will
generate its own alarm.
4.4.16. Steam admission control
Steam admission control defines the sequence of operation for each type of turbine valve. The following
section describes the common sequences for various OEM designs.
4.4.16.1. Stop valve to control valve
Depending upon turbine design, the transfer from stop to control valves can be prior to or after
synchronization. Depending upon turbine control valve configuration, this transfer will result in either fullarc or partial-arc operation. The permissives to enable the transfer shall match the OEM requirements,
and the transfer shall be operator-initiated and/or automatically initiated.
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
20
Before a transfer occurs, the control valves are fully open, and the stop valves are modulating to maintain
speed or load. During a transfer, the control valves are ramped closed until the turbine control system
determines the control valves are restricting steam flow. At this point the stop valves are ramped open.
The transfer is complete when the control valves are modulating to maintain speed or load, and the stop
valves are fully open.
To prevent early opening of the stop valves, a control valve position permissive shall be included to
prevent the transfer occurring with the control valves open above this value. This value shall be a
restricted access parameter.
The transfer ramp times shall be adjustable to minimize the upset caused during the transfer. These
values shall be restricted access parameters.
When the transfer is initiated automatically, the transfer shall be based on speed, load, or valve position.
An operator shall be notified when an automatic transfer is initiated.
4.4.16.2. Single to sequential
Single-to-sequential valve transfer applies to turbines designed to have individual actuation of the control
valves. This allows operation of the control valves together with one demand signal (single) or staggered
in operation (sequential). The transfer shall be operator-initiated and/or automatically initiated while the
generator breaker is closed.
When this function is possible, the unit shall start in the single mode, and only transfers after generator
breaker closure shall be permitted. The operator shall have the ability to select single or sequential, or to
halt the transfer. Any transfer shall be reversible.
The single-to-sequential transfer will ramp the valves to their desired position at a ramp rate. To minimize
the upset during the transfer, the first-stage pressure control should be placed in service before the
transfer. The ramp rate shall be a restricted access parameter. During the transfer, all other load control
functions shall be active, such as runbacks and load changes.
When the transfer is initiated automatically, the transfer shall be based on load. An operator shall be
notified when an automatic transfer is initiated.
4.4.16.3. Intercept valve to stop valve
Some turbines provide for a hot-start capability where the turbine is started on the intercept valves
requiring an additional transfer from the intercept valves to the stop valves. The permissives to enable the
transfer shall match the OEM requirements and shall be initiated by the operator.
Before a transfer occurs, the stop valves are closed, and the intercept valves are modulating to maintain
speed or load. During a transfer, the stop valves are ramped open until the control system determines the
stop valves are governing steam flow. At this point the intercept valves are ramped open. The transfer
ramp rates shall be restricted access parameters. The transfer is complete when the stop valves are
modulating to maintain speed or load, and the intercept valves are fully open.
4.4.17. Valve testing
Steam-valve test functions shall be a part of the turbine control system. This includes both modulating
and non-modulating valves. The turbine design will dictate which test functions are possible.
Testing shall be initiated by operator action. The operator shall be able to halt the test momentarily or
cancel a test at any time.
When testing control valves, permissives shall be included to ensure the turbine control system can
compensate for the loss of steam flow during the test. These permissives should be based on load and
valve position. Additionally, control-valve testing shall only be allowed when the generator breaker is
21
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
closed. To minimize the upset during a valve test, the first-stage pressure control should be placed in
service before the valve test.
Stop-valve testing will vary depending upon turbine and valve design. If full-stroke testing is required,
permissives shall be included to ensure the turbine control system can compensate for the loss of steam
flow during the test. These permissives should be based on load and valve position. Additionally, stopvalve testing shall only be allowed when the generator breaker is closed.
Reheat stop valves shall be tested with its associated intercept valve(s). Interlocks shall prevent operation
of the reheat stop valve when the intercept valve is open. Intercept valves can be tested independent of
the reheat stop valves.
Valve testing shall not be permitted during steam admission transfers or while a speed/load ramp
operation is in progress. Operator displays shall identify that a turbine valve test is in progress. The
control system shall permit only one test sequence at a time.
The turbines target speed/load shall be maintained throughout the test. During a test, the turbine load
shall not vary by more than 3% of rated load.
When the turbine is not in operation, each valve shall have the capability of being stroked for
maintenance purposes individually (test of ability to move the valve over the design test range).
Permissives shall be included that prevent unwanted operation of the turbine during a test.
4.4.18. Turbine trips
Depending upon the turbine manufacturer, there are several components that can initiate a trip of the
turbine. These can include the turbine control system, independent overspeed trip system, and a
separate turbine trip system. Any of these shall directly trip the unit, closing all of the turbine admission
valves as quickly as possible. All of the steam admission valves shall stay closed until the operator takes
action to reset the turbine.
As minimum criteria, the trips generated within the turbine control system shall include
a) loss of two of the three speed-sensing devices;
b) loss of control power;
c) loss of overspeed protection system;
d) turbine overspeed;
e) Operator initiated trip; and
f)
turbine trip status (when a system external to the turbine control system trips the unit, the
turbine control system shall use indication of the turbine trip status to also initiate a trip
condition).
The following trips shall be generated within the turbine control system unless incorporated within a
separate turbine trip system:
a) Excessive thrust position
b) Low-control oil pressure
c) Low-lube oil pressure
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
22
d) Loss of vacuum
e) Turbine supervisory instrumentation
f)
Plant-trip schemes
An indication of the first event (within the turbine control system) that initiated the turbine trip shall be
provided to the operator.
4.5.
Operator interface
4.5.1. Operator information

The following information shall be available to the control room operator:
a) Turbine speed
b) Generator load
c) Remote load demand
d) Load-limit setpoint
e) Inlet steam pressure
f)
First-stage (impulse) steam pressure
g) Turbine trip status

h) Generator breaker position
i)
Turbine runback status
j)
Initial-pressure regulator status
k) Position indication for all valves

l)
Valve test status
m) Steam admission and valve transfer status

n) Controller outputs
o) Active control mode
4.5.2. Operator control functions
The operator control interface shall provide the ability to select the required modes of operation, target
values, and rates of change. These requirements are specified in Section 4.3. The following table
summarizes the control functions and respective selections.
23
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Table 4.1 Operator functions and control modes

Function
Mode selection
Rate of Change selection
Adjustable setpoint
Speed Control
Only control available

when generator breaker
open
Yes
Yes
Open Loop Load Control
Default when generator

breaker closed and no
other control in service
Yes
Yes
Load Limiter
Always in service
N/A
Yes
Remote Load Control
In / Out service
N/A
N/A
Megawatt Control
In / Out service
Yes
Yes
First Stage Pressure

Control
In / Out service
N/A
N/A
Inlet Pressure Control
In / Out service
N/A
Yes
Initial Pressure Regulator
In / Out service
N/A
Optional
Steam Admission Control
Transfer mode and Start /

Halt
N/A
N/A
Valve Test
Start / Cancel / Halt
N/A
N/A
Overspeed Protection Test
Start / Stop
N/A
N/A
4.5.3. Alarm requirements

Minimum alarm requirements shall include
a) valve position alarms: position error, feedback failure, servo coil fault;
b) speed monitoring: loss of speed sensor(s), deviation alarm;
c) speed droop becomes active (refer to 4.4.9);
d) initial pressure regulator becomes active, is selected out of service, or is disabled for any
reason (refer to 4.4.14); and
e) initiation of a runback (refer to 4.4.15).
The following alarms shall be generated if the turbine control system is initiating the trip:
a) High-thrust position
b) Low-control oil pressure
c) Low-lube oil pressure
d) High condenser pressure
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
24
e) Turbine supervisory
5.
Training
5.1.
Operators
Operators shall be trained to be capable of performing control and test functions. Operators also shall be
able to interpret and understand corrective actions for system alarms and trips.
5.2.
Technicians
Technicians shall be trained to be capable of diagnosing and repairing any problem encountered during
operation (with only telephone support from the control system vendor for unique and extremely difficult
problems). Training shall include how to modify restricted access parameters.
5.3.
Engineers
Engineers shall be trained to be capable of reading and understanding the turbine control logic.
Engineers also shall have the capability of making changes to the logic as necessary.
25
ANSI/ISA77.14.01-2010
Annex A
1) Standards Referenced in this Document:
API STD 670
Machinery Protection Systems
API Publications
Global Engineering Documents
15 Inverness Way East
M/S C303B
Englewood, CO 80112-5776
USA
www.global.ihs.com
1-800-854-7179 (Toll-free in the U.S. and Canada)
303-397-7956 (Local and International)
2) Other Related Standards:

API STD 611
Services
General-purpose Steam Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry
NEMA SM23
Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service
NEMA SM24
Land Based Steam Generator Sets 0 to 33,000 kW
IEEE 122
Recommended Practice for Functional and Performance Characteristics of
Control Systems for Steam Turbine-Generator Units
ASME PTC 6
Steam Turbines
Developing and promulgating sound consensus standards, recommended practices, and technical
reports is one of ISAs primary goals. To achieve this goal, the Standards and Practices Department
relies on the technical expertise and efforts of volunteer committee members, chairmen, and reviewers.
ISA is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited organization. ISA administers United
States Technical Advisory Groups (USTAGs) and provides secretariat support for International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committees
that develop process measurement and control standards. To obtain additional information on the
Societys standards program, please write:
ISA
Attn: Standards Department
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
ISBN: 978-1-936007-67-7

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INQUIRIES INTO THE LEGAL VALIDITY OR SCOPE OF PATENTS, OR DETERMINING WHETHER

Jeffrey Schleis, Chair

Wood Group TCS

The following people served as voting members of ISA77:

G. McFarland, Managing Director

Emerson Process Management

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Robert N. Hubby Consulting

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Overspeed trip system

Turbine control system design

Turbine control system functions

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3.10. Governor valve:

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3.38. Valve position control:

4.1.1. Speed sensing

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4.1.3. Steam pressures

Turbine control system design

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4.3.2. Data archival

first-stage steam pressure;

inlet steam pressure;

active control mode; and

Turbine control system functions

4.4.1. Turbine reset

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Copyright 2010 ISA. All rights reserved.

4.4.6. Isochronous control mode

4.4.7. Open-loop load control

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Figure 4.2 Speed droop curves for 5% regulation

4.4.12. Closed-loop, first-stage (impulse) pressure control

4.4.13. Close-loop inlet pressure control

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4.5.1. Operator information

First-stage (impulse) steam pressure

g) Turbine trip status

Turbine runback status

Initial-pressure regulator status

k) Position indication for all valves

Valve test status

m) Steam admission and valve transfer status

Copyright 2010 ISA. All rights reserved.

Table 4.1 Operator functions and control modes

Rate of Change selection

Only control available

Open Loop Load Control

Default when generator

Remote Load Control

First Stage Pressure

Inlet Pressure Control