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WELLBORE POSITION, QUALITY CONTROL,

GROSS ERRORS AND ERROR MODELS
SPE 2014-2015 Distinguished Lecturer Series

Nestor Eduardo Ruiz

Gyrodata

OUTLINE

Wellbore position
Inclination measurements
Azimuth measurements
Error models for Magnetic tools
Error models for Gyro tools
Error models and gross errors
Conclusions and Recommendations
3

WELLBORE POSITION

INCLINATION

AZIMUTH
OLD MAGNETIC TOOLS

MULTISHOT MECHANISM

SOLID STATE MAGNETIC TOOLS

Dip Angle= f(Hx, Hy, Hz, Gx, Gy, Gz)

INCLINATION

INCLINATION

10

AZIMUTH

MAGNETIC REFERENCE

MAGNETIC TOOLS
Very stable sensors
Variable reference

EARTH RATE REFERENCE

Rate Gyro tools

Very stable reference
Variable sensors
Self oriented with the
Earth Rate.

CONTINUOUS MODE

Rate gyro tools

Dependent of one
initialization point
11

QUALITY CONTROL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS

INTERNAL TEST in each shot
Total Magnetic Field (H Total)
Total Gravity (G Total)
Dip angle
Additional tests
Repeated measurements with additional
down-hole sensors
Rotation Shot Misalignment Test
Tool misalignment components
For BHA-fixed tool
(SPE PAPER 105558)
12

FREE GYRO

13

RATE GYRO
GYRO COMPASS MODE

Accelerometers provide

Torque
axis y

Instrument Axis

Inclination and Tool Face

Gyro provides the

direction to true North

Spin Axis
z

Torque
axis x

14

RATE GYRO
CONTINOUS MODE

Horizontal Earth
Rotation Vector

Vertical Earth
Rotation Vector

Gyro Sensor
Wellbore Direction

15

QUALITY CONTROL FOR RATE GYRO TOOLS

For Gyro Compass mode

Horizontal Earth

Rate Test for xy

Gyro system

Total Gravity (G total)

For Continuous mode
Quality Number
In run / Outrun comparison
16

ERROR MODEL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS

Wolff and De Wardt model in 1981
Basic MWD ISCWSA model in 2000 (Williamson SPE
67616)
Assumptions
Errors in the calculated well position are
caused exclusively by the presence of
measurement errors at the wellbore survey
stations
Three element measurement vectors
Depth
Inclination,
Azimuth.
Tool Face angle is required for the
propagation of the error

17

ERROR MODEL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS

Error sources Statistically independent

Linear relationship between the size of each
measurement error and the position (or
coordinate) error
The combined effect on final position of any
number of measurements at any number of
survey stations is equal to the vector sum of
the contribution of the individual error effects.

18

ERROR MODEL FOR MAGNETIC TOOLS

ASSUMPTIONS
Error propagation mode can be
Random
Systematic
Well by Well or
Global.
MWD surveys run
following standard procedures
rigorous and regular tool calibration
survey interval no greater than 100ft
non-magnetic spacing according to standard
charts
not surveying in close proximity to existing
casing strings or other steel bodies
19

ERROR MODEL FOR GYRO TOOLS

Set of terms for the ISCWSA compatible model for

Gyro compass mode
Set of simplified terms for the continuous mode of
operation
All terms for the ISCWSA need to be provided for
each gyro Company

SPE 90408
20

Well 1
1Initial
Initial Well
Well Head
Well

ew Well
NewEXAMPLE
WellNFirst
Survey
GROSS
ERROR
Well 1 Initial Well Head

Well 1 Initial Well Head

WellWell
1 Actual
WellSurvey
Head
New
Second

40
40 New
New W
Well
ell First
First S
Survey
urvey
15
15
0

30
30
10
10
NORTHING (m)

NORTHING
(m)
NORTHING
(m)
NORTHING
(m)
NORTHING
(m)

5
-5
5
20
20

0
0
10
10
-10
-5
-5
00
-10
-15
-10
-10
-10
-15
-15
-20

-20
-20
-20

-25
-25
-25
-30
-30

-5 -10 -20
0
-10 -20

5 0 10
10
0
0 EASTING
10
0 )(m)
EA
S
TING
(m
EA
S
TING
EAEA
STING
(m)(m
STING
(m))

15
20
20

20
20

20
21

GROSS ERROR EXAMPLE

Survey 1

100

Survey 1

90

700

80

600

70

BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED
MD:3153.00

500

60

Survey 2

BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED
MD:3310.02

BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED
MD:3178.20

NORTHING (m)

INCLINATION

Survey 2 Gyro

400

50

BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED
MD:3153.00

300

40

200

30
100

20

10
0

-100

500

1000
-300

-200

1500
-100

2000
0
100
MEASUEA
RED
DEPTH
STIN
G(m(m
))

200

2500
300

400

3000
500

3500

22

COMPLETION APLICATION EXAMPLE

13.4
13.3 16
13.2 14
13.1

NORTHING (m)

13.0

BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED
MD: 2606.00

12
10

NORTHING (m)

12.9
12.8
12.7

8
6

12.6

12.5

12.4

12.3 -2
-4 8.0 -2

0
8.2

4
6 8.6 8
8.4
EASTIN
G
(m)
EASTING(m)

108.8 12

14
9.0

23

Survey 1
Survey 2
GROSS
ERROR EXAMPLE

3000
2500

Azimuth Survey 1

Azimuth Survey 2

Inclination Survey 2

Inclination Survey 1

2000
120

80

BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED
MD: 4066.86

100

NORTHING (m)

1500

70

80

AZIMUTH

INCLINATION

601000
50

500

40

30-500

60
BOTTOM HOLE
LOCATED
MD: 4080.00

40

BOT
LOC
MD:
BOTT
LOCA
MD:
BO
LO
MD
BO
LO
MD

20

-1000

10

20

-1500

0
-500

5000

1000
500

1500
1000

2000 2000
2500 2500
3000 3000
35003500400040004500
1500
EA
STING (m
) (m)
MEASURED
DEPTH

24

GROSS ERROR EXAMPLE

160

Gyro

Gyro

Database corrected MWD

Database
MWD MWD
Database

A
IM
UTH
AZ
Z
IM
UTH
A
ZIM
UTH

160
140
250
140
120
120
200
100
100
80
150
80
60
60
100
40
40
50
20
20

00

00

500
500

1000
1000
1000

1500
1500
1500

2500 3000
3000
2000 2500
2000
2500
3000
2000
MEASUREDDEPTH
DEPTH(m)
(m)
MEASURED
DEPTH
(m)
MEASURED

3500
3500
3500

4000
4000
4000

4500
4500
4500
25

ERROR MODELS

26

BUSINESS CASE?

A shorter gyro run

A proximity shut in
A plug back side-track
A dry well or Dead Zone
A deep landing
A minor collision blowout
A major collision blowout

$10,000 +
$100,000 +
$1 million +
$10 million +
$100 million +
$1 billion +
$10 billion +

Prof Angus Jamieson

27

CONCLUSIONS
Survey planning is very important in the
design of the well trajectory.
Verify the wellhead position and the survey
program to avoid gross errors.

The survey data needs to be validated

and screened for gross error before to
use in the error model.
Internal Quality Control measures after
each shot are necessary but not enough.
28

CONCLUSIONS
External Quality Control with an overlapping
independent survey is the most reliable way
to detect gross errors.
Comparisons of Inclination, Azimuth and
coordinates to an independent verification
survey, is the most powerful Quality Control
available.
Each error model is validated by the service
companies.

29

SURVEY RECOMMENDATION PRACTICES

After each survey station

G-total-, H-total/dip- tests

Misalignments, Declination, Sag and Depth are

not controlled

At least once per survey section

Rotation shot tests

Misalignments are now controlled

At the end of each survey section

Multi station corrections

Validity dependent on geometrical variation

No more terms controlled

Accuracy is improved
30

SURVEY RECOMMENDATION PRACTICES

At an intermediate bit run

Independent verification survey tests
EMS
- Declination is not controlled
Drop gyro
- Depth is not controlled
Wire-line gyro
- All error terms are controlled

At TD if a definitive survey is necessary

Continuous gyro survey

Independent initialisation

Both in-run and out-run

31

ISCWSA is a good source of

information and is part of SPE
please contact to
WWW.ISCWSA.NET

32

Thank You

33

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