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2.
3.
Enzyme 1
Enzyme 3
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The graph shows the results of an experiment in which samples containing the same
concentration of enzyme and substrate were kept at different temperatures for periods of
one, two and five hours. The quantities of product formed were then determined.
Which of the following options best explains why the optimum temperature is lower if the
quantity of product formed is measured after five hours rather than one hour?
A
B
C
D
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The diagram shows an enzyme molecule with its normal substrate and products. P and
Q are other molecules that can bind to the enzyme.
The graph shows the effect of P and Q on the rate of reaction of the enzyme at different
substrate concentrations.
The monomers of both starch and cellulose are glucose molecules. Which of the
following best explains why amylase can only break down starch but not cellulose?
A
B
C
D
7.
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8.
The four unknown substances shown below form part of an enzyme-catalysed pathway.
It is an inhibitor of enzyme 1
It is an inhibitor of enzyme 2
It is an inhibitor of enzyme 3
It catalyses the formation of X
10.
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Enzymes can speed up reaction but they cannot change the net energy output as
the activation energy cannot be changed.
Enzymes can speed up the reaction by increasing the activation energy of a
reaction.
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction and change the net energy
output.
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction but do not change the net energy
output..
In an experiment using starch and amylase, the concentrations of starch and maltose
present in the reacting mixture are measured every minute for 20 minutes. 1%
hydrochloric acid is added after 10 minutes and the mixture is heated to 60C at 14
minutes.
Which graph represents the results of this experiment?
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The diagram shows a metabolic pathway controlled by end product inhibition. As the
concentration of the end product increases above the set level, an enzyme in the
pathway leading to the end product is inhibited.
An increase in the concentration of end product 6 does not lead to a decrease in the
synthesis of end product 9.
Which enzyme is inhibited by end product 6?
A
B
C
Metabolite 1 Metabolite 2
Metabolite 2 Metabolite 3
Metabolite 3 Metabolite 4
Metabolite 3 Metabolite 7
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A
B
C
D
14.
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Disulfide Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Peptide Bonds
Tertiary
Primary, Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary, Tertiary
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Secondary, Tertiary
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Tertiary
15.
Km
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
D
A
3
J
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From the information given above, which one of the following would account for the level
region of the graph labelled Y?
A
B
C
D
17.
In the following branched metabolic pathway, a dotted arrow with a minus sign
symbolizes inhibition of a metabolic step by an end product:
Which reaction would prevail if both Q and S were present in the cell in high
concentrations?
A
B
C
D
LM
MO
LN
RS
19.
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A
B
C
D
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The graph shows the amount of product formed by a standard concentration of enzyme
Which graph shows the effect on the activity of the enzyme of increasing the temperature
to 20 C?
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Structured Questions
1 Lysozyme is an enzyme found in many places within the human body. It consists of a single
polypeptide folded into a complex shape. Fig. 1.1 shows a ribbon model of lysozyme.
Fig. 1.1
(a) With reference to Fig. 1.1, describe region X. [2]
Lysozyme is one of the many hydrolytic enzymes found within a lysosome. The lysosome enzymes
are only active over a narrow range of pH, with an optimum of pH 5. The pH of the cytoplasm is 7.2.
The internal pH of lysosomes is maintained by actively concentrating H+ ions in the lysosome using
proton pumps.
(b) Describe how H+ ions could be moved across the lysosome membrane. [3]
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(c) Explain why enzymes from a leaky damaged lysosome may not destroy the cell contents. [2]
(d) Suggest why the lysosome membrane is not destroyed by the enzymes in the lysosome. [2]
[Total: 9 marks]
2 Detergent is a mixture that is used for cleaning purposes. Some of the components present in the
detergent include enzymes, preservatives, pH buffers, water softener and oxidizers.
(a) Suggest one enzyme that may be found in detergent and state its possible function. [1]
(b) (i) Suggest a reason why pH buffers are found in detergent. [1]
(ii) Explain what will happen if the pH deviates from the optimum pH for enzyme activity.[3]
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(c) Explain why laundry should not be washed with ice-cold water. [3]
(d) Explain how the structure of the enzymes in the detergent is stabilized [2].
[Total: 10 marks]
3 Fig. 4.1 below shows a model of the enzyme chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin catalyses the hydrolysis
of peptide bonds of proteins. The active site of chymotrypsin is located in a slight depression on
one side of the molecule. Three amino acids form the active site. These three amino acids are
some distance apart on the polypeptide chain but close together in the active site.
Fig. 4.1
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(a) Describe how amino acid residues at different positions in the protein may be brought together
in the active site when the enzyme is synthesised. [2]
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Fig. 4.2 shows the effects of increasing substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed
reaction at a temperature of 35C and a constant pH.
Graph 1
Graph 2
Graph 3
Fig. 4.2
(c) With reference to Fig. 4.2, explain why an increase in substrate concentration at low substrate
concentrations increases the rate of reaction but an increase at high substrate concentrations
does not have the same effect. [4]
[Total: 9 marks]
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Enzymatic browning is one of the most important colour reactions that affect fruits. Cut apples
turned brown after exposure to air within minutes. This browning reaction is catalysed by the
enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which is abundant in the flesh of the apples. PPO converts ironcontaining phenol compounds in the presence of oxygen to melanin in a series of polymerization
reactions. Fig. 5.1 shows the structure of the PPO enzyme.
Fig. 5.1
(a) With reference to Fig. 5.1, describe the structure of the PPO enzyme. [3]
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Fig. 5.2 shows the results of tests to determine the optimum temperature for the activity of PPO.
Percentage of
phenols
converted into
melanin in 10
minutes / %
Fig. 5.2
(c) With reference to Fig. 5.2,
(i) state the optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme PPO. [1]
pH:
Temperature:
[Total: 10 marks]
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Essays
1
(a) Describe the roles of enzymes in DNA replication (KIV for DNA & Genomics)
[8]
(b) Explain the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the rate of enzyme activity.
[4]
[8]
[7]
(c) Explain the effect of enzyme and substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme catalyzed
reactions.
[5]