Scientific Method

Describe the characteristics of a scientific hypothesis.

Observation
Hypothesis testable and falsifiable
Experiments test specific hypothesis
Data information collected from hypothesis
Statistics summary of info collected.
HYPOTHESIS CANNOT BE 100% PROVEN
Describe a controlled experiment.
Make sure experiment is unbiased. Control is the subject that is similar to the
experimental group but control does not get experimental treatment
Distinguish between primary and secondary sources.
Primary publishing scientific results
Secondary magazines, times
Know the following terms & how they relate to the scientific method:
Double-blind experiment
Technician and subject blind. Limited
knowledge of experimental hypothesis.
Alternative hypotheses
No knowledge of which group is which.
Control and experiment same treatment.
Statistical significance
Result likely represents a true difference
Correlation studies
Scientific theory
Looking at existing data and try to
determine if there is a relationship or
well supported by observation and
correlation between the variables.
experiment from several independent
lines of research
Water, Biochemistry, and Cells
Describe the characteristics of life. (first lecture)
Individual organized cells/molecules taxonomy
Energy get/use
Genetic info , dna inheritance
Continuity same molecules unity of orgin
Reproduce sexual/ asexual
Group diversity, evolution
Why is pH important for life?
most life function best at neutral 7.
Describe the physical and chemical properties of water. Whats the difference between
adhesion and cohesion?

Physical liquid at room temp. due to polarity, can dissolve many substance. Hold a lot
of heat relative to its volume
Chemical - oxygen is negative. Hydrogen bond positive h20
Cohesion stick to eachother
Adhesion- cling to other substance
Describe the plasma membrane structure and function.
Composed of bilayer of phospholipids. Protects the cell. Communicator
What is Cell Theory?
1. all know living things are made up of cells
2. the cell is structural and functional unit of all living things
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division
Know the following terms:
pH
h+ - acid
oh - basic
Organic Chemistry
Carbon basis for organic molecules.
Can form 4 strong bonds with other
atoms. Take almost infinite variety of
shapes
Macromolecule
large organic molecules.
Carobohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic
acids
Enzyme
Regulate metabolic reactions; break
down food and liberate energy stored in

chemical bond. Catalyze (accelerate)

reactions
Simple Diffusion
Passive transport no atp is required
moves with concentration gradient. o2,
co2
Facilitated Diffusion
No atp required moves with
concentration gradient. Water soluble
molecules enter and exit by passing
through proteins
Active Diffusion
Atp is required moves against
concentration gradient

Respiration, Digestion, Metabolism

What is the job of respiration, digestion, and metabolism?
Respiration- glucose is broken down and energy is released for life process
Digestion- breakdown of food products into smaller and simpler compounds
Metabolism-convert and use energy
Why is ATP important? How is it made?
Adenosine triphosphate. Nitrogenous base. Sugar [ribose] 3 negative charged phosphates
Atp is unstable bc too energy to bond and when broken, energy is released
Know the following terms:
Respiration
Needs oxygen, glucose, enzymes
Digestion
Metabolism

needs water, enzymes, calories

Micronutrient
Vitamins- used as helped molecules to enzymes
Minerals- control nerve, muscle, teeth, bone building
Antioxidants- protect cells from reactive, breakdown cells
Vitamin
Become coenzymes and assist enzyme reactions
Macronutrient
Water disperses nutrients, dissolves waste, maintain blood pressure and temp
Carbohydrates major source of energy which can be converted to ATP
Proteins- used to get amino acids for building tissues
Lipids- used as energy source. 2x energy as carbo.
Diseases
Know the broad categories of infectious agents or pathogens
Bacteria and prion
Know the three lines of the immune systems defense
1st line non specific response skin and mucous members
2nd line- specific responses white blood cells (macrophages) engulf bacteria, proteins
(interferon)prevents virus from reproducing, and inflammation
3rd line lymphocytes (B&T cells) T- killer, memory B- antibody, memory
What are two differences between a vaccine and an antibiotic?
Vaccine prevents diseases, causes immune system to recognize disease, does not kill
bacterial disease, but can prevent diseases caused by bacterial toxins
Antibiotic treat existing disease, no affect on immune system, cannot eliminate a viral
infection