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OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss (of e-)
Reduction Is Gain (of e-)
Ex 1. 2Na + S Na2S
Sodium goes from the neutral atom to the 1+ ion. Therefore, it has lost an electron (it was
oxidized). Sulfur goes from the neutral atom to the 2- ion. Therefore, it has gained two electrons (it was
reduced).
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Ex 2.
P2O5
H2O
NH4+
Na2Cr2O7
Ca(OH)2
P:___ O:___
H:___ O:___
N:___ H:___
Na:___ Cr:___
O:___
Ca:___ O:___
H:___
Reduced:
Reducing Agent:
Reduced:
Reducing Agent:
Oxidized:
Oxidizing Agent:
Oxidized:
Oxidizing Agent:
Reducing Agent:
Oxidized:
Oxidizing Agent:
(acidic)
(acidic)
Ex 6. MnO4- + I- MnO2 + I2
(basic)
Li+ + e- Li(s)
Cs+ + e- Cs(s)
K+ + e- K(s)
Rb+ + e- Rb(s)
Ba2+ + 2e- Ba(s)
Sr2+ + 2e- Sr(s)
Ca2+ + 2e- Ca(s)
Na+ + e- Na(s)
Mg2+ + 2e- Mg(s)
Be2+ + 2e- Be(s)
Al3+ + 3e- Al(s)
Mn2+ + 2e- Mn(s)
Zn2+ + 2e- Zn(s)
Cr3+ + 3e- Cr(s)
Fe2+ + 2e- Fe(s)
Cr3+ + e- Cr2+
Cd2+ + 2e- Cd(s)
Co2+ + 2e- Co(s)
Ni2+ + 2e- Ni(s)
Sn2+ + 2e- Sn(s)
Pb2+ + 2e- Pb(s)
2H+ + 2e- H2(g)
Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+
Cu2+ + e- Cu+
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu(s)
Cu+ + e- Cu(s)
Fe3+ + 3e- Fe2+
Ag+ + e- Ag(s)
Hg2+ + 2e- Hg(l)
-3.05
-2.92
-2.92
-2.92
-2.90
-2.89
-2.87
-2.71
-2.37
-1.70
-1.66
-1.18
-0.76
-0.74
-0.44
-0.41
-0.40
-0.28
-0.25
-0.14
-0.13
0.00
0.15
0.15
0.34
0.52
0.77
0.80
0.85
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Label
Line notation is a shorthand method for representing electrochemical cells. The general form is:
anode | anode ion || cathode ion | cathode
The double vertical line represents the salt bridge. For a
voltaic cell involving Cu and Zn as shown in the previous
diagram, the line notation would be represented as:
Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)
When only ions (rather than solids) are involved in the
redox process, "inert" electrodes such as graphite or
platinum are used.
Ex7. Given the voltaic cell: Ag+ + Fe2+ Fe3+ + Ag(s); sketch the cell (label the electrodes, salt bride,
direction of electron flow, anode and cathode) , write the line notation and the half reactions.
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Line notation:
Oxidation half-reaction:
Reduction half-reaction:
______ ________ are voltaic cells in which the electrolyte is a paste. The flashlight battery is a
common example.
Alkaline Batteries:
o Anode: _______ powder; This metal is in a gel which is in contact with a concentrated solution
of __________ .
o Cathode: mixture of _____________ and ____________, separated from the
anode by a porous fabric.
o The battery is sealed in a steel can to reduce the risk of leakage.
o Zinc is __________________ and manganese is ____________________.
Battery
o one or more voltaic cells hooked together.
o lead storage battery is commonly used in a ________.
o anode is _____________.
o cathode is _________________.
o electrolyte (battery acid) is _______________.
Modern Battery Chemistry (Do not try to memorize these)
Modern batteries use a variety of chemicals to power their reactions. Typical battery chemistries include:
Lithium-iodide battery - Lithium-iodide chemistry is used in pacemakers and hearing aides
because of their long life.
Nickel-cadmium battery - The electrodes are nickel-hydroxide and cadmium, with potassiumhydroxide as the electrolyte (rechargeable).
Nickel-metal hydride battery - This battery is rapidly replacing nickel-cadmium because it
does not suffer from the memory effect that nickel-cadmiums do (rechargeable).
Lithium-ion battery - With a very good power-to-weight ratio, this is often found in high-end
laptop computers and cell phones (rechargeable).
Zinc-air battery - This battery is lightweight and rechargeable.
Zinc-mercury oxide battery - This is often used in hearing-aids.
Silver-zinc battery - This is used in aeronautical applications because the power-to-weight ratio
is good.
A _________________ is an electrochemical device that, in most cases, combines hydrogen and oxygen
to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product. As long as fuel is supplied, the fuel cell
will continue to generate power. Since the conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an
electrochemical process, not combustion, the process is clean, quiet and highly efficient two to three
times more efficient than fuel burning.
Ex8. What are some uses for fuel cells?
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1.
2.
3.
The electrical potential, or cell potential (Eo), of a galvanic cell is a combination of the potentials of the
two half-reactions. The standard reference that all half-cells are measured against is the standard
hydrogen electrode,
2H+ + 2e- H2 Eo = 0.00 Volts
Table 23-2 in your book (and at the beginning of your notes) has a list of the reduction potentials of
many reduction reactions. To change a reaction from reduction to oxidation, simply reverse the reaction
and change the sign of the reduction potential to make it an oxidation potential.
Adding the potentials together for the oxidation and the reduction half-reactions will give you the
overall cell potential.
Ex9. Using the Zn and Cu cell we used earlier, we can calculate the cell potential.
Ex11. Given the following half-cells, decide which is the anode and the cathode, write the overall
reaction and calculate Eocell.
A. Ni2+ + 2e- Ni
Eo = -0.23 V
B. Ce4+ + e- Ce3+
Eo = +1.70 V
+
o
2+
O2 + 4H + 4e 2H2O E = +1.23 V
Sn + 2e Sn
Eo = -0.14 V
Electrolysis
The process of forcing a current through a cell to produce a chemical change is ____________. In
order for electrolysis to occur, you must apply an external voltage that is greater than the potential of
the galvanic cell if you want to force the reaction in the opposite (electrolytic) direction.
The direction of electron flow is always from _____ to ______. "FAT CAT"
An electrolytic cell is used to change ______________ into _____________________.
When water is electrolyzed, an electrolyte such as sulfuric acid or sodium sulfate must be added to
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make the water conduct electricity. The two half reactions that occur in the electrolysis of water are:
anode:
cathode:
Overall reaction:
When brine (salt water) is electrolyzed, chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide are
produced. Solid sodium metal is not produced because water is more easily reduced than is the
sodium ion. The two half-reactions that occur in the electrolysis of brine are:
anode:
cathode:
Overall reaction:
When molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed, chlorine gas and sodium metal are produced. The two
half-reactions that occur in the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride are:
anode:
cathode:
Overall reaction:
What is electroplating?
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Chapter 19 Worksheet #1
Balance the following equations using the half-reaction method of balancing:
1. Cr(s) + NO3-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + NO(g) (acidic solution)
(acidic solution)
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10 | P a g e
1. Determine whether these redox reactions will occur spontaneously. Calculate the standard cell
potential in each case.
a. Cu(s) + 2H+(aq) Cu2+ + H2(g)
2. Use the information in Table 23.2 at the end of your notes to calculate standard cell potentials for
these voltaic cells.
a. Ni|Ni2+||Cl2|Clb. Sn|Sn2+||Ag+|Ag
3. Describe briefly how you would electroplate a teaspoon with silver.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Calculate E0cell and write the overall cell reaction for these cells.
a. Sn|Sn2+||Pb2+|Pb
b. H2|H+||Br2|Br5. Write the overall cell reactions and calculate E0cell for voltaic cells composed of the following sets
of half-reactions.
a. AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl-(aq)
b. Al3+(aq) + 3e- Al(s)
6. This spontaneous redox reaction occurs in the voltaic cell illustrated below.
Ni2+(aq) + Fe(s) Ni(s) + Fe2+(aq)
a. Identify the anode and the cathode.
b. Assign charges to the electrode.
c. Write the half reactions.
d. Calculate the cell potentials.
2. Using the table of standard reduction potentials, arrange the following substances in order of
decreasing ability as oxidizing agents (Hint: A good oxidizing agent is easily reduced):
Fe3+, F2, Pb2+, I2, Sn2+, O2
Reaction
CdCd2+ + 2eH2 2H+ + 2eAgAg+ + e-
Eo volts
0.403
0.000
-0.799
5. For the following voltaic cell, write the half-reactions, designating which is oxidation and which is
reduction. Write the overall cell reaction and calculate the voltage of the cell made from standard
electrodes. The cell has electrodes of solid cobalt and nickel, each immersed in a 1 M solution of their
ions.
Keep
Going!
6. Determine the cell reaction and the standard cell potential, Eocell, for the voltaic cells
composed
of the
following half-cells.
a. Mg2+(aq) + 2e- Mg(s)
Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq)
Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s)
E. +5
5. What is the oxidation number of chlorine in the compound sodium perchlorate, NaClO4?
A. +1
B. -1
C. +7
D.-7
6. What is the oxidation number of platinum in PtCl62-?
A. -2
B. +2
C. -4
D. +4
E. +12
A clean iron nail is dipped into a solution of silver nitrate. Predict what you will observe.
A. No reaction occurs.
B. Te iron nail will become covered with silver.
C. Bubbles of oxygen gas will form on the iron nail.
D. The iron will be reduced.
21. In the following unbalanced reactions, determine the reducing agent, the element being reduced, the
oxidizing agent, and the element being oxidized. (8 pts)
A. 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
oxidized
reduced
oxidizing agent
reducing agent
reduced
oxidizing agent
reducing agent
22. Write and label the half-reactions for oxidation and reduction, write the complete balanced equation
and calculate the potential in volts for each of the following reactions. (6 pts each)
Zn + Fe3+ Zn2+ + Fe
23.
What is the standard cell potential of a cell made of Na/Na+ and Cl-/Cl2? (5 pts)
24.
What is the standard cell potential of a voltaic cell made of K/K+ and Zn/Zn2+? (5 pts)
Extra Credit:
Titration of the iron(II) ion from a 0.5811g sample of iron ore required 22.49 mL of 0.05347 M K2Cr2O7
to reach the equivalence point. What was the mass percentage of iron in the ore? In acidic solution,
dichromate ions are reduced to Cr3+.