Generator Protection at Thermal Power Plant and

Blower house of Vizag Steel Plant

A Project Report submitted in
Partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
K.INDU
Y.KRISHNA
K.BALAJI
P.VENKATESH
S.LAVANYA
M.VISWANADH

(06U41A0215)
(06U41A0259)
(06U41A0207)
(06U41A0256)
(06U41A0221)
(06U41A0258)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Sri. D. SRINIVAS RAO

Mgr (E) TPP & BH of VIZAG STEEL

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

DADI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,kakinada)
Anakapalli
Visakhapatnam (Dist)
2006 2010

ACKNOWLEDGDMENT

We are greatly thankful to VISAKHAPATNAM STEEL PLANT

for the valuable assistance provided to us in the completion of the mini
project. We express our sincere and humble thanks to our guide
sri. D.SRINIVAS RAO, Manager (Elect), T.P.P., Visakhapatnam steel plant,
for his assistance I completion of the mini project
We express our gratitude and respect to sri. K.V.L. Narayana, Head of
the department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, DADI Institute of
Engineering & Technology and for his encouragement and for his valuable
suggestions.
We would also express our grateful thanks to Prof. K.VIJAY
KUMAR, Electrical &Electronics engineering for the valuable guidance and
timely suggestion and modification.

We are grateful to our parents for their everlasting support and

encouragement in all walks of our lives.

K.INDU
Y.KRISHNA
K.BALAJI
P.VENKATESH
S.LAVANYA
M.VISWANADH

(06U41A0215)
(06U41A0259)
(06U41A0207)
(06U41A0256)
(06U41A0221)
(06U41A0258)

ABSTRACT
This project titled STUDY OF PROTECTIONS OF 60 MW
TURBO-GENERATORS OF CAPTIVE POWER PLANT IN VSP
covers the complete electric protections of Turbo generator in a Thermal
Power Plant of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. The main objective of the project
is to study the various protections provided for the alternator and the
necessity of each.
The study also covers verification of the existing settings used for
different protective relays by actually calculating the fault currents under
various conditions.
Normally the faults in Generator can occur either inside like stator,
rotor or external to it in the bus-ducts of feeders. While internal faults in a
generator should be cleared as fast as possible to minimise the damage of the
core where as the external faults may be sustained for a considerable period
to enable the respective down-stream protections to act and isolate the same
from the generator. In case of downstream protections doesnt clear the
fault, a backup is to be provided in generator scheme to isolate the same.
Proper coordination between these protections are also to be verified.

Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION

An electrical power system should ensure the availability of electrical energy

without interruption to every load connected to the system. Among all the systems,
electrical energy is quite transferable to the consumers by transmission and distribution
systems. The power supply to the consumer should not be disturbed and also agencies
supply the power without interruption. As industrial processes and plants have become
more complex and extensive, the demand for improved reliability of electrical power
supply has also increased. The potential costs of outage time following a failure of the
power supply or plant have accordingly risen dramatically as well. If at all any fault
occurs in the system the fault to be isolated so that other system should not be disturbed.
This is a challenge to the engineers to supply uninterrupted power to the customers. To
attain this, logical and fast acting protective equipment is required.
The protection analysis of generator is studied under existing system.

The

protection analysis is very important for long period running of generator free from
spurious-tripping. So the cost of the machine also increases naturally. If the analysis of
the relay settings is not proper the machine, may not trip during fault condition due to
which winding may burn or its insulation may get deteriorate as high currents circulated
in the stator windings of the machine. The adequate protection of the machine depends
upon choosing of suitable relays and also their settings. The protective equipment design

depends upon the nature of faults occurring in the power system. If at all fault happens in
the balanced system with huge power loss at fault point with unbalanced nature of the
power system it is difficult and laborious to calculate the fault currents and voltages. So,
power system engineers established some special methods to calculate fault conditions
such as Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical in nature. Among all the faults, symmetrical
three phase fault is most severe fault and L-G fault is most occurring fault.
The Power Grid Corporations Sub-station adjacent to Ukkunagaram is connected
to Vijayawada by a 400 kV line. It is also being connected to Jaipur, Orissa (Eastern
Grid) through DC back to back arrangement of 500 MW capacity and by 400 kV AC
double circuit line. Power is stepped down through a 315 MVA, 400/220 kV auto
transformer at Power Grid Corporation Sub-station and is fed to the adjacent AP
TRANSCO switching station. This switching station is also connected to Bommuru and
Gajuwaka sub-stations by 220 kV double circuit lines. Bommuru sub-station is connected
to generating stations at Vijayawada, Lower Sileru, Vijjeswaram, Kakinada and
Jegurupadu. Gajuwaka sub-station is connected to Upper Sileru. One 1,000 MW TPP has
been set up near Visakhapatnam at Simhadri by NTPC. This plant is connected to
Kalpaka switching station. Power is supplied to VSP from AP TRANSCO switching
station over two 220 kV lines on double circuit towers. Power is received at the Main
Receiving Station (MRS) located near Main gate and further distributed to various units
within the plant.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

A well designed and efficient protective relaying should have:
SPEED:
Protective relaying should disconnect and faulty eliminate as quickly as possible.
Modern high-speed protective relaying has operating time 0.02 to 0.04 sec. and CBS have
interrupting time 0.05 to 0.06 sec. Hence clearing time may be about 0.07 to 0.10 sec.
SELECTIVITY:
It is the ability of the protective systems to determine the point at which the fault
occurs and select the nearest of circuit breaker tripping of which will lead to clearing of
fault with minimum or no damage to the system.
RELIABILITY:
The protection relaying must be ready to function reliable and correct in operation
at all times under any kind of fault and abnormal conditions of the power system for
which it has been designed.
SIMPLICITY:
Simplicity of construction and good quality of the relay, correctness of design and
installation qualified maintenance and supervision etc. are the main factors, which
influence protective reliability.

ECONOMY:

As with all good engineering design economics play a major role. Too much
protection is as bad as too little and the relay engineer must strike a sensible with due
regard to practical situation considered.

Chapter-2
INTRODUCTION TO VSP
Steel comprises one of the most important inputs in all sectors of economy. Steel
industry is both a basic and a core industry. The economy of any nation depends on a
strong base of Iron and steel industry in that country. History has shown that countries
having a strong potentiality of Iron and Steel production have played a prominent role in
the advancement of civilisation in the world. Steel is such a versatile commodity that
every object we see in our day to day life has used steel either directly or indirectly. To
mention few it is used for such a small item as nails, pins, needles etc. through surgical
instruments, agricultural implements, boilers, ships, railway materials, automobile part
etc., to heavy machines, structures etc.

The great investment that has gone into

fundamental research in Iron and steel technology has helped both directly and indirectly
many modern fields of todays science and technology. It would seem very painful to
imagine the fate todays civilisation had steel not been there.
The per capital consumption of steel in India during 1970s was around 10 kg
compared to about 700 kg obtaining in many advanced countries, over 800 kg in Japan.
This was very low. Viewing in the backdrop of Indian population which was standing at
about 800 Million, even a 10 kg of increase in steel consumption would need the setting
up of an 8 Million ton of steel per year production capacity. Keeping this in view the
Government of India had cleared the decision of setting up of a shore based integrated
steel plant at Visakhapatnam.

BACKGROUND:
The decision of Government of India to set up an integrated steel plant at
Visakhapatnam was announced by the then Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi in the
Parliament on 17th April 1970.

Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), a public sector

undertaking, is a subsidiary of Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited. It is one of the most

sophisticated modern plants. The foundation stone for which was laid by the former
Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi in the year 1972. It is strategically located on the
coast of Bay of Bengal in the state of Andhra Pradesh. An integrated steel plant with the
state-of-the-art technology. Overcoming the perils of recession in the steel market it has
turned into a profit making organization with proper strategic decisions.

The

management of delay has been geared up to implement new technologies to meet the
challenges of completion and the dumping imports of steel. Visakhapatnam is in a
geographically advantageous position.

Midway between Kolkata and Chennai. It is

easily accessible to major business centres.

A professionally organized steel plant, VSP has been the recipient of the ISO
9001, ISO 18001, and the ISO 14000 certifications. Armed with these quality standards
and an advocate to the TQM it has achieved the six-sigma and 5S level of efficiency. The
management of the plant is organized into production, marketing, finance, personnel,
purchase and other auxiliary departments.
The plant is designed to produce 3.0 Million tones of liquid steel. It possesses the
state-of-the-art technology and a strong well trained manpower of 17,000 employees.

The organization is house of technology where international levels of efficiency are being
pursued in terms of productivity and specific energy consumption. For the financial year
2003-04 the organization recorded a turnover of Rs. 6174 crores. VSP achieved a
turnaround to post a net profit of nearly Rs. 1521 crores. The net profit estimated for
financial year 2005-06 is 16,000 Crores. In addition to a wide range of steel products
there are other by-products, which are produced by VSP like tar, pitch and the noted
fertilizer Pushkala. VSP because of its geographical advantage and standard products
has carved a niche for itself. Nearly 40% of the South Indian domestic market has been
captured for the steel products. International customers are from the countries of China,
Singapore, Russia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, USA, Japan, UAE etc.

VSP TECHNOLOGY: STATE-OF-THE-ART

7 Metre tall Coke oven batteries with coke dry quenching

Biggest Blast furnaces in the country

Bell less top charging system in Blast furnace

100% slag granulation at the BF cast house.

Suppressed combustion LD gas recovery system.

100% continuous casting of liquid steel.

Tempcore and Stelmor cooling process in LMMM & WRM.

Extensive waste heat recovery systems i.e. BPTS, GETS, ECS.

Comprehensive pollution control measures.

ACHIEVEMENT AND AWARDS:

1)

Indira Priya Darshini Vrikshamitra for massive forestation efforts of

RINL: 1992-93.

2)

Award from Ministry of heavy industries for achieving MoU targets for
2000-01.

3)

National Energy conservation award-2002 -- First Prize in Integrated

sector.

4)

Certificate of appreciation for achieving OHSAS 18001 from department

of Factories, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh.

5)

Award from Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board for significant work
"on cleaner production technologies".

6)

Rolling shield on Environment protection.

7)

II prize for RINL's stall at the International Trade fair.

8)

Successful re-certification of ISO 9001: 2000.

9)

Quality circle & Suggestion related awards.

10)

Udyog excellence Gold Medal award for excellence in Steel Industry.

11)

Best Management award from Govt. of Andhra Pradesh.

12)

Best safety award from Govt. of Andhra Pradesh.

13)

ISO 14001 accreditation.

14)

OHSAS 18001 accreditation.

15)

Best Taxpayer award from Govt. of Andhra Pradesh.

16)

Award from Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB), Govt of

A.P. for best efforts in Rainwater harvesting.

17)

Awarded 1st Prize by the Govt of India "Indira Gandhi Rajbhasha Shield"
for propagation of Official language (Hindi).

18)

RINL was awarded "Best Enterprise Award" by WIPS in 2001.02 (forum

of women in public sector) for making excellent contribution in harnessing
the growth and development of women and impacting their lives
significantly in and around the Public Sector.

19)

VSP has bagged the "Greentech Safety Silver Award" for the year 2002.03

in Steel Sector for implementing best safety standards.

20)

Vizag Steel's global rating has gone up to 67th position in 2002 from 68th
in 2001 amongst World's largest steel producing companies.

21)

VSP has won the Rolling Shield for "Ecological Protection" instituted by
the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

22)

Best HRD practices Award by ISTD for the year 2002-03.

23)

Special award (being hat trick) for the lowest specific energy consumption
among integrated steel plant in India.

Chapter-3
INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL POWER PLANT

Power requirement of VSP is met through captive generation as well as supply

from ABSEB grid. The captive capacity of 270 MW is sufficient to meet all the plant
needs in normal operation time we have 3 units of each 60 MW and one unit of 67.5 MW
capacity.
BOILERS:
Thermal Power Plant has 5 Boilers each of 330 T/hr. steam capacity at 101 KSCA
and 540O C. The boilers are of BHEL make, capable of firing combination of fuels
namely, Coal, Coke Oven Gas, Blast Furnace Gas and Oil. Normally 4 Boilers are kept
in full load operation to produce 247.5 MW of power, supply steam to 2 Turbo Blowers
and process needs. Boilers outlet flue gas is passed through Electro Static Precipitators
to control air pollution.
TURBO GENERATORS:
Thermal Power Plant has 4 Turbo Generators, three of 60 MW capacities each and
the fourth 67.5 MW. Special features of the turbo sets are:i)

Electro Hydraulic Turbine Governing System.

ii)

Central admission of steam to reduce axial thrust.

iii)

Forced air cooled generators

Power is generated and distributed at 11 kV for essential category loads. Excess

power from TG-1, 2 and 3 is transferred to 220 kV Plant Grid through step up/down
transformers. All the Power Generated from TG-4 at 11 kV is stepped up through a 220
kV transformer and transferred to plant grid.
TURBO BLOWERS:
VSP has 2 Blast Furnaces. To meet the blast air requirement, 3 Turbo Blowers,
each of 6067 NM3 /min capacity, are installed at TPP. These blowers are of axial type
and are the largest blowers installed in India.

The blowers are provided with suction

filters, pre-coolers and inter- coolers.

AUXILIARIES OF TPP:
These include coal conveyors, cooling towers & pump house No-4 for cooling
water system, pump house for ash water, ash slurry, fire fighting water and fuel oil &
HSD, air compressor station, emergency Diesel Generators, electric switch gear for
power distribution, ventilation and air conditioning equipment etc. The entire power
generated at Back Pressure Turbine Station and Gas Expansion Turbine Station is
transmitted over 11 kV cables to power plant, stepped up through a 220 kV transformer at
LBSS5 and transferred to plant grid.
CHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT PLANT:
Chemical Water Treatment Plant located in TPP zone produces high purity Demineralised Water and Soft Water. There are six streams of De-mineralising units each
capable of producing 125 cubic meters per hour each. Two softening units of 125 m 3/hr.

each. DM water is supplied to TPP, Steel Melt Shop, CDCP Boilers at Coke Ovens, and
Rolling Mills. Soft water is supplied to Chilled water plant-I, II and SMS mould cooling.
CHILLED WATER PLANT NO-2:
Chilled Water Plant No-2 located in TPP zone is having nine Chillers, each having
a chilling capacity of 337 M3/hr. The chilled water is supplied to TPP, Blast Furnace and
Sinter Plant for air conditioning purpose at 70 C. The return water temperature is 160 C.
COKE DRY COOLING PLANT (CDCP) BOILERS:
In VSP, hot coke produced in the Coke Oven Batteries is cooled by circulating
Nitrogen in Coke Dry Cooling Plant. The hot circulating gas is passed through Waste
Heat Boilers in which steam is produced at 40 KSCA pressure and 440 0 C temperature.
There are three Coke Dry Cooling Plants, four Waste Heat Boilers. Boiler is of 25 T/Hr
Capacity.
BPTS & CHILLED WATER PLANT NO-1:
The 40 KSCA steam generated in CDCP Boilers is utilised for driving 2 Nos. of
7.5 MW Back Pressure Turbines for generation of Power. The 2.5 Ata exhaust steam is
utilised for production of Chilled water in CWP-1. The 7 Ata extraction steam is used for
process requirements of CO & CCP zone. The CWP-1 has 5 Chillers installed; each
capable of cooling 337 M3/hour BPTS and CWP-1 are housed in a single located near
Battery No-3 of CO&CCP zone.

GAS EXPANSION TURBINE STATION (GETS):

Both the Blast Furnace of VSP is designed to operate at a high top pressure of 2.5
Kg/cm2. The high pressure BF Gas is cleaned in Gas cleaning plant and expanded in Gas
Expansion Turbines driving electric generators. The BF Gas after passing through the
Turbine is fed to gas distribution net work and is used as heating fuel in TPP & other
units of VSP. Each Blast Furnace is connected to a Gas Expansion Turbine of 12 MW
capacity 7.5 MW of power is generated by each of the turbine at full production level.
GETS is located in BF zone, between the two furnaces.
TPP ELECTRICS:
There are 3 Generators present in the TPP. The capacity of each generator is 60
MW, Generation of the voltage level 11kV, total generation is 180 MW out of this 30-40
MW are consumed by the Blast furnace, Steel Melting Shop, Coke oven, Rolling mills
and 30-32 MW is consumed by the TPP auxiliaries. Remaining 110 MW is connected to
LBSS5. In addition to this there is one generator (TG-4) rated at 67.5 MW, 11 kV, and 90
MVA. There are two Gas Expansion Turbines (GETS) and two Back Pressure Turbines
(BPTS) rated 12 MW & 7.5 MW respectively. From this 20 MW is supplied to LBSS5.
LBSS1 consumes a load of 40 MW. The remaining 157.5 MW is supplied to Main
Receiving Station (MRS). At this station LBSS2 consumes a load of 50 MW for Blast
furnace and Air separation plant. LBSS3 consumes a load of 5 MW for MMSM and
WRM. LBSS4 consumes a load of 30 MW. Township consumes a load of 5 MW. There
are two APSEB tie lines connected to MRS for export and import of power depending
upon the conditions.

GSB-1:
Generator Switch Board-1 is an 11 kV, 4500 Amps, 3 section board, located at 0
meters in TPP. Each 60 MW generator is connected to each section of the board. The bus
is provided with two bus coupler, and the one without reactor and other with a 4500 Amps
reactor between section-1 & 2 as well as between section-2 & 3. There are three 350
MVA, 220/11 kV transformer connected to section-2 & 3 of GSB-1. Out of these 3
transformers, two are always in operation and the other one is standby. The 220 kV sides
of transformers are connected to sub-station called Load Block Sub-Station-5 (LBSS).
Power is evacuated through LBSS-5 transformers-1, 2 and 3 and is distributed through the
220 kV network of the plant. All the critical loads of the steel plant i.e. Water supply,
Blast furnace, Steel Melt shop and Coke oven are connected to GSB-1 through 11 kV
cables. In addition all the TPP auxiliaries are also connected to GSB-1. All outgoing
feeders are connected to GSB-1 through link-reactor and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
(MOCB) in addition to earthing switches.
Turbo Generators of TPP normally operate in parallel with state grid. All three
generators of each 60 MW are connected to Generator switch board. This GSB-1 is an 11
kV 4500 Amps, 3 selection board located at 0 Mt level in AA bay. All category-1 loads
of the steel plant are connected to GSB-1 through 11 kV cable. Power is evacuated
through 50/63 MVA (11kV/220kV) transformers 1, 2 & 3 which are connected to
Section-1 and 3 of the GSB-1. Synchronisation facility exists for any of the incoming
generators and 50/63 MVA Transformer-1, 2, 3.

ISLAND OPERATION SCHEME:

A scheme has been envisaged at TPP to get

isolated form the grid in case of system disturbance or low frequency condition with ABB
make relay type FCX 103b relay with following settings:
df/dt 2 cycles/sec rate of fall below 50 HZ
1st stage 47.5 HZ for 0.5 SEC
Over frequency 51.5 HZ with time delay 150 MS
2nd stage 46.9 HZ with 1 sec. delay
POWER REQUIREMENT:
Integrated Steel Plants are major consumers of electricity, with specific
consumption of power at around 600-650 kWh/Ton of liquid steel. The estimated annual
power requirement of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, at full level of production in each shop
(corresponding to 3.0 MT of liquid steel), is 1932 million kWh. This corresponds to an
average demand of 221 MW. The estimated energy consumption and average demand of
major shops is given below:
Annual Energy
(106 kW Hrs.)

Average Demand
(MW)

RMHP

35

4.0

CO & CCP

171

19.5

SINTER PLANT

254

29.0

BLAST FURNACE

210

24.0

SMS & CCM

126

14.5

LMMM

100

11.5

WRM

118

13.5

MMSM

100

11.5

CRMP

35

4.0

TPP

310

35.0

SHOP

ASP

258

29.5

COM. STATION & CWP

131

15.0

AUXILIARY SHOPS

20

2.5

WATER SUPPLY

15

2.0

TRAFFIC & OTHERS

1.0

TOWNSHIP

28

3.0

LOSSES

14

1.5

TOTAL

1932

221.0

SOURCES OF POWER :
Power requirement of VSP is met through captive generation as well as supply
from AP TRANSCO grid. The captive capacity of 270 MW is sufficient to meet all the
plant needs in normal operation time. In case of partial outage of captive generation
capacity due to breakdown, shutdown or other reasons, the short fall of power is availed
from AP TRANSCO grid. Turbo Generators of VSP normally operate in parallel with
state grid. Excess generation over and above plant load is exported to AP TRANSCO.
The agreement with AP TRANSCO provides for a contract demand of 150 MVA
and permit export of power. Tariff for import, export, demand charges, penalties etc. are
stipulated. For purpose of billing, import and export energy is separately metered at
Main Receiving Station.

POWER DISTRIBUTION IN POWER PLANT:

220 kV & 11 kV LOAD BLOCK SUBSTATION-5 (LBSS-5)

LBSS-5 is located outdoor and it consists of 220 kV, 1250 A, 3 phase main bus-1,
main bus-2 and transfer bus. LBSS-5 is having 12 bays i.e. three nos. for the three tie

lines, two nos. of LBSS-1 lines, 3 nos. for the three 50/63 MVA transformers, one no. For
30/40/50 MVA transformer, one for 90 MVA transformers, one for Bus coupler & one for
bypass. In case of any difficulty in taking into service any of the 220 kV circuit breakers
of transformer or lines as the case may be, bypass breaker can be taken into service in
lieu of the defective breaker by charging the transfer bus. Both 220 kV main bus-1 &
main bus-2 can be paralleled & transformer feeders (T1, T2, T3, T4 & T5) can be either
connected to Bus-1 or Bus-2 or distributed between Bus-1 & Bus-2 depending on
operational/maintenance requirement.

All 220kV circuit breakers are SF 6 breakers.

Synchronizing facility exists only for tie lines ML1, ML2, ML3, Bypass and Bus coupler
breakers at Control & Relay panel of LBSS-5 located in ECR. The loads (lines or
transformers) can be transferred form Bus-1 to Bus-2 and vice versa live through On
Load Bus Transfer scheme (OLBT).
SYNCHRONISATION:
The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or
with common bus bars is kwon as Synchronizing. Generally, alternators are used in a
power system where they are in parallel with many other alternators. It means that the
alternator is connected to a live system of constant voltage and constant frequency. Often
the electrical system, to which the alternator is connected, has already so many
alternators and loads connected to it that no matter what power is delivered by the
incoming alternators, the voltage and frequency of the system remains the same. In that
case, the alternator is said to be connected to infinite bus bars. It is never advisable to
connect a stationary alternator to live bus bars, because, stator induced emf being zero, a
short circuit will result.

For proper synchronization of alternators. The following three conditions must be

satisfied.
(1)

The terminal voltage or effective voltage of the incoming alternator

must be the same as bus-bar voltage.

(2)

The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency
(f=PN/120) equals the bus-bar frequency.

(3)

The phase sequence of the alternator voltage must be identical to

the phase of the bus-bar voltage. It means that the switch must be closed
at (or very near) the instant of the two voltages have correct phase
relationship.

Synchronization facility exists for any of the incoming generators, 50/63 MVA
Transformer 1, 2 & 3, Bus couplers and Bus couplers with reactors at 11 KV. The
synchronizing operation is to be carried out using synchronizing trolley in ECR.

Chapter-4
THEORETICAL REVIEW OF RELAYS
TYPES OF PROTECTIONS:
Two types of protection:
1.

Primary protection

2.

Backup protection

Primary protection:
Primary protection is the first line of defence and primary relays clear faults in the
protected section as fast as possible. 100% reliability is not guaranteed for protective
scheme and also for associated CTs, PTs and CBs. Therefore some sort of backup
protection must be provided.
Backup protection:

Backup relays operate if the primary relays fail and cover not only the local
station but the next one also and have a time delay long enough for the primary relays to
operate if they can.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS:
These are earliest form of relays devices used for power system protection and till
now they are the most widely used variety relays. All these devices depend upon
electromagnetic interaction and have mechanical movement associated with them, which
actually make or break pairs of contacts indicating relays operations. The electromagnetic
interaction is manifested either in form of force of attraction or torque of rotation which
has produced different classes of electromagnetic relays
ATTRACTED ARMATURE TYPE:
The type includes plunger, hinged armature relays. These are the simplest type,
which responds to AC as well as DC.

The principle of this type is that an

electromagnetic force is produced by the magnetic flux operating quantity. If this force
exceeds the restraining force, the relay operates. The electromagnetic force is given by
F = KI2

------------ (1)

INDUCTION RELAYS:
Induction type relays are the most widely used for protective relaying purposed
involving A.C. quantities. Torque is produced in these relays when one alternating flux
reacts with the current induced in the rotor by another alternating flux displaced in time
and space but having the same frequency. These relays are classified depending on the

type of rotor. If the rotor is a disc, is known an induction disc relay. If the rotor is a cup,
the relay called as induction cup relay.
The Actuating force is given by F = K 1 2 Sin

---- (2)

In the abnormal conditions or fault conditions the corresponding relay contact

operation which in turn operates the tripping relay type VAJHM called master trip relay
or Generator lock out relay which will trip generator circuit breaker. Alarm annunciation
will come on control desk.

The following are the relay details, which are used for generator in TPP.

DESCRIPTION

Reference

Make

Type

27A/27B

EE

VAG 31

Generator under voltage relay

27 G

EE

VAG 21

Generator reverse power relay

32 G

EE

WCD11

37GA/GB

EE

WCD13

40 G

EE

YCGF11

46 G

EE

CTN31

50T/51G

EE

CTU62

51 V

EE

CDV62

59G1/59G2

EE

CAGM22

64V

EE

VDG14

67RYB

EE

CDD21

Under voltage relay

Generator low forward power relay

Generator field failure relay
Generator negative sequence current
relay
Definite time O/C relay with 1st high set
unit
Voltage control over current relay
Generator over voltage relay
Voltage neutral displacement relay
Directional inverse time over current
relay

Directional inverse time earth fault

relay
VT fuse failure relays

67W

EE

CDD21

68A/68E/68PM

EE

VAGM-61

Generator out of step relay

78G

EE

ZTO

Generator differential relay

87G

EE

CAG34

Generator restricted E/F relay

64G

EE

CAG14

Generator under frequency relay

Sensitive E/F & Instantaneous O/C
relay

81G

64S/50X

ABB

FTG11
RX1428X
RX12 21

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

This relay is used to protect against stator faults as shown in below figure. A
differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the vector difference of two or
more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value.

External & Internal circuit connections of generator differential relay

When there is no fault in the generator winding for through faults the current in
pilot wires fed from CT connections are equal. The difference in current I1-I2 is zero.
When there is a fault inside the protected winding, the balance is disturbed and difference
current (I1- I2) flows through operating coil of the relays.

Relay settings:
Plug setting
R
0.1

Range
B

0.1 0.1

0.05 to 0.2

CTR- 4500/1A
GENERATOR RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY:
Connection diagram is shown in below figure. In circulating current protection
schemes, the sudden and often asymmetrical growth of the system current during
external fault conditions can cause the protective current transformers to go into
saturation resulting in a high unbalance current.

To ensure stability under these

conditions, a voltage operated, high impedance relay is used. It is an attracted armature

relay.

External & Internal circuit connections of generator stator earth fault relay
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAY:
Negative phase sequence currents to star resulting from unbalanced loading
produce a field rotating at twice synchronous speed with respect to the rotor and hence
induce double frequency currents in the rotor. These currents are very large and result in
severe over heating of the rotor.
It is necessary to limit the time for which negative phase sequence currents can
flow in a steam generator. The time for which a generator may be allowed to operate
with unbalance stator currents without danger of permanent damage is obtained from
expression:
I22 T = K
Where K is the constant depending up on the type of the machine.

The E.E. make scheme suitable for this application employs a type CDN relay
which comprises an induction disc tripping unit having an adjustable inverse time current
( I22 T ).
The relay settings I2s.
A

10%

10%

10%

Range

K3

7.5%

10%

1.78

15%

20%

7.1

30%

GENERATOR VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Fault conditions cause a greater drop in busbar voltage than normal over load, and
this fact has been utilised in voltage restrained over current relay. The relay has two
operating characteristics viz. An over load characteristics determine by the operation of
instantaneous under voltage unit monitoring the generator voltage. Under over load
conditions, when the generator voltage is usually near normal the instantaneous undervoltage unit is energised and the short across the resistor in the shading coil circuit is
removed. Below figure shows the internal connections diagram.

External and internal connections of Voltage restrained over current relay

The relay operates on a long IDMT under fault conditions, when the generator
voltage falls to the setting of the under voltage unit, the resistor is short circuited and the
torque on the disc increased by 2.5 times so that the normal setting currents are 0.4 times
those marked on the plug board, and the relay operates in Accordance with the fault
characteristic.Both characteristic of the relay as shown in figure.

Time / current characteristics of Voltage restrained over current relay

TIME IN SECS. NORMAL VOLTS

100 50 30

0.4 0.6 0.8

0.4 0.6 0.8

20

1.5
1

Time multiplier
CTR

15

10

1.5

30 20 10 8
Plug setting

20

5
4

6
5

5
4
3.5
3
TIME IN SECS. - LOW VOLTS
R

1.5

1.5

1.5

10

15

20

10

15

2.6

2.2

4500/1A

GENERATOR DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY:

When fault current can flow in both directions through the relay location, it is
necessary to make the response of the relay directional by the introduction of directional
control elements. Directional over current relays are combination of directional and
inverse over current relay units as shown in figure.

GENERATOR DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY

Plug Setting:
R

Range

0.5 -2A

CTR - 4500/1A
PSM:
1
14

1.3

9 10

12

16 18 20
30 20 15 10

2.6

2.5

2.4

3.5

2.8

2.2

GENERATOR DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT RELAY:

The relay is used for directional earth fault protection for generator. Typical
external and internal connection shown in figure above. Since the current may be derived
from any phase, in order to obtain directional response it is necessary to obtain a related

voltage. Such a voltage is the residual voltage of the system. Which is vector sum of the
individual phase voltage of the system.

The voltage developed across secondary

terminals will be vector sum of the phase to ground voltage.

This will be zero for balanced phase voltage, but for simple earth fault conditions
will be equal to the depression of the faulted phase voltage. In all cases the residual
voltage is equal to three times the zero sequence voltage drops and is displaced from the
residual current. The residual are applied to the directional element of the earth fault
relay. The relay inverse time characteristic scale is shown in figure below.

Relay settings:
Plug setting

- 0.1

Range

TMS

- 0.1

0.1 to 0.4

CTR-

4500/1A

PSM:
1
14

1.3

9 10

12

16 18 20
30 20 15 10

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.2

3.5

2.8

DEFINITE TIME/INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT RELAY:

This relay protects the generator against short circuit faults. This relay contains
definite time over current element and instantaneous high set elements. The relays areas
particularly suitable on systems where there is a wide variation in source impedance.
Relay settings:

Definite time over current relay.

Range

Plug setting

0.95

Time setting

10 sec.

Instantaneous setting -

0.5 - 2 Amps.
6- 60 sec.

GENERAL FIELD FAILURE RELAY:

Under current relays connected in the field circuit have been extensively but the
most selective type of loss of excitation relay. It is a directional-distance type operating
from the A.C. current and voltage at the main generator field. The enclosed figure shows
loss-of-excitation characteristics and the operating characteristics of one type of loss-ofexcitation relay on R-X-diagram when the excitation is lost, the equivalent generator
impedance traces a path from the first quadrant into a region of the fourth quadrant that is
entered only when excitation is severally reduced or completely lost. By encompassing
this region within the relay characteristic, the relay will operate when the generator first
starts to slip poles and will trip the field breaker and will trips the field breaker and
disconnect the generator from the system.

R-X diagram
The satisfactory application of YCAF field failure relay requires full knowledge
of the operating conditions. i.e. the maximum rotor angle at which the Machine can
operate within the stability limit. In general practice is to use an offset setting equal to
half the Machine transient resistance and a circle diameter equal to synchronous
reactance of the Machine Xs for rotor angle upto 900. The external connection diagram
of YCGF field failure relay is shown in figure.

General Field failure relay

The relay movement is a high-speed induction cup unit with operating, restraint
and bias windings adjusting the ohmic values of the diameter and offset of the relay
characteristic circle is provided by the combination of plug board and potentiometer
settings K1 K2 K3 K4 and K5. K1 is in the restraint circuit and provided line adjustment of
characteristics circle diameter. K2 potentiometer is in the polarising circuit and should be
set to coincide with offset taps K1 to establish maximum torque angle at an offset settings.
The characteristics offset are obtained by injecting voltage from the current circuit
through transactor.

Taps for this transactor are brought out to plug board K 3 K4 and

combinations of two plug settings provide adjustment of offset settings. K 5 allows course
adjustment of the characteristics circle diameter by selection of taps on an auto-in the
resistance circuit.
The setting values are
K1

0.9

K2

10

K3

K4

10

K5

170

Generally they are set K2 = K3 + K4 i.e. offset taps.

The diameter of the characteristics circle is K1 x K5 ohms.
X1 = 0.25 = 25%
MACHINE TRANSIENT IS SECONDARY OHMS
=

25 x 112
100 x 75

18.15 .

4500/1
11000/110

Required offsetting = X1 d = 18.15

2
2
= 9.05
We have put offset for 10.
Xs = 2 = 200%
MACHINE SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE IN SECONDARY OHMS
= 200
100

112
75

4500/1 = 145.2
1100/110

Required circle diameter Xs = 145.2

As per relay design we have put setting
K5 - 170 and K1 -09
K1 x K5 = circle Dia
170 x 0.9 = 153

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION IN GENERATOR FIELD WINDINGS WHICH

ARE NORMALLY UNEARTHED
FIRST ROTOR EARTH FAULT:

A single earth fault is not in itself dangerous since it does not cause any fault
current, but a second earth fault effectively short circuits or all parts of the field system
and the unbalancing of the magnetic force caused there by may be sufficient to spring the
shaft and make it eccentric. If the condition were allowed to persist, however it might
lead to reverse mechanical damage. The figure shows the method detection using the
principle of negative potential biasing, where by an earth fault anywhere in the field
circuit can be detected.

The D.C supply injection establishes a small bias on the

alternator field winding circuit so that are points are negative with respect to earth.

Earth fault relay

The rectified output of a transformer fed from the station L.V supply provides a
biasing potential approximately 30v. This is connected with positive terminal through a
current limiting resistor and the secondary winding of transduction to the positive pole of
the field circuit. When a fault occurs current flows in the bias circuit and the dc winding
of the transductor. This result in saturation of the transductor core which reduces the
impedance of the A.C. winding thus allows the relay A to operate. Thus giving alarm
for first rotor earth fault. The relay will not operate if A.C. auxiliary supply fails. Under
this condition i.e. when auxiliary supply fails the relay B which is in energised
condition when the auxiliary supply is available will de-energise when auxiliary supply
fails. The contacts of the relay B will get through for A.C. failure alarm circuit.

Technical data

Field ckt voltage

0-450 v d.c

Bias ckt voltage

240v 10% 5Hz

Bias voltage

30v d.c

Sensitivity

1ma DC 10%

Setting of the first rotor earth fault is 1mA. The circuit diagram of first rotor earth
fault is shown in enclosed figure.
SECOND ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY:
When a single earth fault is detected in the d.c field circuit of a machine, the
machine has to be taken out of service at the first opportunity. This is because if allowed
to run with an E/F on the rotor a subsequent second earth fault can cause severe damage
to the machine. However a relay which can detect such a second rotor earth fault and trip

out the machine can make it possible to run the machine even with single earth fault with
out any such risks thus helping to preserve the generation capacity.
The heart of the second rotor earth fault detection scheme is a very sensitive
transductor element. The AC winding of the transductor is connected in series with a
rectified AC voltage relay A. The DC winding of the transductor on the other hand is
connected in series with field earth fault circuit.
Under normal conditions i.e. when no DC current flowing the AC winding and the
transductor presents high impedance and the AC winding and the transductor presents
high impedance and the AC voltage applied is mostly dropped across this winding.
Hence the relay A drops i.e. remains de-energised.
When second rotor earth fault occurs a DC current flows through the transductor
DC winding which causes the impedance of the AC winding to reduce considerably by
driving the transductor core into saturation. Hence the applied voltage is fully available
across the relay and the latter operates.
The selector switch SW1 on the generator panel will have 4 (four) positions as
follows.

1.

First rotor earth fault.

2.

Balance

3.

Test

4.

Second rotor earth fault.

Normally the selection of switch will be put in position 1 in which the first rotor
earth fault relay will be in service. If the occurrence of the first rotor earth faults of any
one machine, the selector switch of the machine is put in position-2. Connecting the
coarse control potentiometer across the field winding circuit of the affected machine.
Simultaneously the milli-ammeter is also inserted in the circuit. As can be seen
from the figure, the portions of the field winding on either side of the first rotor fault and
the coarse control potentiometer forms a DC bridge with mill-ammeter connected across
a pair of nodes. By adjusting the coarse/fine control and the range selector switch of the
milli-ammeter the bridge is balanced to null point. The selector switch is kept in
position-3 in which milli-ammeter is replaced by relay, but the relay trip circuit is
isolated. After making sure that the relay does not pick-up then the SW1 is turned to
position-4. There by putting the second rotor earth fault relay in service.
Protection against prime mover failure: (Need of low forward power relay and reverse
power relay)
The effect of prime mover failure causes the generator to act as motor by drawing
power from the system which may result in severe mechanical damage and, in addition
will impose a heavy motoring load on the generator. The reverse power relay is normally
used for two applications as a reverse power relay to trip the generator when the machine
starts motoring and as a reverse power interlock device to prevent the possibility of a
turbo-generator set over speeding should a steam valve fail to close completely after the
generator circuit breaker has opened on a fault.
Use a low forward power interlock instead of reverse power interlock. When low
interlock with normally closed contact as soon as the power supplied by the generator

falls below O 5 % of rated power the low forward power relay resets and completes the
tripping circuits to the generator circuit breaker.

GENERATOR SENSITIVE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION:

This protection is especially provided in the generator to sense any earth leakage
near to the neutral. Question may come why separate earth fault relays is used. Reason
is that other earth fault relay senses earth current of higher magnitude. But when there is
an earth fault near to the neutral it may not be possible for the machine voltage to drive
that much higher current. So one earth fault relay having very low current operating unit
is used for sensitive earth fault relay. Since it is a low current setting relay it may mal
operate. To protect it from mal operation we have used another relay, which will sense
earth fault current in earthing transformer neutral, which will ensure that definitely some
earth fault is present. This may operate generator terminal earth fault also. To prevent to
do so we have put over current relay 50 X is provided which sense over current and
prevents the earth fault relay to operate.
RELAY SETTINGS:64GS -

2.5 ma

CTR

4500 / 1A

50 X

2.5A

2.5A

2.5A

50NX1 (From earthing transformer # 1 neutral CT)

Setting - 0.05 Amps
CTR - 200/1
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME:

This relay is meant to protect the GSB-1 Bus sections. There are three sections.
For each section one relay is provided. Partial differential relay contains two separate
relays. One is IDMT/INST over current relay for phase faults and other one is IDMT
earth fault relay for earth faults. The partial differential relay will act when either of those
two relays are acted.
IDMT/INST over current relay:
Plug setting
IDMT

Range

TMS

0.5-2

Range

TMS

Instantaneous setting - 4
IDMT earth fault relay:
Plug setting
0.1

0.1 - 0.4

0.2

GENERATOR OUT OF STEP RELAY:

A CAG 19 relay serves as an over current starter and this is set at between 50 and
20% of nominal current. Based on 5 Amp CTs below the current no operation can occur.
Both character look into the source and consequently ignore all conditions of load other
than those which produce a reversal of power flow such as one occurring with a condition
of pole slip or power swing exceeding 90 O.

The timer is incorporated so that

discrimination can be made between a power source and a pole slip condition. A trip
condition can only occur if the timer has timed out before the fault moves into the blinder
region. If the fault never reaches the operating region of the blinder or moves between
the directional and blinder characteristics in a time less than the time setting than no

operation will occur. The relay consists of a directional unit and a reverse reach blinder
based on the YTG Mho type static relay measurement technique and incorporates these
components.It is used to protect synchronous motors against the effects of pole slipping
caused by excessive load or insufficient field excitation, pole slipping in the generator
causes slow down and losing synchronism. The ZTO relay consists of a directional unit
with a variable lag angle (1) setting between 50 to 75O, and a blinder unit also with a
variable lag angle (2) setting between 50 to 75O which has reverse resistive reach setting
between 0-25 ohms and 32 ohms.Since it can deal only with a pole slip condition
emanating from are directions.

The ZTP relay is limited to applications in close

proximity to a generator.
R1 = 0.90 to 1
The relay setting:

R2 = 0.55 to 1 R3 = 0.5 to 32

K1 = 0.92, K2 = 0.82, K3 = 8, t = 50, 1 = 75O , 2 = 75O

chapter 5
FAULT CALCULATIONS

AND RESPONSE OF RELAYS FOR DIFFERENT FAULTS

T.P.P of VSP has three generators of 60 MW capacity each and one generator of
67.5 MW capacity. All generators have floating neutral. As VSP captive power plant
generators are connected to 11 kV Bus (GSB1). The 11 kV is step-up to 220 kV through
two 220kV/11kV power transformers. The 220 kV sub station is named as LBSS-5. The
11kv system is earthed at GSB-1 through three earthing transformers. Out of three
transformers two transformers are in service. Our plant auxiliary supply and emergency
loads are connected to this GSB-1 Bus.

A separate 220 kV station (MRS) main receiving station receives the APSEB
supply through line AL1 and AL2. LSBB-1 connects to MRS through positive line-1 & 2.
Four sub-stations located at different places are fed through MRS and catering the loads
of steel plant.
NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TG1, TG2 & TG3:
MW rating

60 MW

MVA rating

75 MVA

Rated power factor

0.8

Rated voltage

11000 Volts

Rated current

3936 Amps

Rotor voltage

300 Volts

Rotor current

596 Amps

Connection

Star

Speed

3000 rpm

Coolant

Air

Winding type

Double layer

Positive sequence impedance

18.8%

Negative sequence impedance

19.7%

Zero sequence impedance

12.9%

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TG4:

MW rating

67.5 MW

MVA rating

84.375 MVA

Rated power factor

0.8

Rated voltage

11000 Volts

Rated current

4429 Amps

Rotor voltage

307 Volts

Rotor current

624 Amps

Connection

Star

Speed

3000 rpm

Coolant

Air

Winding type

Double layer

Positive sequence impedance

21.45%

Negative sequence impedance

20.92%

Zero sequence impedance

11.57%

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TRANSFORMERS T1 & T2:

Rated KVA

ON AN 50000
ON AF 63000

Rated voltage

HV

220 kV

LV

11 kV
HV

Rated current

ON AN

131.2 A

2624.6 A

ON AF

165.3 A

3307.0 A

Frequency

50 Hz

Positive sequence impedance

22.67%

Negative sequence impedance

21.58%

Zero sequence impedance

16.79%

All the values are based on 50 MVA

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TRANSFORMERS T3:

Rated KVA

9000

Rated voltage

HV

220 kV

LV

11 kV

Rated current

LV

HV 236.2 A
LV 4723.8 A

Frequency

50 Hz

Impedance voltage

11.6%

FAULT CALCULATIONS:
Choose a system base of 100 MVA and base voltage as 11 kV at all Generators.
The impedance voltages on 100 MVA base are as below.
GENERATORS TG-1, TG-2 & TG3:
(MVA)b, new (KV2)b, old
We have Z(p.u.) new = Z(pu) old x ------------------ x -----------------(MVA)b, old
(KV2)b, new
100
112
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XG1 (pu) = 0.188 x ------- x -----75
112
= 0.25067 pu
100
Negative sequence impedance or reactance, XG2 (pu) = 0.197 x ------- x -----75

112
112

= 0.2626 pu
100
112
Zero sequence impedance or reactance, XG0 (pu) = 0.129 x ------- x -------75
112
= 0.172 pu

Generator TG-4:
100
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XG1 (pu) = 0.2145 x --------- x -----84.375

112
112

= 0.2542 pu
100

112

Negative sequence impedance or reactance, XG2 (pu) = 0.2092 x ------- x -----84.375

112

= 0.2479 pu
100
112
Zero sequence impedance or reactance, XG0 (pu) = 0.1157 x ---------- x -------84.375
112
= 0.13713 pu
REACTORS:
Reactance of reactors = 0.2 (positive)
= 0.2 (negative)
= 1.0 (Zero sequence)
(KV2)b
112
Base reactance, Xb = ------------ = -------- = 1.21
(MV)b
100
0.2
Positive sequence reactance, of reactor = -------- = 0.1653 pu
1.21
0.2
Negative sequence reactance, of reactor = -------- = 0.1653 pu
1.21
1.0
Zero sequence reactance, of reactor = -------- = 0.82645 pu
1.21

TRANSFORMERS T1 & T2:

100
112
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XT1 (pu) = 0.2267 x --------- x -----50
112

= 0.4534 pu
100
Negative sequence impedance or reactance, XT2 (pu) = 0.2158 x ------- x -----50

112
112

= 0.4316 pu
100
112
Zero sequence impedance or reactance, XT0 (pu) = 0.1679 x ------- x -------50
112
= 0.3358 pu
TRANSFORMER T3:
100
112
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XT1 (pu) = 0.116 x --------- x -----90
112
= 0.1289 pu

EARTHING TRANSFORMER:
Here the 11 kV bus is earthed using zigzag transformer earthing through a 14
resistance.
Actual value
14
Its pu value = --------------------- = ------- = 11.57025 pu
Base value
1.21

3- FAULT OR SYMMETRICAL FAULT CALCULATIONS:

For Fault at F1:

The Thevenins equivalent circuit for fault at F 1 is obtained by exciting the
passive Thevenins network at the fault point by negative of pre-fault voltage and is as
shown in figure enclosed.
On reducing the circuit in the enclosed figure we get
The equivalent impedance of circuit at F1 = j 0.12007 pu
1.0
Fault current, If = ----------------- = - j 8.32863 pu
j 0.12007
If (pu) = 8.32863
If = 8.32863 x base value of current
100 x 106
Base value of current = ------------------------ = 5248.6388 Amps
3 x 11 x 103
Fault current, If = 8.32863 x 5248.6388 = 43.71897 kA

If = 43.71897 kA

The contributions of each generator to the fault are given as:

Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (pu) = 3.99
IG1 = 3.99 x 5248.6388 = 20.942 kA

IG1 = 20.942 kA

Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (pu) = 1.9803

IG2 = 1.9803 x 5248.6388 = 10.394 kA

IG2 = 10.394 kA
Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (pu) = 1.27623
IG3 = 1.27623 x 5248.6388 = 6.6985 kA

IG3 = 6.6985 kA

Current contributed by Generator-4, IG4 (pu) = 1.0821

IG3 = 1.0821 x 5248.6388 = 5.6797 kA

IG4 = 5.6797 kA

The relays which are operated for 3 faults at F1 are:

Partial differential IDMT/Instantaneous over current relay:
The relay settings are:
R

TMS

0.45

And instantaneous over current setting = 1.3 x 4 = 5.2 Amps

The 3- symmetrical fault current is, If = 43.7139 kA

Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 43.7139 / 4500 = 9.7

So, for 3- fault partial differential instantaneous over current relay operates.
For the IDMT relay, for PSM = 9.7, time in seconds = 3.1 sec. (from the scale).
Actual operating time = 3.1 x 0.45 = 1.395 sec.
The IDMT relay will act with 1.395 seconds time delay if instantaneous over current
relay fails to act.
For this fault i.e. for 3- fault on GSB1, differential relay of Generator-1 will not
act since it is a through fault.
If the fault occurs before the generator circuit breaker then the differential relay
will operate to open the generator circuit breaker. The fault current remains same if the
fault occurs either on GSB-1 section or before Generator circuit breaker or before Power
transformer circuit breaker. But the relays operating at different faults are not same.
If the fault occurs before generator circuit breaker the differential relay will act
instantly and trip the generator circuit breaker. So the remaining system will not be
affected. In the same way if the fault occurs before the power transformer circuit breaker
the transformer differential relay will act and trip the transformer circuit breaker only, so
remaining system will be unaffected.

For Fault at F2:

The Thevenins equivalent circuit for fault at F 2 is obtained by exciting the
passive Thevenins network at the fault point by negative of pre-fault voltage and is as
shown in figure enclosed.

On reducing the circuit in the enclosed figure we get

The equivalent impedance of circuit at F2 = j 0.10699 pu
1.0
Fault current, If = ----------------- = - j 9.346745 pu
j 0.10699
If (pu) = 9.346745
Fault current, If = 9.346745 x 5248.6388 = 49.0577 kA

If = 49.0577 kA
The contribution of each generator to the fault are given as:
Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (pu) = 2.22213
IG1 = 2.22213 x 5248.6388 = 11.6632 kA

IG1 = 11.6632 kA
Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (pu) = 3.989
IG2 = 3.989x 5248.6388 = 20.9364 kA

IG2 = 20.9364kA
Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (pu) = 2.22213
IG3 = 2.22213 x 5248.6388 = 11.6632 kA

IG3 = 11.6632 kA

Current contributed by Generator-4, IG4 (pu) = 0.91355

IG3 = 0.91355 x 5248.6388 = 4.7949 kA

IG4 = 4.7949 kA

The relays which are operated for 3- faults at F2 is:

Partial differential IDMT/Instantaneous over current relay:

The relay settings are:

R

TMS

0.45

and instantaneous over current setting = 1.3 x 4 = 5.2 Amps

The 3- symmetrical fault current is, If = 49.0577 kA
Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 49.0577 / 4500 = 10.9
So, for 3- fault partial differential instantaneous over current relay operates.
For the IDMT relay, for PSM = 10.9, time in seconds = 2.9 sec. (from the scale).
Actual operating time = 2.9 x 0.45 = 1.31 sec.
The IDMT relay will act with 1.31 seconds time delay if instantaneous over current
relay fails to act.
For this fault also the differential protection scheme of Generator-2 will not act
since it is a through fault.

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT CALCULATIONS:

Here we have discussed the most occurring unsymmetrical fault i.e. L-G fault
only. The 3 sequence diagrams are enclosed.

FOR L-G FAULT OR EARTH FAULT AT F1

From the sequence diagrams
Equivalent positive sequence impedance at fault point F1 = Z1 = j 0.131922 pu
Equivalent negative sequence impedance at fault point F1 = Z2 = j 0.121268 pu
Equivalent zero sequence impedance at fault point F1 = Z0 = 17.3652+ j 0.413 pu
For L-G fault, the positive, negative and zero sequence networks are connected in series.
EO
1.0
IR1 = IR2 = IRO = ----------------- = -------------------------------Z1+Z2+Z0
17.3652 + J 0.66618
= 0.057544 -2.197O
Fault current If = 3 x IR1 = 3 x 0.057544
=

0.172632 pu

If = 0.17263 x 5248.6388 = 906.083 A

If = 906.083 A

The contribution of each generator to the fault are given as:

Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (pu) = 0.09084
IG1 = 0.09084 x 5248.6388 = 476.7863 A

IG1 = 476.7863 A

Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (up) = 0.047182

IG2 = 0.047182 x 5248.6388 = 247.6413 A

IG2 = 247.6413 A

Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (up) = 0.03461

IG3 = 0.03461 x 5248.6388 = 181.6554 A

IG3 = 181.6554 A

The relay, which is operated, is:

Fault current If = 906.083 A
Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 906.083 / 4500
=

0.201352

Partial differential protection for GSB-1 Section-1

Plug setting = 0.1 A
Time multiplier setting = 0.3
Plug setting multiplier = 0.201352 / 0.1
=

2.0135

From the scale for PSM = 2.0135, time in sec = 10 sec.

The time required for the relay to operate for the earth fault at F1 = 10 x 0.3
= 3 Sec.
Partial differential IDMT earth fault relay (51N) of GSB-1 Section-1 will act with
operating time = 3 Sec.

Here the fault is at GSB-1 Section-1 so the restricted earth fault relay will not operate
since it is a through fault.
If the earth fault is at generator terminals then for the same fault current i.e.
If = 906.083 Amps
The current contribution of each Generator is:
IG1 = 476.7863 A
IG2 = 247.6413 A
IG3 = 181.6554 A
IG1 when referred to CT secondary = 476.7863 / 4500 = 0.106 A
The restricted earth fault relay setting = 0.05 Amps
Restricted earth fault relay of Generator-1 will operate for Earth faults at
Generator-1 terminals only.

FOR L-G FAULT OR EARTH FAULT AT F2

From the sequence diagrams
Equivalent positive sequence impedance at fault point F2 = Z1 = j 0.11368 up
Equivalent negative sequence impedance at fault point F2 = Z2 = j 0.1179 up
Equivalent zero sequence impedance at fault point F2=Z0=17.5537+j 0.413225 up
For L-G fault, the positive, negative and zero sequence networks are connected in series.
EO
1.0
IR1 = IR2 = IRO = ----------------- = -------------------------------Z1+Z2+Z0
17.3553 + J 0.644805
= 0.0575796 -2.128O

 Fault current If = 3 x IR1 = 3 x 0.0575796

=

0.172738 up

If = 0.172738 x 5248.6388 = 906.64 A

If = 906.64 A
The contribution of each generator to the fault are given as:
Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (up) = 0.04720235
IG1 = 0.04720235 x 5248.6388 = 247.748 A

IG1 = 247.748 A

Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (up) = 0.07833

IG2 = 0.07833 x 5248.6388 = 411.1432 A

IG2 = 411.1432 A

Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (up) = 0.04720235

IG3 = 0.04720235 x 5248.6388 = 247.748 A

IG3 = 247.748 A

The relay, which is operated, is:

Fault current If = 906.64 A

Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 906.64 / 4500

=

0.2015

Partial differential protection for GSB-1 Section-1

Plug setting = 0.1 A
Time multiplier setting = 0.3
Plug setting multiplier = 0.2015 / 0.1
=

2.015

From the scale for PSM = 2.015, time in sec = 10 sec.

The time required for the relay to operate for the earth fault at F1 = 10 x 0.3
= 3 Sec.
Partial differential IDMT earth fault relay (51N) of GSB-1 Section-1 will act with
operating time = 3 Sec.
Here also the fault is at GSB-1 Section-2 so the restricted earth fault relay will not
operate since it is a through fault.

If the earth fault is at second generator terminals then for the same fault current i.e.
If = 906.64 Amps
The current contribution of each Generator is:
IG1 = 247.748 A
IG2 = 411.1432 A

IG3 = 247.748 A
IG2 when referred to CT secondary = 411.1432 / 4500 = 0.0914 A
The restricted earth fault relay setting = 0.05 Amps

Restricted earth fault relay of Generator-2 will operate for Earth faults at
Generator-2 terminals only.

CONCLUSION

The very purpose of protection system is to monitor the unwanted conditions and
when such conditions arise, to remove the faults in the shortest time possible, leaving
unaffected are operational.

In this project we have studied analysed the protection provided to 60 MW Turbo

generators in Thermal Power Plant of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. In this we have

analysed both symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults and response of different relays for
these faults with the existing settings.
In the present age, microprocessor based relays have come to market. These relays
provide a spectrum of information in a single relay. Practically it has been observed that
these relays are good from the study and analysis point of view where as for reliability
and dependability, the Electro Mechanical and Electro Magnetic Relays are still superior
to microprocessor based relays. Since Electromechanical relays operate only with actual
electrical signals.