Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Example:
Psychology: study behavior
Sociology: study social system
Anthropology: study social cultural system
1. Functionalism
Scholars: Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, & Emile Durkheim
Society is akin to the organs in our body, each organ (each part of a society) has its own
functions but the organs are also dependent on each other, they work together to
contribute to the overall function of the system.
These parts have mutual understanding and social integration is a result of mutual
agreement of its members.
Emphasis : social norms
In Classroom/School
All the members function (including the outliers) and theres no conflict.
Classroom interaction: Stable and with purpose
Classroom: a place to select and stream students
Students: learn to obey instructions and rules
To teach the knowledge and behaviorsthat is needed to maintain the social norms/rules
and to contribute to the society.
Its the place to form social values or to socialize students with rules and the norms of the
society, and to train them to become a member who contributes to the society.
To train educated human resource and to prepare students for the working environment
2. Conflict Theory
Scholars: Karl Marx & Max Weber
The functionalism fails to identify the differences and diversity in a group like interest, ideology,
tendency, etc that often lead to conflicts.
Society is heterogeneous, and each sub-group may have its own agenda / individual needs.
Hence, theres a dynamic relationship in interactions among groups.
Conflicts in a society are something natural and its not violence but it occurs in the form of fight
(perjuangan) and competition.
Conflict theories are concerned with the issues of who benefits from particular social
arrangements and how those in power maintain their positions and continue to reap benefits
from them.
This theory assumes that tension is caused by individual interest or competing groups.
There are groups with haves and have nots; which causes a tense that could lead to a struggle
for power.
Haves attempts to control power, wealth and facilities
Have nots always face challenges in obtaining power, wealth and facilities
Social interaction: based on (bentukpergelutan) and chaos, not on cooperation.
This struggle for power can determine the structure and function of an organization and
changing hierarchies.
The stronger group often uses force and manipulation to unite the society but sometimes
changes do occur and they occur rapidly.
Each conflict causes rising of a new group that will expand and unite when the conflict is over.
Approach of the Conflict Theory in Education
Weber: studied bureaucracy and the concept of relationships between status groups.
School: a tool to form social layers according to people of power/authority (high status); a
place to form and maintain social control (benefit existing group while maintaining the
poor, low status group, eg: elite schools).
Schools main activity: to teach the natural status culture inside and outside of school
Willard Waller: Schools often have imbalanced condition, such as teachers and the
authorities feeling threatened all at time.
3. Interactionism
Views human not as passive organism formed by social pressures in the society, but as an active
human, and good at assessing and appreciating the outside world.
Karen Chapmen (1986):
A child may be a model pupil in a classroom where the teacher respects him/her and
allow him/her to express himself/herself.