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Muscular System
MYOLOGY
Properties of muscles
1. Excitability
- action potentials
2. Conductivity
3. Contractility
- isometric contraction
- isotonic contraction
4. Extensibility
5. Elasticity
Deep Fascia
1. Epimysium - tough, overcoat connective tissue that covers the entire muscle
a. tendon – strong, thick, cord-like attachment of muscle to bone
- provide durability and conserve space
b. aponeurosis – broad, thin, sheet-like attachment of muscle to bone, cartilages, or
connective tissue covering of each other
ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLES
2. Perimysium
- coarse fibrous membrane that covers muscle fascicles
- fascicles – bundles of muscle fibers
3. Endomysium
- delicate connective tissue sheath that enclose the individual muscle fiber
Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscles
MYOCYTE/myofibrils - muscle cells
SARCOLEMMA –plasma membrane of muscle cells
SARCOPLASM – cytoplasm of muscle cells occupied by myofilaments
SARCOMERE – functional units of muscle cells
- z line to z line in location
MYOFILAMENTS –thread-like contractile proteins of myocytes
Types of Myofilaments
1. MYOSIN - thick myofilament that characterized the A band,
- mostly made of bundled molecules of protein myosin
- types:
a. HEAVY MEROMYOSIN
- thick, with globular heads which contain the actin – binding site and ATPase site
b. LIGHT MEROMYOSIN
- thin, tail to tail arrangement of myosin
2. ACTIN – thin myofilament that characterize the I band
Types:
a. Actin – the principal globular CHON
- with myosin binding site
b. Tropomyosin – filamentous CHON that covers the myosin- binding site of actin
c. Troponin – triplet CHON which are in constant interval in the actin
c.1 Tn-T
c.2 Tn-C
c.3 Tn - I
MUSCLE TWITCH
The single, brief, jerky contractions sometimes result due to some nervous system
problems
In a twitch, single stimulus is delivered, a muscle contracts and then relax
3 phases:
1. Latent period
2. Contraction period
3. Relaxation period
ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. Direct phosphorylation of adp by creatine phosphate
2. Anaerobic Respiration – 5 % of the ATP used by the muscle but 2.5 times faster in providing
energy
3. Aerobic Respiration – 95% of the energy used by the muscle
TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS
FIBER CXCS FAST-TWITCH INTERME-DIATE SLOW TWITCH
Fiber size Large Intermediate Small
Glycogen content High Intermediate Low
Myosin ATPase High High Low
Myoglobin Low High Low
Energy Anaerobic Combination Aerobic
Twitch Fast Fast Slow
Primary Use Speed & power Moderate activity Endurance
TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBER
MUSCLE TONE
The state of continuous partial contractions of muscles
The results of different muscle motor units that are scattered throughout the muscle, being
stimulated by the nervous system in a systemic way.
RIGOR MORTIS
The resulting condition in which muscles are in the state of rigidity
Lasts for about 24 hours but disappears as the tissues begin to disintegrate
After death, myofibrils and calcium ions leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
INVERTEBATE MUSCULATURE
1. PROTOZOANS: CILIA, FLAGELLA,PSEUDOPODIA
2. MOLLUSKS: VENTRAL MUSCLE
3. NEMATODES: CIRCULAR FIBERS
LONGITUDINAL FIBERS
4. PLATYHELMINTHS: CIRCULAR, LONGITUDINAL,DORSO-VENTRAL MUSCLE
5. ECHINODERMS: TUBE FEET
DIVISION OF THE MUSCLE
(VERTEBRATE MUSCULATURE)
1. Axial Muscles
2.Appendicular Muscles
a. Intrinsic Appendicular Muscles – originate fm. Axial skeleton and inserted on the
proximal ends of the appendages which bring about movement of the entire limbs
b. Extrinsic Appendicular Muscles – origin and insertion is within the limits of the
appendage bringing movement only parts of the limb
TORTICOLIS
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
HIGH HEEL SYNDROME
HIATAL HERNIA
UMBILICAL HERNIA
Inguinal Hernia
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
An autoimmune disease that causes progressive,chronic damage og the neuromuscular
junction
The immune system inapproppriately produce antibodies that bind to and block ACh
receptors,thereby causing decreasintg number of functional ACh receptors thus muscle
become weaker,fatigue easily and eventually cease its function.
Occurs in 1 out of 10,000 people ,common in women (20-40Yrs old onset), than men (50-
60 onset)
70% of the patients have hyperlasia in thyumus
MYASTHENIA
ABNORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
1. SPASM – a sudden involuntary contractions of a single muscle in a large group of
muscles
2. CRAMP – a painful spasmodic contraction
3. TIC – a spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscle that are ordinarily under
voluntary control
- eyelid and facial muscles
4. TREMOR – a rhythmic,involuntary,purposeless contraction that produces quivering or
shaking movement
5. FASCICULATION – an involuntary,brieg twitch of an entire motor unit that is visible under
the skin
- occurs irregularly but is not associated with movement of the affected muscle as in
MS or multiple sclerosis
6. FIBRILLATION – a spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible in
skin but can be recorded by electromyography
- may signals destruction of motor neurons
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES
MYALGIA – pain in or associated with muscles
MYOMA – a tumor consisting of muscle tissue
MYOMALACIA - pathological softening of muscle
MYOSITIS – inflammation of muscle tissue
MYOTONIA – increased muscular excitability
and contractility with decreased power of relaxation