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ZOOLOGY 100 NOTES (5).

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Muscular System
MYOLOGY

Functions of the muscular system


1. For production of movements/locomotion
2. Maintenance of posture
3. Stabilize joints
4. Generation of heat
5. Influence body contours
6. For expression of emotion
7. For storage and movement of substances
8. Allows one to manipulate the environment

Properties of muscles
1. Excitability
- action potentials
2. Conductivity
3. Contractility
- isometric contraction
- isotonic contraction
4. Extensibility
5. Elasticity

Overview of muscle tissues


THE THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES
1. SKELETAL
2. SMOOTH
3. CARDIAC

Differences of Muscle Tissues


BASIS SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC
1.Location Bones Visceral organs heart
2. Shape Elongated Fusiform Elongated,branched
3. # of nuclei Many Single Single
4. Nuclear Peripheral Central Central
Position
5. Striation Present Absent Present
6. Contraction Rapid Slow Moderate
7. Stimuli Electrical Chemical electrochemi-cal
BASIS SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC
8. Fiber 10-200 cm 30-200 um 50 –100 um
Diameter
9. Organization Yes No Yes
of CHONS
into
sarcomere
10. SR Present Present Scanty
11. Gap No Yes Yes – single unit muscle,
Junctions no for multi-unit
12.Authorhythmi No Yes Yes
-city
13. Source of Ca SR SR SR and ECF
ions
14. Regulation Acetylcholine released Ach,NE for ANS motor Ach,NE for ANS motor
of contraction by somatic motor neurons, neurons,
neurons hormones Hormones,chemical
changes
Organization of muscle tissue
1. Superficial Fascia
- separates the muscle from the integument
- made up of areolar and adipose tissue that
a. insulate heat and reduce heat loss
b. provides pathway and framework for nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels to
enter and leave muscles
c. stores water and fats
d. provides mechanical protection and prevent physical trauma
2.Deep Fascia
- with dense irregular conn. tissue that lines the body wall
- 3 layers: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
- functions:
a. Holds the muscle together
b. Allows movement of muscles
c. Supports nerves,blood vessels and lymphatic
d. Fill spaces between muscles
e. separates the muscles into functional units

Deep Fascia
1. Epimysium - tough, overcoat connective tissue that covers the entire muscle
a. tendon – strong, thick, cord-like attachment of muscle to bone
- provide durability and conserve space
b. aponeurosis – broad, thin, sheet-like attachment of muscle to bone, cartilages, or
connective tissue covering of each other
ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLES

2. Perimysium
- coarse fibrous membrane that covers muscle fascicles
- fascicles – bundles of muscle fibers
3. Endomysium
- delicate connective tissue sheath that enclose the individual muscle fiber
Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscles
 MYOCYTE/myofibrils - muscle cells
 SARCOLEMMA –plasma membrane of muscle cells
 SARCOPLASM – cytoplasm of muscle cells occupied by myofilaments
SARCOMERE – functional units of muscle cells
- z line to z line in location
MYOFILAMENTS –thread-like contractile proteins of myocytes

Types of Myofilaments
1. MYOSIN - thick myofilament that characterized the A band,
- mostly made of bundled molecules of protein myosin
- types:
a. HEAVY MEROMYOSIN
- thick, with globular heads which contain the actin – binding site and ATPase site
b. LIGHT MEROMYOSIN
- thin, tail to tail arrangement of myosin
2. ACTIN – thin myofilament that characterize the I band
Types:
a. Actin – the principal globular CHON
- with myosin binding site
b. Tropomyosin – filamentous CHON that covers the myosin- binding site of actin
c. Troponin – triplet CHON which are in constant interval in the actin
c.1 Tn-T
c.2 Tn-C
c.3 Tn - I

SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY


 Irritability
 Contractility
 Nerve impulse and Action Potential
- skeletal muscles must be stimulated in order to contract
- one or more neuron may stimulate a muscle fiber of groups of muscle fibers

THE MOTOR UNIT


 The neuron and the muscle fibers stimulated
 TYPES OF MOTOR UNITS
1. SINGLE MOTOR UNIT
2. MULTIPLE MOTOR UNIT

THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION


 The region where motor neurons comes in close contact with the skeletal muscle cell
 Composition:
a. Motor neuron
b. Synaptic cleft
c. Synaptic vesicles containing Neurotransmitter (ACh)
d. Axonal terminal
The Sliding Theory (Mechanism of contraction)
1. Stimulation across the neuromuscular junctin initiates an action potential, or
depolarization, on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber. This action potential spreads along
the sarcolemma and is transmitted into the T-tubule
2. The T-tubule potential causes the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release Ca in the immediate vicinity of each myofibrils
3. Ca ions bind to and thereby change the CHON structure of the troponin molecules attached
to the tropomyosin to move aside to expose the actin-binding site
4. Myosin across bridges bind to actin.Upon binding, the energized HMM undergoues a
conformational change, causing the head to tilt.This pulls the actin filament over myosin in
an action called power stroke
5. 5. After power stroke, ATP binds with HMM, causing detachment of the cross bridge from
the actin-binding sites. The enzyme ATPase within HMM cleaves ATP to ADP and energy to
energize the HMM. Then the HMM can then bind with another actin-binding site and
produce another power stroke.
6. Repeated power strokes pulls the actin filament, much like pulling a rope hand over hand.
GRADED RESPONSE
 In skeletal muscles, the “all-or-none”law of muscle physiology applies to the muscle cell,
not to the whole muscle
 All muscle contract to its fullest when stimulated adequately, it never contract partially
 Skeletal muscles react to stimuli with different degrees of shortening
 Graded contraction may in 2 ways:
1. By changing frequency of muscle contraction
2. By changing number of muscle cells stimulated

MUSCLE TWITCH
 The single, brief, jerky contractions sometimes result due to some nervous system
problems
 In a twitch, single stimulus is delivered, a muscle contracts and then relax
 3 phases:
1. Latent period
2. Contraction period
3. Relaxation period
ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. Direct phosphorylation of adp by creatine phosphate
2. Anaerobic Respiration – 5 % of the ATP used by the muscle but 2.5 times faster in providing
energy
3. Aerobic Respiration – 95% of the energy used by the muscle
TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS
FIBER CXCS FAST-TWITCH INTERME-DIATE SLOW TWITCH
Fiber size Large Intermediate Small
Glycogen content High Intermediate Low
Myosin ATPase High High Low
Myoglobin Low High Low
Energy Anaerobic Combination Aerobic
Twitch Fast Fast Slow
Primary Use Speed & power Moderate activity Endurance
TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBER

Muscle fatigue and Oxygen Debt


- Muscle fatigue occurs due to strenous activity for a long time
- Muscles are unable to contract even if they are stimulated
- Fatigue results due to oxygen debt that occurs due to porlonged muscular activity

MUSCLE TONE
 The state of continuous partial contractions of muscles
 The results of different muscle motor units that are scattered throughout the muscle, being
stimulated by the nervous system in a systemic way.

TYPES OF MUSCLE TONE


1. HYPOTONIA
- decreased or loss of muscle tone resulting to flaccid paralysis due to damaged
somatic motor neurons
- cxcs: loss or decreased tendon reflexes
atrophy
loss of muscle tone
2. HYPERTONIA
– increased muscle tone
– 2 ways of hypertonia
– SPASTIC HYPERTONIA
- cxc. By increased muscular tone (stiffness) associated with increased in
tendon reflexes and pathological reflexes
- results to spastic paralysis
b. RIGID HYPERTONIA
- refers to conditions associated with increased muscular tone but the
reflexes are not affected.

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION


1. ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
-tension always remain almost constant
- occurs when one move a constant load through the range of motion possible at a joint
- 2 types:
a. CONCENTRIC ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
- muscles shortens, angle between joints is reduced
b. ECCENTRIC ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
- occurs when overall length of the muscle increases during contraction
2. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
 Occurs when muscle does or cannot shorten, but tension of the muscle increases greatly
 The 2 forces- contraction and strengthening that are applied in opposite directions create
the tension
 Important because they stabilize joints as others are moved

RIGOR MORTIS
 The resulting condition in which muscles are in the state of rigidity
 Lasts for about 24 hours but disappears as the tissues begin to disintegrate
 After death, myofibrils and calcium ions leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TO MUSCLE


 Regular exercise increases muscle size, strength, and endurance
 Aerobic exercise such as jogging,biking results in stronger,more flexible muscles with
greater resistance to fatigue
 Aerobic exercise causes the heart to enlarge thus increase the amount of blood pumped
 Weight-lifting exercise will cause hypertonia and increase in strength

INVERTEBATE MUSCULATURE
1. PROTOZOANS: CILIA, FLAGELLA,PSEUDOPODIA
2. MOLLUSKS: VENTRAL MUSCLE
3. NEMATODES: CIRCULAR FIBERS
LONGITUDINAL FIBERS
4. PLATYHELMINTHS: CIRCULAR, LONGITUDINAL,DORSO-VENTRAL MUSCLE
5. ECHINODERMS: TUBE FEET
DIVISION OF THE MUSCLE
(VERTEBRATE MUSCULATURE)
1. Axial Muscles
2.Appendicular Muscles
a. Intrinsic Appendicular Muscles – originate fm. Axial skeleton and inserted on the
proximal ends of the appendages which bring about movement of the entire limbs
b. Extrinsic Appendicular Muscles – origin and insertion is within the limits of the
appendage bringing movement only parts of the limb

POINTS OF ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES


1. ORIGIN – proximal, less movable or immovable point of attachment of muscle
2. INSERTION – distal, freely-movable point of attachment of muscles

Origin and Insertion

Types of body Movements


1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Rotation
4. Abduction
5. Adduction
6. Circumduction
Special Movements
1. Dorsilexion
2. Plantarflexion
3. Inversion
4. Eversion
5. Supination
6. Pronation
7. Opposition

TYPES OF MUSCLE ACCORDING TO MOVEMENT


1. AGONISTS/ Prime Mover
2. ANTAGONIST
3. SYNERGISTS
4. FIXATORS

NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES


1. DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS
2. RELATIVE SIZE
3. LOCATION
4. NUMBER OF ORIGINS
5. ATTACHMENT/ LOCATION OF ORIGINS AND INSERTION
6. SHAPE OF THE MUSCLE
7. ACTION/FUNCTION

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM


1. Increasing muscular control reflects the maturation of the nervous system. Muscle control
is achieved in cephalic/caudal and proximal/distal direction
2. To remain healthy, muscles must be regularly exercised to prevent atrophy and
hypertrophy
3. As we age, muscle mass decreases and muscles become sineway. Exercise to help retain
muscle mass and strength.

COMMON MUSCLE DISORDERS


1. TORTICOLIS
2. TICS
3. FIBROMYALGIA
4. BALLOON CHEEKS
5. HIGH HEEL SYNDROME
6. HERNIA
A. HIATAL HERNIA
B. INGUINAL HERNIA
C. UMBILICAL HERNIA
7. SPRAIN AND STRAIN – R-I-C-E THERAPY
8. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
9. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

TORTICOLIS

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
HIGH HEEL SYNDROME

HIATAL HERNIA

UMBILICAL HERNIA

Inguinal Hernia
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
 An autoimmune disease that causes progressive,chronic damage og the neuromuscular
junction
 The immune system inapproppriately produce antibodies that bind to and block ACh
receptors,thereby causing decreasintg number of functional ACh receptors thus muscle
become weaker,fatigue easily and eventually cease its function.
 Occurs in 1 out of 10,000 people ,common in women (20-40Yrs old onset), than men (50-
60 onset)
 70% of the patients have hyperlasia in thyumus

MYASTHENIA
ABNORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
1. SPASM – a sudden involuntary contractions of a single muscle in a large group of
muscles
2. CRAMP – a painful spasmodic contraction
3. TIC – a spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscle that are ordinarily under
voluntary control
- eyelid and facial muscles
4. TREMOR – a rhythmic,involuntary,purposeless contraction that produces quivering or
shaking movement
5. FASCICULATION – an involuntary,brieg twitch of an entire motor unit that is visible under
the skin
- occurs irregularly but is not associated with movement of the affected muscle as in
MS or multiple sclerosis
6. FIBRILLATION – a spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible in
skin but can be recorded by electromyography
- may signals destruction of motor neurons

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES
 MYALGIA – pain in or associated with muscles
 MYOMA – a tumor consisting of muscle tissue
 MYOMALACIA - pathological softening of muscle
 MYOSITIS – inflammation of muscle tissue
 MYOTONIA – increased muscular excitability
and contractility with decreased power of relaxation

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