Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Submitted to:-
Submitted By:-
Mr. C.A.Patil
(HOD,ECE)
(0832EC101011)
Dept. of
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CDGIS
CHAMELI DEVI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
INDORE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM.
ENGINEERING
ODD SEMESTER 2013 2014
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is the bonafide record of the training report
in BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL)
Carried out by Aniket Kumar Jain of VII semester (Department of
Electronics & Comm. Engineering) during the Odd Semester 2013 14. He
has satisfactorily completed the training report which is as prescribed by the
Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, in partial fulfillment towards the
award of B.E. Degree in Electronics & Comm. Engineering.
Signature of Guide
(Mr. C.A.Patil)
Date:
Signature of HOD
(Mr. C.A.Patil)
INDORE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM.
ENGINEERING
ODD SEMESTER 2013 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have immense pleasure in expressing our sincerest and deepest sense of
gratitude towards my guide Mr. C.A.Patil for the assistance in preparing and
presenting the training report. I also take this opportunity to thank
training
Coordinator and Head of the department, for providing the required facilities in
completing this report.
I am greatly thankful to my Parents, Friends and Faculty members for their
motivation, guidance and help whenever needed.
Table of contents
1) Introduction
2) About the exchange
computer unit
power plant
central air conditioner
main distribution frame
3) V-SAT network
Categories
Operational factors
Types of access V-SAT networks
fixed assignment time division multiple access(F-TDMA)
Random access
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
4) The Internet
Introduction
Internet connectivity
OSI model
National internet backbone
5) Global system for mobile communication (GSM)
GSM Architechture
Performance characteristics of GSM
6) Conclusion
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Chapter 1
An Introduction to BSNL
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BSNL Services When it comes connecting the four corners of the country , and much beyond , one solitary
name lies embedded at the pinnacle- BSNL. A company that has gone past the number
games and the quest to attain the position of the leader. It is working round the clock to
take India in to the future by providing excellent telecom services for people of India.
Driven by the very best of telecom technology from global leaders, it connects each inch of
India to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step in to tomorrow.
The telecom services have been recognized the world over as an important tool for socioeconomic development for a nation and hence telecom infrastructure is treated a
crucial factor to realize the socio-economic objectives in India. Accordingly the
Department of Telecom has been formulating developmental policies for the
accelerated growth of the telecommunication services in various cities. The
department is also responsible for frequency management in the field of radio
connection in close coordination with the international bodies.
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Chapter 2
About The Exchange
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INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this type
of service makes it enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the main server at
the internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in the computer room.
2.2 POWERPLANT
As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B
exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input.
The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply is gone
off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the
human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be adjustment source of
power. The main parts of the power room are:
Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off.
UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As we
know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are
also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a
microsecond delay will cause the loss of data.
Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely
charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in
the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle charging. But
sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe take of the batteries
from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged.
The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries.
Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC
and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange.
Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it
for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are
of
885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.
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The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by compressing it.
Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a
cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are
used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary
tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the
evaporator.
The refrigerant then passes through the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience.
HORIZONTAL SIDE:
It is again subdivided in to two parts
: Exchange side
Line side
Descr ipt ion of the hor izontal side:RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The courting is
done from up (0) to down (7).
TAG: - Each rack consists of eight tags.
1 tag = 4 core
1 core = 4 bunch
1 bunch = 2 line
N.E.:- The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF
EQUIPMENT. It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF
connected by NE.
WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between
subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic.
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VERTICAL SIDE:
The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100
pairs. These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber.
Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts:
One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line by using
100 pair underground cable.
This is how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have
different architectures of switching call routing and other features.
Now let us see how BSNL has kept up with the changing world and provided the
subscribers with the latest facilities technologies, which include the V-SAT network,
Internet, the WLL (wireless in local loop) and the GSM mobile.
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Chapter 3
V-SAT NETWORK
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V-SAT NETWORK
What is V-SAT?
It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station suitable
for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large size HUB earth
station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrated Telecom Services.
It has the following components :
a. Micro Earth Station
b. Mini Earth Station
c. Personal Earth
Station d. Roof Top
Terminal
e. Customer Premises Terminal
ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT
Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last
mile problem.
Superior quality satellite based data
services. Quick implementation time.
Reliable communication
Broadcast feature on satellite
communication. Communication to different
areas.
Flexibility for network and changes.
Service in distance
insensitive. Low cost.
3.1CATEGORIES OF V-SATs
1. Broadcast/ point to multipoint
Types of services :
a. Broadcast video
b. Program quality audio.
c. Packetised data.
In this mode of operation V-SATs transmit/receive data through a centralized HUB. This type of
network is called star network.
2. Point to point
Types of services :
a. Voice
b. Data
c. Image
In this mode of operation, V-SATs transmit/receive data without the help of hub station. This
type of network is called a mesh network.
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multiple access. This simplest method for the stations to transmit burst without regard for other
station.
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Features
All stations operate on the same transponder frequency using a large bandwidth
than needed for the data rate.
Network needs no time for frequency coordination.
Provide anti jam capabilities or protection against interference.
Provide for a graceful degradation of network performance as the number
of simultaneous users increases.
Low spectral density compared to conventional
emissions. It yields same capacity as FDMA.
Limitations of CDMA
Require large transponder ratio.
Due to imperfect code orthogonalities, expected simultaneous users may be
limited. Requires a highly central earth station called HUB using star
configuration.
VSAT technology using SSMA is presently available only for low bit rate application.
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Chapter 4
The INTERNET
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INTERNET
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group of
various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on TCP\IP
communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard communication link.
The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are connected to each other for
exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity and set of procedures. GIAS:
BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial up/leased/ISDN
network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means.
The basic function of Internet can be summarized as underInterconnecting of computers to form a network.
Interconnecting of computers to form a network of
networks.
To establish a communication link between two computers within as network.
To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is
not working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.
The open systems interconnection model defines all the methods and protocols needed to
connect one computer to any other over a network.The OSI model separates the methods and
protocols needed for a network connection in to seven different layers. Each higher layer relies
on services provided by a lower level layer.The OSI model is sometimes called the seven
layer model. It was developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983 and
is documented as standard 7498.
Layers are:
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
PHYSICAL LAYER:The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used
to make a network connection. The physical connection can be either point to point or
multipoint, and it can consist of either half duplex (one direction at a time) or full duplex
(both directions simultaneously) transmissions. For example, a NIC network interface
network) is part of the physical layer.
DATA LINK LAYER: The data link layer,defines standard that assign meaning to the bits
carried by the physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the physical layer, so the
network layer (layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer typically includes error
detection and correction to ensure a reliable data stream. The data elements carried by the data
link layer are called frames.
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NETWORK LAYER: The network layer, is where a lot of action goes on for most
networks. The network layer defines how data packets get from one point to another on
network. The Network layer is also known as packet layer, it defines different packet
protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX). These packet
protocols include source and destination routing information.
TRANSPORT LAYER: The Transport Layer,manages the flow of information from one
network node to another. It ensures that the packets are decoded in the proper sequence and
that all packets are received. Transport layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).Each is used in concert with IP and IPX
respectively.
SESSION LAYER: The session layer, defines the connection from a user to a network server,
or from a peer on a network to another peer. These virtual connections are referred to as
sessions.
They include negotiation between the client and the host, or peer and peer, on matters of
flow and control, transaction- processing, transfer of user information, and authentication to
the network.
PRESENTATION LAYER: The presentation layer, takes the data supplied by the lower level
layer and transform so it can be presented to the system. The Presentation layer can include
data compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption.
APPLICATION LAYER: The Application layer,controls how the operating system and
its application interact with network.
As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program or the operating
system, and then goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven layers of the
OSI
model one by one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted over the
network connection. The computer at the receiving end reverses this process. At each stage of
the OSI
model, the data is wrapped with new control information related to the work done at the
particular layer. This control information is different for each layer, but it includes
headers,
trailers pre-ambles, and post-ambles.
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HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various parts of
web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text, link graphics
and link media.
ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology
that provides both voice and data services over the same connection.
ISP:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other net
related services.
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Chapter 5
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)
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4)OSS(Operational Subsystem)
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area. A BSS may consist of one or more BS. The BSS includes two types of machines
1) BTS (Base transceiver Station) 2)BSC (Base Station Controller)
Signal Processing
Synchronization
Local maintenance handling
Functional supervision and Testing
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Figure 4. BSS
Functions of BSC :
Figure 5. BTS
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Figure 6. NSS
1. Mobile Switching Center(MSC):
The main role of the MSC is to manage the communication between the GSM users and other
telecommunication network users.. The MSC has interface with the BSS on the one side and
the external networks on the other. MSC Functions:
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Communication -Mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services.
Total mobility- international access, chip-card enables use of access points of
different providers.
CONCLUSION
Hence in the last I can say that taking training in such an organization proved to be
very beneficial for me. I learnt quite a lot about electronic exchange, Internet, Land line,
WLL, Mobile GSM & 3G, and the basis of processing Exchange. I also got firsthand
knowledge of how a Telephone Exchange works. The first phase of training has proved to be
quite fruitful. It provides an opportunity to encounter with such huge machines. The
architecture of company has various units. They are linked and working of whole plant is
controlled make the student realized that engineering is not just learning the structure
description and working of various machines. But the greater part is planning proper
management.
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