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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HAWT BLADE USING

COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR LOW WIND


Gagan sahu1, Sameer Sahu2
1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Christian College of Engineering And Technology Bhilai, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and IT MATS University Raipur, India

Abstract- Wind turbines are the one of the solutions


for the todays energy crisis in the world. In India
plays a significant role in renewable energy
generation as it covers more than 70% of the energy
generated by the renewable energy sources. Still we
have wind turbine with comparative less efficiency.
Selection of material such as composites for
construction of wind turbine blades leads to optimum
performance. For the purpose we are taking most
basic blade profile for wind turbine blade i.e.
NACA0012. 2-D analysis by ANSYS Fluent is
performed on the same for local wind speed (Durg,
Chhattisgarh, India) for obtaining shape factor for
wind load calculation. Later on 3-D model of profile
we have performed structural analysis using ANSYS
Mechanical using different material and composite
material for comparative study which will show the
optimum material for the manufacturing of wind
turbine blade.
Keywords - Composite material, E glass fiber, E glass
fiber UD, HAWT (horizontal axis wind turbine),
NACA 0012, Std CF fabric, structural analysis,
equivalent stress, stress xx, Total deformation.

I.

BRIEF ABOUT COMPOSITE

A composite material is made by mixing two or


more materials often ones that have very
dissimilar properties. The two materials work
jointly to give the composite exclusive properties.
However, within the composite you can simply tell
the dissimilar materials apart as they do not disband
or blend into each other. [Composite materials
page 1 of 3, Index 4.3.1] The first modern
composite material was fibreglass. It is still widely
used today for sports equipment, boat hulls,
building panels and numerous car bodies. The
surrounding substance is a plastic and the
underpinning is glass that has been made into fine
threads and often woven into a sort of fabric. On its
own the glass is extremely sturdy but brittle and it
will fracture if bent roughly. The plastic
surrounding substance holds the glass fibres jointly
and also protects them from smash up by sharing
out the forces acting on them. Some highly

developed composites are now prepared by using


carbon fibres as an alternative of glass. These
materials are lighter and stronger than fibreglass
but more costly to produce. They are used to
produce aircraft structures and expensive sports
equipment such as golf clubs.
I.

COMPOSITE MATERIAL, GENERAL


MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTY
TABLE I
PROPERTY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Property

Density

U
nit
s
Kg
/m

Std CF
Fabric

E Glass
Fibre

1600

2600

E Glass
Fibre
UD
1900

K-1

2.1E-06

5.1E-05

1E-05

Pa

7E+10

8.5E+10

4E+10

0.1

0.23

0.25

Pa

5.2469E+
10
3.4553E+
10
1.95E+09

2.6667E+
10
1.6E+10

Pa

2.2916E
+10
3.1818E
+10
1.1E+08

Pa

1.1E+08

4E+09

1.2E+08

Pa

6E+08

2.05E+09

1E+09

Pa

5.7E+08

5E+09

6E+08

Coefficient
of thermal
expansion
Youngs
modules
Poisons
Ratio
Bulk
Modulus
Shear
Modulus
Tensile Yield
Strength
Compressive
Yield
Strength
Tensile
Ultimate
Strength
Compressive
Ultimate
Strength

Pa

1.2E+08

For calculation of shape factor we need to do 2D


analysis on our aerofoil which is generation the
blade i.e. NACA0012

TABLE III
PROPERTY OF GENERAL MATERIALS

Property

Uni
ts

Alumi
nium
Alloy

Structural Steel

Kg/
m3
K-1

2770

7850

2.3E05

1.2E-05

Pa

7.1E+1
0
0.33

2E+11

6.9608
E+10
2.6692
E+10
2.8E+0
8
2.8E+0
8

1.6667E+11

3.1E+0
8

4.6E+08

III.

Analysis of NACA0012
FIGURE

MESSING OF

Density
Coefficient
of thermal
expansion
Youngs
modules
Poisons
Ratio
Bulk
Modulus
Shear
Modulus
Tensile Yield
Strength
Compressive
Yield
Strength
Tensile
Ultimate
Strength
Compressive
Ultimate
Strength

Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa

Pa

Pa

NACA0012 AEROFOIL

0.30

7.6923E+10
2.5E+08
2.5E+08

With the help of C Mesh we analysis the aerofoil


and we got following results and plots
FIGURE

II

CP OF NACA0012 AEROFOIL

II.

METHODOLOGY

For structural analysis we need value of load


generated by the moving wind on the blade. For
that we need to know the pressure generated by the
wind which after multiplying with surface area will
gives the load generated by wind. For calculation
of that following method is adopted.
The wind pressure can be approximated by:
Pressure = x (density of air) x (wind speed) 2 x
(shape factor)

The density of air is about 1.25 kg/m3.

The shape factor (drag coefficient)


depends on the shape of the body.

The wind speed must be expressed in m/s.


In that case the pressure has units kg/m/s 2,
i.e. N/m2. Local average wind speed is
found to be 3.9 m/s.

FIGURE III
VELOCITY AND PRESSURE CONTOUR OF NACA0012 AEROFOIL

Geometry of our blade is 10 x 1 m approximate


(because of varying sections) thus
Wind Load = 0.475 x 10 N
Taking approximate value of 50 N by considering
upper tolerances.
V.

Structural Analysis

On ANSYS mechanical, structure analysis of 3D


blade of same profile is done for above mentioned
materials results are as follows:a.

Structural Steel

We have calculated the value of C d (drag


coefficient) for 3.9 m/s wind speed for 10 angle of
attack. Obtained result is Cd= 0.609

b.

IV.

Calculation Of wind Load

Pressure = x (density of air) x (wind speed) 2 x


(shape factor)
Pressure = 0.5 x 1.25 x (3.9)2 x 0.609
= 0.475 N/m2

Aluminum Alloy

c.

E Glass Fiber
e.

d.

E Glass Fiber UD

Std CF Fabric

In tabular for we can conclude these as follows


TABLE IIIII
RESULTS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Parameter

Total
deformation
(m)
Equivalent
stress (pa)
Stress xx (pa)

Std CF
Fabric

E glass
fiber

12.8E-5

11.46E5

E glass
fiber
UD
24.6E-5

49864

50139

28419

31556

32040

TABLE IVV
RESULTS OF GENERAL MATERIALS

Total
deformation (m)
Equivalent stress
(pa)
Stress xx (pa)

VI.

[5] Madhu, Singh, and Singh Payal. "A Review of Wind Energy
Scenario in India."Int. Res J. of Env. Sc 3.4 (2014): 87-92.
[6] Guide, ANSYS Fluent UserS. "Ansys." Inc. Release 15
(2013).
[7] ANSYS, CFX.
Release 13.0 (2010).

48136

Parameter

[4] Ashby, Michael F., and D. Cebon. "Materials selection in


mechanical design." Le Journal de Physique IV 3.C7 (1993):
C7-1.

Aluminum
alloy
14.5E-5

Structural
steel
5.0721E-5

51266

50838 pa

33993

33257

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

From above results it is clear that Std CF Fabric


which is a composite material gives improved
performance then the general structural material
listed in table no. 4 in terms of reduced stress
which will certain improve life span and
aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine.
Further optimization can be done by using more
appropriate profile NACA4412; structural analysis
of 3D generated blade will show promising results
for low wind speed regime.
REFERENCES

[1] Ashwill, Thomas D., and Joshua A. Paquette. "Composite


materials for innovative wind turbine blades." Wind Energy
Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque, NM 87185 (2008).
[2] ASCE. "Minimum design loads for buildings and other
structures." ASCE/SEI 7-05-2006 (2006).
[3] Mallick, Pankaj K., ed. Composites engineering handbook.
CRC Press, 1997.

"ANSYS

CFX." Reference

Guide.

[8] Guide, Ansys Mechanical Application UserS. "Release


14.5." Ansys Inc., Canonsburg (2012).

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