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Assignment
Submitted To:
Engineer Tahir Ameen
Submitted By:
Mohsin Munawar
2011-ME-150
Section C-2
Length
Speed
Angular Velocity
Power
Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes
a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the
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Vernier caliper
A Vernier caliper is a precision instrument that measures internal
dimensions, outside dimensions, and depth. It can measure at an
accuracy of one thousandth of an inch and one hundredth of a
millimeter. The caliper has 2 sets of jaws on the upper portion and the
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lower portion. Each set of jaws has a fixed jaw and a movable jaw. The
upper set is designed to measure inside dimensions. The lower set is
designed to measure outside dimensions. It also has a depth probe at
the base or rear part, which functions as a depth measuring tool.
The lower set of jaws on the Vernier caliper can be used to measure
outside dimensions. Outside dimensions include the outer diameter of a
cylinder and total length of an object. The outer diameter of cylindrical
objects can be measured by simply clamping the lower jaws of the
caliper around the object. The caliper can also measure the length or
width of an object by placing the object between the calipers jaws.
3. Measuring Depth
The Vernier caliper has a depth probe on the rear part. This probe can be
extended from the edge of the hole to the other end of the hole. With the
depth probe, one can measure the precise depth of a hole in any piece of
wood or metal.
Micometer
A micrometer is a device used widely in mechanical engineering
and machining for precision measurement, along with other
metrological instruments such as dial calipers and vernier calipers.
Micrometer screw-gauge is used for measuring accurately the diameter
of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a Ushaped frame, fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a
thimble, as shown in Fig. 1.
that are too small to measure directly into large rotations of the screw
that are big enough to read from a scale. The accuracy of a micrometer
derives from the accuracy of the threadform that is at its heart. The
basic operating principles of a micrometer are as follows:
The amount of rotation of an accurately made screw can be directly and
precisely correlated to a certain amount of axial movement (and vice
versa), through the constant known as the screw's pitch (for single
start screw thread). A screw's pitch is the distance it moves forward or
backward axially with one complete turn. The screw has a known
pitch such as 0.5 mm. Hence in this case, for one revolution of the
screw the spindle moves axially by 0.5 mm. This movement of the
spindle is shown on an engraved linear millimeter scale on the sleeve.
On the thimble there is a circular scale which is divided into 50 or 100
equal parts.
When the anvil and spindle end are brought in contact, the edge of
the circular scale should be at the zero of the sleeve (linear scale) and
the zero of the circular scale should be opposite to the datum line of
the sleeve. If the zero is not coinciding with the datum line, there will
be a positive or negative zero error as shown in Fig. 2.
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CNC MACHINES
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Introduction
Production is a process of converting raw material into finished products. The process of
production is achieved by the collective efforts of man and machine using materials and
tools. It requires information and energy to accomplish production by machining. Over the
period of time, several techniques and methods are used in the process. The evolution of
new methods of production saw the increasing involvement of machines in providing the
information and energy required for production and the role played by the humans declined.
Prepared programs consisting of informations and instructions took the role of controlling
the machines instead of manual control. This has led to a manufacturing system of higher
production at lower cost with more accuracy.
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