Skin friction:

The friction between liquid surface and solid surface is

called skin friction. Skin friction occurs from the interaction amid the
fluid and the skin of the body, and is directly associated to the wetted
surface,

Form friction:
Friction between the layer is called form friction, form friction
arises due to eddies, swirls when flow is turbulent is called form
friction

Laminar flow:
Stream line or steady flow is called laminar flow when a layer does
not intermix with each other. Reynolds number for laminar flow
is less than 2000

Turbulent flow:
Unsteady and non stream line flow is called turbulent flow, when
layers intermix with each other due to formation of eddies and
vortex .Reynolds number for turbulent flow is greater than 4000.

Transition flow:
The flow between laminar and turbulent flow is called transition
flow, Reynolds number for transition flow is between 2000-4000.

Head:
Energy per unit weight is called head its unit are length
E.g. Pressure head, kinetic head, potential head

Hydrostatic head:
Height of liquid is called hydrostatic head its units also
length. It is very important in chemical industries if we
know the head we can know the pressure of liquid.

Energy head:
Energy per unit weight is called energy head, like kinetic
energy potential energy etc

Dimensionless number:
Dimensionless no. is a number which represent property
of physical system

Like Reynolds no, Grashoffs no., mach no etc

Reynolds no: inertial force/viscous force

Mach no: velocity of fluid/velocity of sound
Grashof no: Buoyancy force/Viscous force
Pryndotls no: molecular diffusivity of momentum/molecular diffusivity of
Heat

Classification of fluids:
1) Compressible & non compressible fluids
2) Ideal & non ideal fluids

3)Newtonian & non Newtonian fluids

Compressible fluids:
If the volume of fluid varies with temperature and pressure these fluid
called compressible fluids, water, milk air etc

Non-compressible fluids:
If the volume is independent on pressure and temperature is
called non-compressible fluids, all ideal fluids are noncompressible fluid they actually does not exist.

Ideal fluids:
Ideal fluid is a fluid having no viscosity, and incompressible. Ideal
fluid do not actually exist ,but some time it is useful to consider
what would happened to an ideal fluid in a particular fluid flow
problem in order to simplify the problem.

Non-ideal fluids:
Non-ideal fluids having some viscosity and produce
resistance when flow. all fluids are non- ideal fluids

Newtonian fluids:
Fluids which obey Newtons law of viscosity are as
Newtonian .

Those fluids in which shear stress (F/A) is directly

proportional to the shear rate (dv/dx) are called fluids.

Fluids that have constant viscosity at all shear rates at a

constant temperature and pressure. Air water oil etc are
examples

Non-Newtonian fluids:
Those fluids which dont obey Newtons law of
viscosity.
In those fluids relation between shear stress and
strain rate is nonlinear and time dependent.
Constant coefficient of viscosity cant be defined.
Blood,plastic,chocolate,paints are common examples

Non Newtonian fluids are further divided

in following types.

Dilatants (sand)
Bingham fluids(toothpaste)
Pseudo plastics(blood, paint)

Equation of continuity:
The product of velocity and area remain constant and is
equal to flow rate
A1V1=A2V2

Bernoullis equation:

The sum of pressure head kinetic head and potential head

is equal to constant.
It is most important equation of fluid mechanics according
to this equation when pressure is high velocity will be low
and vice versa

Pressure drop:
It is drop in pressure between two ends of point due
to friction and other losses.

Pressure difference:
It is difference in pressure between two ends of pipe;
pressure may be increase or decrease.

Baffles:
These are strips of metal or other material to change the
flow mainly produces turbulence which increase the rate of
mixing

Louvers:
These are strips which control the flow and change
the direction of flow.

Swirls:

When flowing fluid strike on the walls it produce

swirls

Wakes:
These are waves produce behind the fluid when it moves
due to high turbulences

Vortex:
Intermixing of layers are called vortex.

Boundary layers:
When fluid flow from the solid surface, due to high friction fluid
speed decreases which disturb the whole flow, the portion which
is disturbed called boundary layers.
It is very important factor in fluid motion when fluid overcome this
boundary layer effect fluid can easily flow by applying pressure

Rhyology:
To study the non-Newtonian fluids fluid and their
graph called rhylogy

Reynolds number for Open and closed

channel:
Reynolds no. for laminar flow in open channels like
canal is 500, and for transition flow is 500-2000 and
for turbulent flow is >2000

Reynolds no. for closed system laminar up to 2000,

transition between 2000-4000 and turbulent >4000

Flow meters:
Flow meters are devices which are used to measure flow
rate by measuring pressure difference
There are two categorize of flow meters:
1) Variable head meter
2) Variable area meter
Variable head meter: the flow measuring devices which measure
flow rate at the expense of change in head like kinetic energy
change into pressure energy or pressure energy into kinetic
energy while in variable area meter pressure difference measure
expense of change in area and pressure difference remain same
in variable area meters.

Orifice meter:
Device used to measure flow rate at the expense of pressure
difference called orifice meter

For gases we use smaller orifice as compared to

orifice used to liquid because of volume gases much
higher than liquid. Those liquids which contain
vapors we use weep holes to remove these.
Pressure drop is large in case of orifice meter due to
formation of vena contracta.

Venturi meter:
A device having small converging cone and large diverging

cone. Converging cone is small because we want rapid

pressure drop and diverging cone is large because to
minimize pressure drop and minimize pressure lost.

Venture meter is also used to measure flow rate of gases

it is very efficient meter having large co-efficient of
discharge with minimum power loses.
When venture meter vertically installed head involved in it.
Tapings are installed on throat and converging cone

Rota meter:
It is variable head meter. It is normally installed
vertically made by tapered tube. Efficiency of Rota
meter depends on type of float when rot meter
installed horizontally head will not involved.

Discharge coefficient depend on shape of Rota

meter curved shape float have maximum flow rate
depend on the annular space. In the case of liquid
when buoyancy force is equal to gravitational force
this is equal to pressure. In the case of gases
buoyancy force is negligible then pressure equals to
gravitational force.

Pitot tube:
Pitot tube is a device used to measure point
velocity having two holes one for static pressure
other for impact pressure