Wrong Topics

.(deal carefully)

A drunk politician

A reality show

An Evening at a restaurant

Some key futures of the report

A research question/s
A statement of why your research question is
important
A literature review of relevant social scientific literature
Description of the data you have selected for analysis
A discussion of the methods used for the data analysis
Analysis of results
Discussion of the significance of the analysis, including
general conclusions
A reference list of works cited

Urbanization, Population and

Environmental Challenges

The Industrial Revolution

The Revolution that changed the world forever

That Nation of Shopkeepers!

-- Napoleon Bonaparte

Industrial Revolution a change from making

things by hand to making them in factories.

Transportation
Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on
the horse and their own feet to get around.
With the invention of the steam locomotive,
transportation took a huge step forward.
The first two major railroad companies were the
Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads.

Passenger carriers

An original steam engine

Steam locomotive

Leland Stanford
Leland Stanford was a
business tycoon, (a
wealthy, powerful person
in business or industry)
co-founder of the Central
Pacific Railroad, creator of
Stanford University, and
the governor of California.

Textiles
With the invention of the spinning jenny and
the power loom, the textile industry took off.
Clothes could now be made far faster than
ever before.

Spinning wheel
The spinning wheel
was the first
invention, but it was
very slow.
Threads were spun
one at a time, by
hand.

The spinning jenny

The spinning jenny
could spin up to eight
thread at time. The
spinning jenny was
much faster than the
spinning wheel.

The Spinning Mule

The spinning mule used water power to spin
the thread, which was much faster than doing
it by hand.
More cloth could now be made.

The Power Mule

The power loom

The power loom used
water power to weave
cloth
People could make a
lot of cloth quickly.

A cotton factory

Agriculture
Advances in agriculture were also made.
The invention of the seed drill allowed farmers to
plant many more seeds much more quickly.
The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their crops
more efficiently.
More crops could now be grown feeding an
increasing population.

The seed drill

The mechanical reaper

The mechanical reaper was a lot
faster than doing the hand reaper

Steel
With the invention of steel, buildings could be
made much taller.
Steel was much harder than iron, which would
bend if made too tall.
The steel industry created many new
products, and led to the invention of the car.

Smoke stacks of a factory

A melting plant

Pollution
One of the bad things about industrialization
was pollution, as you could see in the earlier
slides.

Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
became a millionaire
in the steel business
by putting all his
competitors out of
business.
He created U.S. Steel
in Pittsburg.

The electric light

Can you imagine what life would be like
without the electric light?
Thomas Edison invented the electric light.
Thomas Edison also invented many other
things, like the phonograph.

Thomas Edison

The phonograph

Telegraph
In 1844, Samuel Morse demonstrates his telegraph
by sending a message to Baltimore from the
chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington, DC.
The message, "What hath God wrought?," marks the
beginning of a new era in communication.
The telegraph used dots and dashes to send
messages over electric lines. These dots and dashes
became known as Morse Code.

Telephone
Alexander Graham
Bell patented the first
telephone in 1876.

John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller
became the richest man in
the world in the oil
business.
He created Standard Oil
Company.
Oil began being used in all
types of machines, like
cars.

Henry Ford
Henry Ford invented
the first practical car,
the Model T.
The car had been
invented earlier, but
Ford was the first to
make the car
affordable.

Samuel Gompers
With all the new
businesses being created,
someone needed to take
care of the workers.
Gompers created the
American Federation of
Labor, or organization of
other labor unions that had
bonded together to protect
the rights of workers.

Orville and Wilber Wright

The Wright brothers
were the first men to
successfully fly an
airplane.
The flight lasted only
twelve seconds, but it
proved men could fly.

Important issues

55

How cities have changed and why

Rural, urban, and suburban living
Globalization and urbanization
Population growth and its consequences
Globalization, urbanization, growth, and the
environment

Ancient cities
Organized very differently than todays cities,
both spatially and socially
Centers for culture, science, commerce, and
so on
The vast majority of the population lived in
rural towns and communities, with little or no
connection to cities.

58

What is urbanization?

Urbanization is a shift in population from rural

living to living in cities and towns.
Occurred alongside industrialization.
London as a prime example:
1800: 1.1 million people
1900: > 7 million people
The United States: 1800: <10% urban
2010: approximately 80% urban

59

Global urbanization
1900 onward: urbanization became a global,
not just national, process.
That trend intensified from 1950 forward.
Global, urban population statistics:
1975: 39%
2000: approximately 50%
2050: estimated 70%

63

18th Century Karachi

Modern Day Karachi

The Chicago School

Theories of urbanism
The Chicago School
Urban ecology
Cities organized naturally so as to generate
equilibrium
Robert Park

Urbanism as way of life

Urban interaction problem
Louis Wirth
67

Robert Park

Ernest Burgess

The urban interaction problem is a necessity for city

dwellers respecting social boundaries when so many people
are in close physical proximity all the time.

Theories of urbanism

Jane Jacobs, Eyes and ears

Multiplicity of people on the streets increases
security through watchfulness

Urbanism as a created environment

David Harvey
Manuel Castells

75

Rural life
Stereotypes of idyllic rural America often
misrepresent rural realities
Rural areas = 75% of land, but hold only 17%
of the population.
The rural population has been in decline for
most of the twentieth century.

76

Declining rural population

Declines in farming and other rural industries

High poverty rates
Few opportunities or amenities
Few government services
Hard to attract new residents

New technologies and social programs work to

reverse these trends
77

Suburban development
Suburbs are towns that develop as residential
hubs around industrial cities.
Suburbs developed during the economic
boom that followed World War II.
This happened with significant government
assistance.
Suburban populations have been largely
white.
78

Suburban Levittown, New York, in the 1950s.

Problems with urban life

80

Suburbanization led to changes in cities.

Industries left cities, taking mostly bluecollar jobs with them.
This led to increased residential segregation
as poorer, non-whites remained in cities.
This left cities with lower tax revenues,
leading to perpetual financial problems.

Urban renewal

Gentrification is a process whereby wealthy

people buy and renew deteriorating
properties in cities.
Tends to be good for property values but bad
for the previous, low-income residents.

81

Clinton Street was a grim, graf ti- ridden streetscape

It has evolved into a lively restaurant row on

New Yorks Lower East Side

Global cities
Saskia Sassens global cities are those that house
major transnational corporations and other
global firms.
These are the seats of global power and control.
Global cities are sites of extreme wealth and
poverty.

84

Urbanization in the developing world

Africa and Asia are still predominantly rural
only around 40% urban.
The urban population is growing more rapidly
in these regions of the world.

85

Urbanization in the developing world

Major environmental risks are posed by such
rapid growth, overcrowding, and poverty:
Housing
Pollution
Sanitation
Water supply

86

Studying global populations

The study of population is called

demography.
Important terminology:
Crude birthrate
Fertility and fecundity
Crude death rate (mortality)
Life expectancy and life span

87

Population Growth Rate, 19802002

Consequences of population change

Rapid population growth and urbanization
may lead to:
Increased internal migration
Significant environmental challenges
Health concerns
Increased crime
More and larger squatter settlements
Famine and food shortages

89

The environment and society

The way of life in Western societies creates
major environmental challenges.
Massive amounts of non-recyclable waste
Pollution
Depletion of resources and biodiversity

90

The environment and society

Global warmingalso a human product
affects us all.
Energy consumption may outstrip certain
resources.

91

Shares of Total World Consumption of the

Richest 20 Percent and the Poorest 20 Percent, 1995

Sustainable development and change

New sustainable development policies seek
equilibrium between environmental concerns
and the economy.
Such policies tend to work well for wealthy
countries at the expense of poorer countries.

93

Clicker Questions
1. The statement that cities do not grow up at random but grow
in response to advantageous features of the environment
reflects which view of urbanism?
a. Wirths urbanism as a way of life
b. the Chicago Schools ecological view
c. Harveys view of cities as restructured space
d. Castellss view of urbanism as contested space

94

Clicker Questions
2. According to David Harvey, urbanism is a process that involves
a constant restructuring of space. What influences this
process?
a. the movement of new population groups into a city
b. the degree to which cities remain undiversified culturally
c. decisions made by business, government, and investors
d. the pressures of various social movements

95

Clicker Questions
3. Louis Wirth was among the first to address the urban
interaction problem. Which of the following best represents
that problem?
a. the necessity for city dwellers to move around the city quickly
via public transportation
b. the necessity for city dwellers to demonstrate the
sophistication and critical acumen of the urbanite
c. the necessity for city dwellers to put out-of-towners in their
place
d. the necessity for city dwellers to respect social boundaries
when so many people are in close proximity all the time
96

Clicker Questions
4. As the population of developing countries undergoes a
demographic transition in the years to come, what is likely to
be the consequence?
a. The population of these countries will steadily fall.
b. There will be rapid growth of cities as more people migrate
there in search of employment.
c. There will be less famine and food shortages will decrease.
d. There will be a decrease in religiosity.

97

Clicker Questions
5. In what way do more recent theories of urbanism differ from
the earlier Chicago School?
a. They focus on the negative social consequences when
strangers occupy the same physical spaces.
b. They focus on the way people interact in public spaces.
c. They stress that urbanism is in response to major patterns of
political and economic change rather than natural forces.
d. They examine the development of urban culture and how that
contributes to a particular way of life.

98

Clicker Questions
6. Social problems such as high levels of child poverty, high rates
of motor vehicle fatalities and other accidental deaths, and
low levels of health and educational services are troubling
realities faced by people living

a. in suburbia.
b. in rural areas.
c. in gentrified neighborhoods.
d. in Americas largest cities.

99

Chapter Opener

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A case study of Dubai

Up to 1956, when the first concrete building
was constructed, the entire population lived in
basrasrti homes made from palm fronds.
Dubais chief regional advantage has been its
endowment of offshore oil although this is
modest compared to Abu Dhabi and other
Middle Eastern states.

A case study of Dubai

How might we describe the type of city being
created in Dubai?
Dubai is a prototype of the new post-global
city, which creates appetites rather than solves
problems
Dubai has become the new global icon of
imagineered urbanism an emerging
dream world of conspicuous consumption and
what the locals boast as supreme lifestyles.
Davis (2006)

A case study of Dubai

Apocalyptic luxuries (Davis 2006)
Dubai is a city of extreme luxuries based on
the wealth derived from offshore oil i.e. they
are gained at the expense of massive
environmental damage.
In a utopian model, this windfall would
become an investment fund for raising the
environmental efficiency of urban systems. In
the real world of capitalism, this has not
happened.

A case study of Dubai

An economically sustainable strategy for
development?
In short, no. For a start, Dubais modest
offshore oil resources are now rapidly being
exhausted.
Dubais economy is in speculative overdrive
- global excess profits from the hugely inflated
price of oil exports is invested in real estate
markets and the construction of huge
skyscrapers.

A case study of Dubai

If past business cycles are any guide, the end

could be nigh and very messy
Davis (2006)

A case study of Dubai

What are the challenges and opportunities
facing Dubai in a post-oil economy?
Assuming that the mega-project blitzkrieg
would run as planned, it was predicted that
Dubai would derive all its GDP from non-oil
related activities like tourism and finance by
2010.
Dubai predicted that the city would attract15
million overseas visitors a year by 2010.

A case study of Dubai

Dubai also aims to become a leading hub in
the global economy, and position itself as a
hub for institutional finance and a gateway to
the Middle Eastern region for capital and
investment.
The Dubai International Financial Centre
(DIFC) is expected to rival international
financial centres in New York, London,
Singapore, Hong Kong, and Tokyo.

A case study of Dubai

However, there are some key conflicts here with
Arab Muslim culture:
Prostitution and a sinister sex trade built on
kidnapping, slavery and violence while the
regime disavow any collusion with this
industry, insiders know that this trade is
essential to keeping the 5-star hotels full of
European and Arab businessmen Davis (2006).

A case study of Dubai

The education of women is essential if Dubai
& the UAE are to modernize their economy &
become the high-tech hub of the Middle East.
Will a society based on traditional values let
women become truly become equal partners
in business and society?

A case study of Dubai

Islamic finance is based on Islamic religious
grounds. It prohibits three aspects of
conventional interest-based economics: riba
(interest), gharar (uncertainty), and maysir
(gambling). How will this effect the
development of Dubai as an emerging global
financial centre?
The disappearance of traditional culture and
sense of history pride have begun to disappear
into Westernised popular culture.

A case study of Dubai

Forced labour and migrant exploitation.
Dubais luxury lifestyles are attended by vast
numbers of Filipina, Sri Lankan and Indian
maids, while the building boom is carried on the
shoulders of an army of poorly paid Pakistanis
and Indians working twelve-hour shifts, six
and a half days a week, in the asphalt-melting
desert heat Davis (2006)

A case study of Dubai

99% of the private sector workforce are
immediately deportable non-citizens from
South Asia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and
Sri Lanka
Dubai flouts international labour regulations
and refuses to adopt the international
Migrant Workers Convention.
Rights disappear as often recruitment
agencies confiscate passports and visas when
immigrants arrive.

A case study of Dubai

The construction industry has an appalling
safety record and neglects even the most
basic needs of its workers.
In 2004, Human Rights watch estimated that
as many as 880 construction workers were
killed on the job, with most fatal accidents
going unreported.

A case study of Dubai

Press Freedom is restrained from reporting on
exploitive working conditions and
prostitution.
Workers are crowded into work camps on the
citys outskirts, up to 12 to a room, often
without air conditioning and functioning
toilets. Conditions are squalid and often
unbearable.

A case study of Dubai

Migrant workers are paid very low wages
($100 to $150 per month) for working up to
20 hours per day. Often this pay is withheld
for many months.
Much of this will be sent home, often leaving
these workers with no money at all.
Workers complaining to authorities are
threatened with deportation.

A case study of Dubai

This existence weighs heavily on Adnan he
feels trapped We listen quietly as he
narrates his story His state of mind is
expressed in the statement jism chall raha
hain magar rooh ne sath chodh diya hai (the
body is still going but the soul has departed).
Every so often he has to stop as his eyes begin
to well up with tears which must not be
allowed to fall and undermine his
masculinity.

A case study of Dubai

Very rarely do we see truly new urbanisation.
Dubai is an emerging world city being built from
scratch but is its construction a story of
missed opportunities?
Environmental sustainability
Economic sustainability a thirdway?
Racial and sexual equality
Cultural diversity and tolerance
Social justice, welfare and human rights