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Jute - From the surficial fibers of a small tree of the Linden family,
Cochorus. Very tough, rough, not too flexible. Often more for rope,
but may be made into cloth.
Hemp - From the stem fibers of Cannabis. As for Jute.
Tapa - from the bark fibers of Broussonetia. Soft, but not very
flexible. Rare in western culture.
Cotton and Linen are by far the most widely used. And there are a
LOT more. Seek out a text on Economic Botany and consult the
chapter on "cloth" if you want to learn about them.
More recently, humans have learned to make their own fibers,
primarily from two sources. First, by dissolving the cellulose found in
the cell walls of plants and then re-forming it into thread. This is the
source of Rayon. Since cellulose is the primary constituent of all but
the wool fibers noted above, we are just re-inventing the wheel.
Second, by synthesizing cellulose-like molecules from oil. By
example, Nylon, polyester.
The synthetic forms tend to be quite flexible, but often are very poor
at "breathing", that is, letting body heat and sweat out. Hence they
are often mixed with cotton.