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3.2.1 Introduction
The traditional way to define a new hull surface in NAPA is to first define the limiting curves
by using commands and then check the results by using the drawing task. Combined with
the NAPA macro syntax, this enables an experienced NAPA user to quickly define a simple
draft hull that can be used for initial calculations and other tasks.
Of course, starting from scratch is a seldom needed method and it can be avoided if there is
already some data available. Probably the fastest way to generate a new hull surface is to
transform an existing one. It is also possible to import definition curves and even surfaces
from external sources such as IGES and DXF files. Another, more tedious but sometimes
necessary, approach is to use offset data. NAPA Contract Design Manager can be used to
ease these tasks and to get more visual feedback during the process.
If it is indeed necessary to start from scratch, NAPA can aid the user in this task also. In this
workshop, in addition to demonstrating some of the above-mentioned methods with existing
input, we create a totally new hull surface using template macros available in the Hull
Surface editor (HSE).
3.2.2 Methods
There are many ways to import geometric structures to NAPA. The purpose of this workshop
session is not to go through all of these methods, but to try to cover four different ways how
to obtain a hull surface in NAPA:
1.
2.
3.
4.
After being given the preceding input, NAPA generates depending on input parameters
an after body that looks somewhat like the one in Figure 2. This is by no means an optimal
hull surface, but it contains curves that help the user to outline the shape of the ship.
Next, the user can start adding points to the edge curves. This is done simply by pressing
down the ALT-button and clicking the left mouse button on the current curve.
To get an appropriate curve grid, a few frames and waterlines have to be added. This can
be done by using the Create a New Curve dialog illustrated in Figure 3. If possible, the
curves should be inserted so that they are connected to the existing nodes. That way the
references are added correctly and points can be moved without problems.
upper left corner of the HSE. As with HULLA, only edge curves are needed. The macro
HULLF//NAPADB inquires user for the following input:
the HSE. If the naming standard is followed, the new templates will appear in the template
macro list automatically.
3.2.2.2 Transforming an existing hull surface
Transforming an existing hull is an often used method to generate a new surface. The
Transformation task (TRA) of NAPA offers command line methods for transformations, but in
the following, the Contract Design Manager (CDM) is applied to transform the newly defined
hull surface. The same input can be given under the TRA task also.
NOTE! Before any transformation is applied, the user should make sure that the reference
system of NAPA is up-to-date. Some of the critical variables can be listed with the !REF
command.
3.2.2.2.1 Available transformations
NAPA offers the following transformations:
Linear
Piecewise Linear
Lackenby
Modify Frames
Frame Area
Translation
It is also possible to make a new hull surface by simply copying the old one.
Linear transformation
In affine transformations, the coordinates are only scaled. Dimensions (L, B and/or T) of the
parent hull can be transformed either by entering the new absolute dimensions or by
entering the relative change.
Piecewise linear
Transformation is defined by a set of original coordinates and their transformed values. The
transformation function is linear between adjacent coordinates, and it is equivalent to a
translation beyond the given coordinates.
Example:
Selected direction is X.
Limits 40 60 -> 30 65
The aft part of the ship (behind x = 40) is moved aft wards to x = 30 and the fore part (in
front of x = 60) is moved to x = 65. The region between 40 and 60 meters is stretched in
the direction of the x-axis.
A transformation defined by modifying the frame area curve of a parent hull is actually a
special case of piecewise linear transformation.
This method performs the transformation of the hull according to the predefined frame area
curve. The frame area curve of the parent hull can easily be generated in the FRA task with
the command GEN name. A frame area curve for the resulting hull can be defined in the DEF
task by using the generated curve as the basis.
The inputs for this transformation are:
The continuous line represents the frame area curve before the transformation and the
dashed line the one after the transformation has been applied
The location of the external input file is entered into the File path field and the File format is
chosen (DXF/IGES). After the selections are finished, importing is started by clicking the
Update button in the left toolbar.
Imported curves are drawn to the graphics area by selecting the Check the imported curves.
Unnecessary and faulty curves can be removed from the set.
3.2.2.3.2 Boundaries
The next step is to find the boundary curves. If NAPA is not able to find the correct curves
automatically, they can simply be added to the table of potential boundaries. Curve names
have to be given by hand, but they can be easily checked by clicking on curves at the
graphics area.
Boundaries are listed in a table and also drawn in the graphics area
Finding the parallel midship is done the same way as the finding of boundaries.
By clicking the Update button in the Generate Boundary Curves item, nodes are generated
on the boundaries according to the given tolerance. A very tight tolerance results in a
massive number of definition points. This makes later modification and fairing harder. On
the other hand, if the tolerance is too large, important data can be lost. Curve shapes are
not as they should and there might be bad connections in the grid.
3.2.2.3.3 Ordering of points
There are three alternatives on how the points are ordered. The ordering methods are
related to the options of the DESCRIPTION command in the NAPA Definition task. The
methods and their DES counter parts are:
FORCED_FIXED: ORD = 3
FORCED_GENERAL: ORD = 0
GENERAL: ORD = 1
FORCED_FIXED is equal to adding * to the beginning of the curve definition, automatic point
sorting is cancelled. FORCED_GENERAL is equal to adding **, points are ordered in such a
way that a feasible curve can be fitted to the point set. Option GENERAL equals
FORCED_GENERAL if the original curve does not have a monotonically changing coordinate.
3.2.2.3.4 Adding primary and secondary curves
Primary and secondary sections are chosen depending on the hull type. Choosing frames as
primary sections and waterlines as secondary is the default method.
The generation of midship does not require any user input. The generation of the hull grid
and adding secondary curves is done as the generation of boundary curves. A usercontrolled tolerance is used to make a discrete approximation of the curves.
Sometimes there are reasons to transfer the form of the hull surface without actually giving
away the NAPA model. This can be done by using offset tables. The following example
clarifies the use of the CDM in the definition of a hull surface using a table of offsets.
3.2.2.4.1 Opening the item and preparations
The table of offsets item is accessed in the CDM through Hull -> Create Hull -> From Offset
Tables. The first thing to do is to check the Main dimensions. The default values are taken
from the reference system of NAPA.
The fields in the Main Frame tab contain all the necessary information for the definition of
the parallel middle body. In the WATERLINES tab, the user can choose if the waterlines are
generated or not.
The locations of offset points are defined in the COORDINATES tab. The actual offset points
are entered into a table that has the number of rows equal to the number of different Zcoordinates and the number of columns equal to the number of X-coordinates. The values
that are entered to the table are the Y-coordinates of the frames.
NOTE! Only different X- and Z-values increase the number of rows and columns. By defining
multiple occurrences of the same value it is possible to have a different number of rows and
columns.
NOTE! X-values between the aft and fore end of the parallel midship are not taken into
account in the Enter Offset Table item.
Definition of a hull using offset tables begins by checking the main dimensions
In addition to the frames, the user has to give the edge curves: profile curve (STEM and
STERN), the flat of side (FSA and FSF), deck (DECKA and DECKF) and the flat of bottom
(FBA and FBF). The coordinates of these curves are given in a table. The order in which the
curves are defined is somewhat free, but it is a good practice to give the curves in the same
order as they appear in the CDM.
3.2.2.4.2 Creating the profile curve
The definition process is started by defining the intersection between the Y = 0 plane and
the hull. Even though most of the profile is located on the Z = 0 line, there should be
enough points near the areas where the flat of bottom curves meet the profile. This is due
to how the macro that is used to form FBA and FBF works. It seeks the closest point at
STEM and STERN and connects the ends of FBA and FBF to these.
Contract Design Manager, the user has to click on some other item and then come back to
Enter Offset Table.
Entering the offset values is the most laborious part. To decrease the number of possible
errors, the resulting curves can be visualised at anytime by clicking the Update button.
DSN.OFFSET_PROFILE
DSN.OFFSET_FLATSIDE
DSN.OFFSET_DECK
DSN.OFFSET_FLATBOTTOM
DSN.OFFSET
Figure 21 features an example of an offset table in MS Excel. The first column contains the
Z-coordinate values and the first row the X-coordinate values. The values in the rest of the
table are the corresponding Y-coordinates.
32
m
Aft end of 89
parallel
m
mid body
Design
draught
Height of 20
deck
m
Bilge
radius
Propeller
diameter
Propeller- 0.14
hub ratio
6.7
m
3.8
m
Result of HULLA1
Result of HULLA2
Result of HULLA3
Result of HULLF1
Result of HULLF2
Result of HULLF3
Result of HULLF_CONT1