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2. First Wave
First-Wave Feminism: The term commonly used to refer to the
nineteenth and early twentieth century European and North American
mobilization to gain voting rights and open the professions to women.
3. First Wave: British
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Their major achievements were:
The opening of higher education for women
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Active until the First World War, First Wave Feminists failed,
however, to secure the women's vote.
6. The Angel in the House
Many British feminists during this time were fighting against a specific
ideal--the angel in the house.
See handout
7. First Wave: U.S.A.
In, July 13, 1848, more than seventy years after the Revolutionary
War, Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Convention. Her plan was
something unheard in the U. S. at that time: "to discuss the social, civil, and
religious condition and rights of woman."
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At that convention a Declaration of Sentiments was issued, objecting
to the following:**
1. Women were not allowed to vote.
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formation.
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4. Husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to
the extent that they could imprison or beat them with impunity.
5. Divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to
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women.
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7. Most occupations were closed to women and when women did work
they were paid only a fraction of what men earned.
8. Women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or
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law.
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B. Anthony, Lucy
Stone, and
Sojourner Truth
otherwise.
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Male?
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three votes.
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reproductive systems.
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It was not until 1965 that married couples in all states could obtain
contraceptives legally. Do not confuse the right to birth control with the right to
abortion. The famous abortion case, Roe v. Wade was in 1973.
18. Before we begin talking about the second wave, Id like to: Review of First
Wave Whats the exam going to be like?
The term commonly used to refer to the emergence in the late 1960s,
and early 1970s in Europe and North America of a new social movement
dedicated to:
20. U.S.A.
In America, second wave feminism rose out of the Civil Rights and
anti-war movements in which women, disillusioned with their second-class status
even in the activist environment of student politics, began to band together to
contend against discrimination.
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22. Race?
Why do you think race was important in the second wave of
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feminism?
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How was the discrimination black women faced different from what
white women faced?
Were white women intentionally othering black women?
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in 1968.
Oh yeah,
there s a movie
soon:
Made in Dagenham
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The slogan 'the personal is political' sums up the way in which Second
Wave Feminism did not just strive to extend the range of social opportunities open
to women, but also, through intervention within the spheres of reproduction,
sexuality and cultural representation, to change their domestic and private lives.
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Second Wave Feminism did not just make an impact upon western
societies, but has also continued to inspire the struggle for women's rights across
the world.
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appears on bookshelves.
Commission report. It
became an immediate
bestseller.
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Title IX is extremely
today, contributing to
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6. On January 22, 1973, Roe vs. Wade was passed by the U.S.
Supreme Court. The decision legalized abortion in all 50 states, by stating that the
right to decisions regarding one's reproductive system was consistent with the right
to privacy under the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.
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7. Inspired in part by the legal victories of the 1960's and 70's, but
still worried about de facto discrimination, feminists worked to ratify the Equal
Rights Amendment as part of the United States Constitution. The Amendment,
which came up for ratification vote in 1972, said simply this:
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Now, depending upon who you are speaking to, the defeat of the ERA
alternately signals one of three things:
1. Proof that of a new era within second wave feminism must begin.
3. The proof that we are now in a neo-conservative "postfeminist" era, along the lines of Christina Hoff Sommer's work (Feminism is no
longer necessary.)
36. Third Wave versus Post Feminists
Many women felt that second wave feminism did not meet the needs
of a large body of women. They resented the tendency to essentialize all women as
having the same needs and desires of white upper middle class women who largely
led second wave feminism.
Black, Hispanic, and third world feminist for example have emerged
as a result with a goal of speaking for those subaltern who have long been
voiceless.
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increasingly an academic
In the 1980s and 1990s, third wave feminism was powered by middleclass women in their twenties and thirties concerns expressed concerns with
retaining second-wave feminist agendas and tried to create new projects focusing
on issues of race and sexuality and fighting the new backlash against feminism.
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The front page of the Third Wave Foundation web site explains that
the organization strives to combat inequalities that [women] face as a result of
[their] age, gender, race, sexual orientation, economic status or level of education.
By empowering young women, Third Wave is building a lasting foundation for social
activism around the country.
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It perhaps stands to reason then that third wavers are often more
influenced by the work of "entertainment" writers like bell hooks than
by "political" writers like Susan Faludi.
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The fact that many third wavers are well aware of the important
criticisms launched at the second wave for being too closely allied with "white
women's politics" complicates matters further.
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Michigan Women's
Music Festival.
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In addition, many third wavers describe themselves as "pro
pornography" and/or in favor of women's rights as sex workers, concerns that
weren't addressed by second wave feminism in anything but a pejorative way.
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Finally, many third wavers see women's issues more as global issues,
applauding the Beijing Conference on Women but concerned about China's human
rights violations. Perhaps even more important they understand that their own
participation in culture industries often puts others in the world at risk.
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