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Physical Chemistry: Solutions and Gases (Ch 14, 20, 21, 15, 18, 19)
qualitative properties of solutions: solvent, solute, solubility, effect of temperature and pressure on
solubilities of solids and gases in water;
Henrys law: solubility of a gas in a liquid increases with increased partial pressure of the gas
Colligative properties of solutions: boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure
lowering and osmotic pressure of solutions
effects of molecular structure, intermolecular forces on solubility like dissolves likeprinciple,
hydrogen bonding, polarity of molecules
determining the concentration of solutions using: Molarity (M, mol/L)
using c = n/v to solve for mass of solute, volume of solution, or Molarity of solution
preparation of solutions; diluting solutions; using the dilution formula C1V1 = C2V2
writing dissolving equations for ionic compounds, use mole ratios to determine molar concentrations of
ions in solution;
writing net ionic equations; equations to show precipitate formations
Temperature and Pressure unit conversions
Avogadros hypothesis; molar volumes, STP and SATP, gas stoichiometry questions
applying the Gas Laws in calculations: Boyles, Charles, Guy-Lussacs, Combined, and Ideal
I.
Which of the following electron dot diagrams is not likely to exist in nature?
a) H C C H
b)
He
c) H F
d) H O O H
2.
Which of the following is the correct molecular formula for the compound, tetraphosphorus
heptasulfide?
a) K4S7
b) P4S7
c) P4S2
d) P4(SO4)7
3.
4.
5.
b) F Al F
c)
F Al F
CH3
|
CH3 CH CH CH2 CH CH3
|
|
CH3
CH3
d)
F Al F
6.
The correct formula unit for the hydrated salt, potassium carbonate dihydrate, would be:
a) K2CO3.2H2O
b) P2CO3.2H2Oc) K2CO3.2H
d) K2 CO3. 2OH
7.
8.
d) ice
9.
10.
11.
A student dissolves 6.84 g of aluminum sulfate in enough water to form 250 ml of solution.
What is the molar concentration ( M ) of the solution?
a) 0.020 M b) 0.080 M
c) 50.0 M d) 200 M
12.
Dinitrogen oxide can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate according to
the following equation: NH4NO3(s)
N2O(g) + 2 H2O(g)
When 1.000 g of ammonium nitrate is decomposed in this way, 0.550 g of dinitrogen oxide is
produced. What mass of water would also be produced in this reaction?
a) 1.10 g
b) 0.450 g
c) 0.900 g
d) 0.550 g
13.
HCCCCCH
|
H OH H
H C C C C OH
|
H CH3 H H
15.
16.
17.
A certain compound has a molecular mass of 42.0 g/mol. The simplest formula for the compound is
most likely:
a) NH3
b) CH4
c) C2H2O
d) BF
18.
What is the concentration of chloride ions, in mol/L, if 28.5 g of magnesium chloride is dissolved in
enough water to form 900 ml of solution?
a) 0.67M b) 0.60M
c) 0.33M
d) 0.033m
19.
Identify the correct IUPAC name for the compound shown to the right:
a) 1,2 dimethylcyclohexane
b) 1,2 dimethylbenzene
c) 1,2 diethylbenzene
d) 1,3 dimethylcyclohexane
CH3
CH3
20.
In which of the following molecules is the central atom NOT expanding its valence?
a) SF6
b) PF5
c) AsBr5
d) PCl3
21.
Which one of the following bonds would be expected to have the highest ionic character?
a) CsF
b) MgBr
c) AlO
d) HI
22.
Which of the following sets of molecules, are all the shapes linear?
a) CO2 , HCN and N2 b) HCCH, XeF2 and O3 c) H2S, CO and CO2 d) H2O, Cl2 and NO2
23.
The molecular shape of the CCl3+ ion would best be described as:
a) linear
b) trigonal planar c) pyramidal d) square planar
24.
Substances which, added to a reaction vessel, to make reactions happen at a faster rate are known as:
a) solutions b) hydrocarbons c) catalysts d) reagents
25.
26.
27.
The empirical formula of a compound which contains 75.0 g of carbon, 12.5 g of hydrogen and
100.0 g of oxygen is:
a) CH3O
b) C2H4O2
c) C2H3O2
d) CH2O
28.
29.
How many moles of acetate ions, CH3COO-, are in 46.0 ml of a 0.250M solution of Ca(CH3COO)2?
a) 11.5 moles b) 5.43 moles c) 1.15 moles d) 0.0115 moles e) 0.023 moles
30.
Which of the following bond pairs has the highest ionic character?
a) Li and O b) Se and F c) Sr and Br d) Ca and S
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
e) O H
36.
Vials of the following gases are opened. Which of the gases would you expect to smell across the
room first?
a) chlorine
b) sulfur dioxide c) hydrogen sulfide
d) ammonia
37.
38.
52.0 g of K2CO3 are dissolved in 518 g of distilled water, what is the concentration of the resulting
solution, in mol/L, M ?
a) 0.100M b) 7.27 x 10-4M
c) 0.727M
d) 9.96M
39.
A sample of a gas occupies 1.40 103 mL at 25C and 760 mmHg. What volume will it occupy at the
same temperature and 380 mmHg?
a) 2,800 mL b) 2,100 mL c) 1,400 mL d) 1,050 mL e) 700 mL
40.
A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 32.4 L at 20C. The gas is heated to 220C at constant
pressure. What is the final volume of nitrogen?
a) 2.94 L
b) 19.3 L c) 31.4 L d) 54.5 L
e) 356 L
41.
A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the temperature and pressure are 4C and 3.0 atm,
to the water's surface, where the temperature is 25C and the pressure is 0.95 atm. Calculate the final
volume of the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 mL.
a) 0.72 ml b) 6.2 ml c) 41.4 ml d) 22.4 ml e) 7.1 ml
42.
Calculate the volume occupied by 35.2 g of methane gas (CH4) at 25C and 101.3 kPa
a) 0.0186 L b) 4.5 L c) 11.2 L d) 49.2 L e) 53.7 L
43.
A gas evolved during the fermentation of sugar was collected at 22.5C and 702 mmHg. After
purification its volume was found to be 25.0 L. How many moles of gas were collected?
a) 0.95 mol b) 1.05 mol c) 12.5 mol d) 22.4 mol e) 724 mol
44.
Determine the molar mass of chloroform gas if a sample weighing 0.389 g is collected in a flask with a
volume of 102 cm3 at 97C. The pressure of the chloroform is 728 mmHg.
a) 187 g/mol b) 121 g/mol c) 112 g/mol d) 31.6 g/mol e) 8.28 10-3 g/mol
45.
A mixture of three gases has a total pressure of 1,380 mmHg at 298 K. The mixture is analyzed and is
found to contain 1.27 mol CO2, 3.04 mol CO, and 1.50 mol Ar. What is the partial pressure of Ar?
a) 0.258 atm b) 301 mmHg c) 356 mmHg d) 5 345 mmHg e) 8 020 mmHg
46.
Which of the following elements would have the lowest electron affinity?
a) Magnesium
b) Sulfur
c) Silicon
d) Phosphorus
47.
Considering the periodic table trends, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) Sodium has a higher metallic character than Lithium.
b) Astatine is the halogen with the largest atomic radius.
c) Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than sulfur.
d) Noble gases have very stable electron configurations.
48.
Given the isotope symbol, Br 81, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) this isotope represents an atom of the element bromine
b) one atom of this isotope contains 81 protons
c) one atom of this isotope contains 46 neutrons
d) one atom of this isotope contains 35 electrons
49.
Which of the following 4th row ions would have the smallest ionic radius?
a) V2+
b) K+
c) Sc3+
d) Se2e) Br-
50.
51.
The electron configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5 represents which element in its ground state?
a) Zinc
b) Bromine c) Chlorine d) Manganese
52.
Which of the following group 13 ( 3A) elements would have the most metallic character?
a) Thallium b) Indium c) Gallium d) Aluminum e) Boron
53.
The most common ion formed by the nitrogen atom would have a charge of:
a) +5 b) +3 c) -5 d) -3
54.
Which of the following sets would represent isotopes of the same element?
a)
c)
55.
28
A,
14
12
Q
7
29
B,
14
30
C
14
b)
16
R
8
20
S
11
d)
2
Y,
2
40
T
20
40
V
19
40
W
18
X,
Z
3
b) Oxygen
c) Hydrogen d) Nitrogen
56.
57.
When 2.00 moles of Uranium-234 undergoes alpha decay to form thorium-230, the mass converted to
energy is 0.001156 g. The energy released by this nuclear reaction is:
a) 5.20 x 1010 J b) 1.04 X 1011 J c) 5.20 X 1013 J d) 1.02 X 1014 J
58.
Tritium nuclei are a radioactive form of hydrogen. The isotope symbol for tritium is H 3. How many
neutrons are present in one atom of tritium?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
59.
The theoretical value for the mass of one mole of a substance is 39.23 g. Irene obtained the
following experimental data: 32.24 g, 32.26 g, and 32.25 g. Her results could be described as:
a) precise b) accurate c) both precise and accurate d) neither precise nor accurate
60.
When Cesium metal is gently heated, it quickly melts. This would be an example of a(n):
a) physical change b) chemical change c) acid-base reaction d) precision
Al(s) +
CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Cl2(g)
N2O5(g)
2.
3.
Draw the Lewis dot structures for, and predict the shape of the following:
a) phosphorous pentachloride , PCl5
b) sulfate ion, SO42c) Ozone, O3
4.
In a reaction between solid sulfur, S8, and oxygen gas, 160.0 g of sulfur dioxide is formed:
a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction
b) how many grams of sulfur were burned?
5.
Consider the reactants propene and oxygen: 2 C3H6(g) + 9 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with 12.0 moles of propene?
6.
7.
If 35.0 g of Mg3(PO4)2 is present in a sample, determine the number of atoms of oxygen present
in the sample.
8.
9.
10.
Given the balanced equation which represents the reaction between butane and oxygen:
2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g) + 2 888 kJ
a) is this reaction endothermic or exothermic?
b) a student has 16.0 g of oxygen available to react with 40.0 g of butane. Determine the limiting
reagent and the theoretical yield of carbon dioxide gas. If the student obtains 11.0 g of carbon
dioxide, determine the percent yield of the experiment.
11.
For each single displacement below, predict whether it occurs or not, and if it does, complete and
balance it:
CH3CH2CH = C(CH3)CH2C(F)(CH3)CH3
a) Mg(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)
b) Cl2(g) + NaBr(aq)
12.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction and identify the precipitate formed:
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Li2SO4(aq)
13.
What is the difference between a bond dipole and a molecular dipole? Give an example of each.
Give an example of a molecule which is non-polar, but has bonds with a measurable dipole moment.
14.
15.
16.
A sample contains, by mass, 40.0 g of sulfur and 60.0 g oxygen. Determine its empirical formula.
17.
A compound contains 25.8 g of potassium 42.4 g of sulfur, and 31.7 g of oxygen. Its molar mass is
known to be 453.9 g/mol. Determine its empirical and molecular formulas.
18.
Write equations to represent the dissolving of the following ionic solids in water:
a) PbCl4(s)
b) Mg(NO3)2(s)
19.
Complete and balance the equation for the following double displacement reactions. In each case
indicate whether a precipitate will be formed, a gas will be produced, or neutralization will occur.
a) Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4(aq)
b) Na2CO3(aq) + H3PO4(aq)
20.
b) CH3COCH3(l) + O2(g)
21.
Propane burns in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
a) write a balanced equation for the reaction
b) how many grams of water can be produced from 10.0 grams of propane?
c) how many grams of carbon dioxide can be produced from 20.0 grams of propane?
d) how many moles of water can be formed from 16.2 moles of oxygen gas?
e) how many grams of carbon dioxide can be produced from 2.00 moles of propane?
22.
If a student has 15.0 g of nitrogen gas and combines it with 4.00 g of hydrogen gas, how much
ammonia can be produced? N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
23.
A student prepares a solution by dissolving 2.40 moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, in enough
distilled water to produce 250 ml of solution. Calculate the concentration of this solution in
moles/L (M)
24.
A student is required to prepare 3.00 liters of a 4.00 x 10-2M solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl.
a) how many moles of HCl are required to prepare this solution?
b) what mass of HCl is required to prepare this solution?
25.
What volume of oxygen gas at 310 K and 800 mmHg will react completely with 4.00 L of NO gas at the
same temperature and pressure?
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
26.
Symbol
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
Mass
Number
____
43
_____
43
56
_____
Sn 119
_____
50
_____
____
_____
Rb+
37
37
_____
_____
86
Se2-
_____
34
_____
45
_____
_____
_____
______
115
_____
193
Pt
78
27.
Indicate the number of significant figures for the following measurement: 7.020 litres
28.
29.
Name the 4th row element that has the valence electron configuration of: s2p2
30.
The ion S2- would have the same electron configuration as which noble gas?
31.
32.
Explain why a chloride ion, Cl-, (181 pm) is so much larger than a chlorine atom (99 pm).
33.
Element Y has two isotopes, Y 101 with an abundance of 59.25% in nature, and Y 103 with an
abundance of 41.75%. Calculate the average atomic mass of element Y.
34.
11
+
1
5 n
0
________________
+
__________________
35.
Write the nuclear reaction to represent the alpha decay of Gold 199
36.
Construct Lewis diagrams and structural formulas for the following covalently bonded molecules:
identify the correct shapes.
a) H2S
37.
b) CO
c) NO3-
d) PF3
e) TeCl4
f) XeF2
g) SO2
Iodine 132 is used in the treatment of thyroid conditions. It has a half-life of 2.33
hours. How much of an initial 69.0 gram sample would remain after 5.8245 hours?
38.
Explain the differences/similarities in the Rutherford, Bohr, and Quantum models of the atom.
39.
Draw the structural and condensed formula for the following organic compounds:
a) 2 methylpentane
b) 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethyl-1-hexene
c) 3-ethyloctane
d) bromocyclopropane
e) 4-methyl-1-pentanol
f) 2,3-dichloro-3-bromo-1-butene
g) 5-fluoro-2-hexyne
h) 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-decene-5-yne
i) 2-chlorophenol
j) 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
k) 1,3,5-tribromobenzene
l) 2-pentanone
m) 3-methylbutanal
n) methoxypropane
o) ethylbutanoate
p) 2-phenyl-4-chlorooctane
40.
Match the name in the left colomn with the correct structure to the right
_________ cyclohexane
_________ 3 pentanol
B.
_________ 1, 4 dimethylbenzene
CH3
_________ 2 pentanol
D.
CH3
E.
CH3
CH3
F.
CH3
CH3
41.
b)
CH2
|
CH3
____________________________
________________________________________
c)
d)
Cl
CH2 CH3
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH3
_______________________________
___________________________________
42.
43.
44.
A student has a 1.40 mole sample of carbon monoxide gas which occupies 11.2 L at 1.2 atm pressure.
a) What is the temperature of the gas sample in 0C ?
b) What is the density of the gas sample in g/ml ?
45.
Write valence electron configurations for the following atoms in their ground state:
a) Cu
b) Mo
c) Br
46.
Predict the most likely oxidation states for the elements in question 45 based on electron configurations
47.
48.
A hydrogen electron is excited from the 1s orbital to the 4p orbital. What will happen next?
49.
Explain the following periodic trends: atomic radius, metallic character, and electron affinity.
50.
Good Luck!!