MechanicsofLaminated

Mechanics
of Laminated
CompositeStructures
p
NachiketaTiwari
Nachiketa
Tiwari
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur

Lecture24
AnalysisofanOrthotropicPly

Lecture Overview
LectureOverview
Transformationofstressesandstrains
Stressstrainrelationsforalaminawithany
orientation
i
i
Strengthofanorthotropiclamina

Introduction

Earlier,whilediscussingthestressstatein2Dorthotropicmaterials,itwas
Earlier
hile disc ssing the stress state in 2 D orthotropic materials it as
assumedthatreferenceaxesformeasuringstressesandstrainswere
coincidentwithmaterialaxes.Inreality,thatmaynotbethecase.

Hence,thereisaneedtodevelopstressstrainrelationsina2D
orthotropic lamina oriented arbitrarily Towards this goal as a first step
orthotropiclaminaorientedarbitrarily.Towardsthisgoal,asafirststep,
wehavetotransformstressesandstrainsfrommaterialaxestoarbitrary
axes,andviceversa.

ConsideratetrahedronwithverticesABCP.ItsfaceABC,withsurfacearea
Aand,normaln(withdirectioncosines,n
,
(
, x,,ny,,andnz),
),issubjectedto
j
stressvectorT,suchthatthetotalexternalforceonfaceABCisTA.
Further,thex,y,andz componentsofT areTx,Ty,andTz,respectively.

Further,weassumethatthelengthofnormaltofaceABCpassingthrough
Pish.SuchatetrahedronisshowninFigure24.1.

EngineeringConstantsfora2DLamina
y
B
Ty

n
Tx

Tx

Fig.24.1:TetrahedronatPointP

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina

Further,weassumethatthebodyisinequilibrium,andthus,otherthree
facesexperiencenormalandshearstresses.

Giventhatthebodyisinequilibrium,wecanwritethefollowingthree
equilibriumequations.
xxAnx +yxAny +zxAnz =TxA
xyAnx +yyAny +zyAnz =TyA
xzAnx +
+ yzAny +
+ zzAnz =TTzA,
A

EliminatingAfromaboveequations,wegetCauchystressformulae,asfollows.
xxnx +yxny +zxnz = Tnx = Tx
xynx +yyny +zynz =Tny = Ty
(Eq.24.1)
xznx +yzny +zznz =Tnz = Tz

InEq.24.1,Tx,Ty,andTz,arex,y,andz,componentsofstressvectorT.Further,T,
can also be resolved in terms of its normal and tangential component with respect
canalsoberesolvedintermsofitsnormalandtangentialcomponent,withrespect
tosurfaceA.Thenormalcomponentcanbeexpressedas:
n =Txnx +Tyny +Tznz
(Eq.24.2)

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina

CombiningEquations24.1and24.2,wecanwritetherelationfornormal
stressas:
n =xxnx2 +yyny2 +zznz2 +2xynxny +2yznynz +2zxnznx

((Eq.24.3)
q
)

Eq.24.3canbeusedtotransformnormalstressfromonesetofaxesto
anothersetofaxes.
th
t f

Now,letusconsiderFig.24.2.Here,weassumethatthestressstateata
Now,
let us consider Fig. 24.2. Here, we assume that the stress state at a
pointwithrespecttoanarbitrarysetofaxes,x,y,andz isknown.We
wouldliketousethisinformationtocalculatethestressstatewithrespect
to natural material axes of the system
tonaturalmaterialaxesofthesystem.
T

y
L

z,T

Fig.24.2:Orientationof
NaturalMaterialAxeswith
reference to Arbitrary Axes
referencetoArbitraryAxes

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina

FromFig.24.2,itisseenthatthematerialaxissystemisessentiallyarotation
ofxy axes,aroundz axisbyanangle.Thusthedirectioncosinesforthe
material axis system (LTT),
materialaxissystem(L
T T ),withrespecttox
with respect to xyz
y z systemare,cos
system are, cos ,sin
,sin and
and
1.

Thus,normalstressesxx,andyy canbewrittenas:
L=xxcos2 +yy sin2 + 2xy cossin
T=
= xxsin2 +
+ yy cos2 +
+ 2xy cossin
cos sin

(Eq.24.4a)
(Eq 24 4b)
(Eq.24.4b)

Usingsimilarapproach,wecanalsowritetheequationforshearstressas:
LT=xxcos sin+yy cos sin+ xy cos2 sin2
(Eq.24.4c)

Eqs.24.4ac,canalsobewritteninmatrixformas:

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina

Similarequationscanalsobeusedtotransformstrainsfromone
coordinatesystemtoanotherone.Thestraintransformationequations
are:
Eq.24.6

InEquations24.5and24.6,[M]istransformationmatrix,andisdefinedas:

Eq.24.7

Itmaybenotedhere,thatunlikestresstransformationequations,strain
transformationequationshaveafactorofwithinstrainvectors.Thisis
becausesuchatransformationrequiresusageoftensorstrains,andnot
engineeringstrains.Whilemathematicaldefinitionsofnormaltensor
strainandnormalengineeringstrainsareidentical,tensorshearstrainis
onehalftimesthatofengineeringshearstrain.

TransformationofEngineeringConstants

Now,thatwehaverelationswhichcanbeusedtotransformstrainsfrom
onesystemtoother,weproceedtodeveloprelationswhichwillhelpus
transform engineering constants. Premultiplying
transformengineeringconstants.Pre
multiplyingEq.24.5by[T]
Eq. 24.5 by [T]1 on
on
eithersides,weget:
[T]1{}LT =[T]1 [T]{}xy or{}xy=[T]1{}LT

(Eq.24.8)

where,{}LT and{}xy arestressesmeasuredinxy,andLT reference

frames,respectively.

Further,fromEq.21.3,wecanwrite:
{}LT =[Q]{}
[Q] {}LT

(Eq 24 9)
(Eq.24.9)

PuttingRHSofEq.24.9inRHSofEq.24.8,weget:
{}xy=[T]1[Q]{}LT

(Eq.24.10)

TransformationofEngineeringConstants

Andfinallyexpressing{}LT intermsof{}xy ,usingappropriate

transformations,inEq.24.10,weget:
{}xy=[T]1[Q][T]{}xy
{}xyy =[Q]{}xyy

or,
(Eq.24.11)

Equation24.11helpsuscomputestressesmeasuredinxy coordinate
system in terms of strains measure in the same system Here [Q] is the
systemintermsofstrainsmeasureinthesamesystem.Here,[Q]isthe
transformedstiffnessmatrix,anditsindividualcomponentsare:
Q11 =Q11 cos4 +Q22 sin4 +2(Q12+2Q66)sin2 cos2
Q22 =Q11 sin4 +Q22 cos4 +2(Q12+2Q66)sin2 cos2
Q12 =(Q11 +Q22 4Q66)sin2 cos2 +Q12 (cos4 +sin4)
Q66 =(Q
(Q11 +Q
Q22 2Q12 2Q66)sin2 cos2 +Q
Q66 (cos4 +sin
sin4)
Q16 =(Q11 Q22 2Q66)sin cos3 (Q22 Q12 2Q66 )sin3cos
Q26 =(Q11 Q22 2Q66)sin3 cos (Q22 Q12 2Q66 )sin cos3
(E 24 12)
(Eq.24.12)

TransformationofEngineeringConstants

FollowingobservationscanbemadefromEq.24.12.
Unlike,[Q]matrix,[Q]matrixisfullypopulated.
TermsQ16,andQ26 areidenticallyzero.However,termsQ16,andQ26,arenot
necessarilyzero,andtheirdefinitioninvolveslinearcombinationsoffour
elements of [Q] matrix
elementsof[Q]matrix.
Foraspecially orthotropiclamina,i.e.whenitsloadingdirectioncoincides
withlaminasmaterialaxes,applicationofnormalstressesproduceonly
normalstrains,andapplicationofshearstressesproducepureshearstrains.
Foragenerallyorthotropiclamina,i.e.whenloadingdirectionandmaterial
axesarenotcoincidental,applicationofnormalstressesproducenormalas
wellasshearstrains.ThisoccursbecauseofnonzerovaluesfortermsQ16,and
Q26,whichcouplenormalandshearresponses.Thesetermsarealsoknownas
crosscouplingstiffnesscoefficients.

TransformationofEngineeringConstants

Usingatransformationproceduresimilartotheoneusedtotransform
stiffnessmatrix[Q],wecanalsotransformthecompliancematrix[S]toan
arbitrary coordinate system. The elements of transformed compliance
arbitrarycoordinatesystem.Theelementsoftransformedcompliance
matrix[S]aredefinedbelow.
S11 =S11 cos4 +S22 sin4 +(2S12+S66)sin2 cos2
S22 =S11 sin4 +S22 cos4 +(2S12+S66)sin2 cos2
S12 =(S11 +S22 S66)sin2 cos2 +S12 (cos4 +sin4)
S66 =2(2S
= 2(2S11 +2S
+ 2S22 4S12 S66)sin2 cos2 +S
+ S66 (cos4 +sin
+ sin4)
S16 =2(2S11 2S22 S66)sin cos3 2(2S22 2S12 S66 )sin3cos
S26 =2(2S11 2S22 S66)sin3 cos 2(2S22 2S12 S66 )sin cos3
(Eq.24.13)

StrengthofanOrthotropicLamina
Inisotropicmaterials,failurepredictionrequirescalculating
principalstressesorstrainsandcomparingthemtotheir
respectiveallowablestressandstrainlimits.
i
ll
bl
d
i li i
Innonisotropicmaterialssuchanapproachdoesnotwork.
l
h
hd
k
Thenotionofprincipalstressmakesnosenseforthesematerials,as
material strength changes with direction and direction of principal
materialstrengthchangeswithdirection,anddirectionofprincipal
stressmaynotinmostofthecasescoincidewithdirectionof
maximumstrength.

Foranisotropicmaterial,wecanfullydescribeallowable
stressfieldbyknowingthematerialstensile,compressiveand
t
fi ld b k
i th
t i l t il
i
d
shearstrength.

FailureinIsotropicv/sTransverselyIsotropic
Materials
Similarly,for2Dorthotropicmaterials,weevaluateallowable
stress field in context of five different strengths of material
stressfieldincontextoffivedifferentstrengthsofmaterial
measuredwithrespecttoitsprincipalmaterialdirections.
Theseare:

Longitudinaltensilestrength(LU)
Lateralortransversetensilestrength(TU)
Longitudinalcompressivestrength(LU)
Lateralortransversecompressivestrength(LU)
In plane shear strength (LTU)
Inplaneshearstrength(

These
Thesematerialstrengthparametersforanorthotropiclamina
material strength parameters for an orthotropic lamina
areitsfundamentalmaterialproperties.

FailureinOrthotropicMaterials

Similartoisotropicmaterials,severaltheorieshavebeendevelopedto
p ed ct a u e o t ot op c ate a s So e o t e o e de y used
predictfailureinorthotropicmaterials.Someofthemorewidelyused
theoriesarebasedonmaximumstress,maximumstrain,andmaximum
work.

MaximumStressTheory:Asperthistheory,failurewilloccuroncestresses
measuredwithrespecttoprincipalmaterialaxes,exceedtheirrespective
allowablelimits.Thus,forfailureatleastoneofthefollowingconditions
mustbeviolated.
For tensile loads:
Fortensileloads:
L<LU,
T<TU,
LT<LTU.
Forcompressiveloads:
L<LU,
T<TU.

(Eq.24.14)

Onelimitationofthistheoryisthatdifferentmodesofpotentialfailuredo
notinteractwitheachother.

FailureinOrthotropicMaterials

MaximumStrainTheory:Asperthistheory,failurewilloccuroncestrains
Ma
im m Strain Theor As per this theor fail re ill occ r once strains
measuredwithrespecttoprincipalmaterialaxes,exceedtheirrespective
allowablelimits.Thus,forfailure,atleastoneofthefollowingfive
conditionsmustbeviolated.
Fornormaltensilestrainstheconditionsare:
LL <
< LU,,

TT <
< TU,

LT
< LTU.
LT <

Andifnormalstrainsarecompressive,thenfailurecriteriaare:
L<LU,

(Eq.24.15)

Ifmaterialislinearlyelastic,thenEq.24.15canberewrittenas:
L<
< LU/EL,
L<LU/EL,

T<TU.

T<
< TU/ET,
T<TU/ET.

LT<
< LTU/GLT.
(Eq.24.16)

Predictionsfrommaximumstressandmaximumstraintheoriesarevery
similar,withminordifferencesbeingattributabletoroleofPoissonsratio.
This is true for linear elastic materials. For nonlinear
Thisistrueforlinearelasticmaterials.Fornon
linearelasticmaterials,Eq.
elastic materials, Eq.
24.16shouldnotbeused,andsignificantdifferenceshouldbeexpected
betweenresultsfromthesetwotheories.

FailureinOrthotropicMaterials

TsaiHillorMaximumWorkTheory:Asperthistheory,failureoccurswhenthe
Tsai
Hill or Ma im m Work Theor As per this theor fail re occ rs hen the
followinginequalityconditionisviolated.
(L/LU)2 (L/LU)(T/TU)+(T/TU)2+(LT/LTU)2 <1

(Eq.24.16)

Here,ifnormalstressesarecompressivethencompressivestrengthshouldbe
Here
if normal stresses are compressive then compressive strength should be
usedintheequation.Also,ifthelaminaissubjectedtounidirectionalnormal
stress,thenaboveequationcanbesimplifiedas:
(cos2/LU)2 (cos sin/LU) 2 +(sin2/TU)2+(cos sin/LTU)2 <(1/ x)2 (Eq.24.17)

Unlikemaximumstressandstraintheories,Eq.24.16providesasingle
criterionforpredictingfailure.Italsoaccountsforinteractionbetween
different strengths of the material Predictions of strength from this theory are
differentstrengthsofthematerial.Predictionsofstrengthfromthistheoryare
slightlylesserthanthosefrommaximumstressandmaximumstraintheories.

Allthetheoriesdiscussedtillsofarworkonlyforalaminasubjectedtobiaxial
stressstateandnotfortriaxialstressstate.

What you learnt in this lecture?

Whatyoulearntinthislecture?
Transformationofstressandstrains
Stressstrainrelationsforalaminawithany
orientation
i
i
Strengthofanorthotropiclamina