Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
TECHNOLOGY
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Post-STRESSING TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
PAGE 03
PAGE 04
Multi-Strand Post-TensioninG
PAGE 05
Slab Post-Tensioning
PAGE 17
Multi-Wire Post-Tensioning
PAGE 28
Bar Post-Tensioning
PAGE 31
PAGE 35
External PRESTRESSING
PAGE 38
PAGE 40
INCREMENTALLAUNCHINGSYSTEMS PAGE 44
HEAVYLIFTINGSYSTEMS
PAGE 45
LOADHANDLING SYSTEMS
PAGE46
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Data contained herein is subject to change without notice. Use of information and details presented in this document should
be verified by a qualified engineer for suitability to specific applications.
introduction
Structural Systems is a specialist professional Engineering
and Contracting Company, which provides innovative
skills and services to the Construction and Mining
Industries both nationally and internationally. Operations
commenced as BBR Australia Pty Ltd in 1961 and
became the public company, Structural Systems Limited
in 1987.
Our innovative design, advanced construction techniques
and effective project management skills make Structural
Systems the leader in the design and installation of
prestressing systems.
The wide range of services and systems offered in
this brochure are readily available through our network
of offices and a Structural Systems representative is
available to talk directly to you regarding your project.
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PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
AS 4672
(1)
BS 5896
(2)
prEN 10138-3
(3)
Notes:
NOMINAL
DIAMETER
mm
STEEL AREA
12.7 super
15.2 super
15.2 EHT
12.9 super
15.7 super
MASS
kg/lm
STRAND
MBL / Fm
kN
MIN. PROOF
LOAD
kN
STRAND
RELAXATION
(%)
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
MPa
100.1
143.3
143.3
0.786
1.125
1.125
184
250
261
156.4
212.5
221.9
2.5
2.5
2.5
180 to 205x10
180 to 205x10
180 to 205x10
100
150
0.785
1.180
186
265
158.1
225.3
2.5
2.5
180 to 205x10
180 to 205x10
140
150
140
150
1.093
1.172
1.093
1.172
248
266
260
279
213.0
229.0
224.0
240.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
180
180
180
180
NOMINAL
DIAMETER
mm
STEEL AREA
MASS
kg/lm
WIRE
MBL
kN
MIN. PROOF
LOAD
kN
STRAND
RELAXATION
(%)
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
MPa
7 LR
38.5
0.302
64.3
54.7
(4)
2.0
195 to 205x10
7 LR
38.5
0.302
64.3
53.4
(5)
2.5
195 to 205x10
(7)
mm
15.2 regular
15.7 regular
15.2 super
15.7 super
(4)
(4)
(4)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(6)
3
3
3
3
3
to
to
to
to
205x10
205x10
205x10
205x10
3
3
3
3
WIRE PROPERTIES
STANDARD
AS 4672
(1)
BS 5896
(2)
Notes:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(7)
mm
(6)
STANDARD
AS 3600
80%
80%
85%
80%
75%
BS 8110
MBL
MBL
MBL
MBL
MBL
80%
80%
80%
80%
75%
MBL
MBL
MBL
MBL
MBL
In some cases higher or lower jacking forces are permitted by local standards.
MBL = Minimum Breaking Load of tendon.
SLAB
2 to 4
0.9 to 1.2
2 to 5
0 to 1
0 to 1
2 to 3
1 to 2
0.15 to 0.20
0.20 to 0.22
0.12 to 0.16
0.15 to 0.20
0.10 to 0.15
0.10 to 0.15
0.15 to 0.20
0.20
0.10 to 0.15
0.10 to 0.15
0.10 to 0.15
0.15
0.016 to 0.024
0.008 to 0.016
0.006
0.006
0.016
0.008 to 0.012
0.008 to 0.016
TENDON
WOBBLE
(k) rad/m
DUCT
FRICTION
To reduce excess friction, it may be possible to flush the tendon with water or water soluble oil.
If the duct or strand has a film or rust or the ducts are full of water, the friction values can increase significantly.
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BAR
0.016 to 0.024
Notes:
WIRE
0.008
MULTI-STRAND POST-TENSIONING
multi-strand post-tensioning
Structural Systems have two distinct systems available
for multi-strand applications. These systems are BBR
Cona Multi, and BBR VT Cona CMI.
BBR VT CONA
CMI
The system has been granted European Technical
Approval in accordance with the testing procedures
contained within ETAG013 and is CE marked.
Post-STRESSING TECHNOLOGY
Strand
mm2
mm2
140
150
560
12
140
600
150
980
140
1050
150
1680
1800
Rm
MPa
1770
1770
1770
Fm
kN
992
1736
2976
12
19
23
28
Outer Diameter
mm
180
150
150
Bar Diameter
mm
14
12
12
Length, approx.
mm
182
181
Pitch
mm
50
4
mm
15
3
mm
12
12
10
10
14
14
14
14
14
12
14
16
16
14
fcm.0
31
35
19
23
28
31
35
19
23
28
31
35
150
230
200
200
180
180
330
280
280
260
260
12
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
216
216
232
232
277
277
277
332
332
332
382
282
50
60
60
50
50
60
60
60
50
50
50
50
50
15
15
15
18
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
20
Helix
Number of Pitches
E
Distance
Additional Reinforcement
Number of STIRRUPS
Bar Diameter
mm
60
55
40
50
55
60
65
65
60
60
55
70
65
50
mm
30
30
30
30
33
33
33
33
33
35
35
35
35
35
BxB
mm
220
200
180
170
290
270
240
230
220
390
350
320
310
290
ac,bc
mm
235
215
195
190
310
285
260
250
240
405
370
340
325
310
ae,be
mm
110
100
90
85
145
135
120
115
110
195
175
160
155
145
Anchor Diameter
DA
mm
130
170
225
Anchor Length
LA
mm
327
454
627
Coupler FK Diameter
DFK
mm
185
205
240
Coupler FK Length
LFK
mm
945
1152
1435
Spacing
Distance from Anchor Plate
Outer Dimensions
Centre and Edge Spacing
Dimensions of Anchorages
FIXED COUPLER FK
15.2mm / 15.7mm
Anchorage Unit
Maximum No. Strands
406
4
706
7
1206
12
1906
19
2206
22
2706
27
3106
31
DIMENSIONS (mm)
Recess - Inner
Recess - Outer
Recess Depth
200 x 200
250 x 250
130
240 x 240
290 x 290
135
295 x 295
350 x 350
140
350 x 350
400 x 400
160
380 x 380
420 x 430
170
430 x 430
480 x 480
180
430 x 430
480 x 480
185
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19
22
27
31
Strand
mm2
140
150
140
150
140
150
140
150
mm2
2660
2850
3080
3300
3780
4050
4340
4650
Rm
MPa
1770
1770
1770
1770
Fm
kN
4712
5456
6696
7688
19
22
27
31
fcm.0
MPa
19
23
28
31
35
19
23
28
31
35
19
23
28
31
35
19
23
28
31
35
Outer Diameter
mm
420
360
360
330
330
475
420
360
360
330
520
475
430
420
360
560
520
475
430
430
Bar Diameter
mm
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
Length, approx.
mm
457
457
432
432
382
482
482
482
482
382
532
532
532
427
432
532
532
582
467
432
Pitch
mm
50
Helix
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
40
50
50
50
50
40
9.5
9.5
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
mm
27
27
27
27
27
31
31
31
31
31
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
mm
16
16
16
16
16
16
20
20
20
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Number of Pitches
Distance
Additional Reinforcement
Number of STIRRUPS
Bar Diameter
Spacing
mm
65
65
65
65
65
65
75
70
65
55
80
80
75
70
60
85
75
70
65
60
mm
42
42
42
42
42
46
46
46
46
46
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
BxB
mm
490
450
410
390
370
530
480
440
420
400
590
540
490
470
440
630
580
530
500
480
ac,bc
mm
510
465
425
410
390
550
500
460
440
420
610
555
505
485
460
650
595
545
520
495
ae,be
mm
245
225
205
195
185
265
240
220
210
200
295
270
245
235
220
315
290
265
250
240
Anchor Diameter
DA
mm
280
310
360
360
Anchor Length
LA
mm
744
946
1090
975
Coupler FK Diameter
DFK
mm
290
310
390
390
Coupler FK Length
LFK
mm
1600
1821
2466
2242
Dimensions of Anchorages
FIXED COUPLER FK
7
5
Post-STRESSING TECHNOLOGY
Diameter P (mm)
Height HP (mm)
12
19
22
27
31
130
120
170
128
225
150
280
195
310
206
360
250
360
250
BEARING TRUMPLATE
12
19
22
27
31
Anchor Head
Diameter A (mm)
Height HA1 (mm)
100
50
130
55
160
65
200
85
225
95
255
105
255
110
Coupler Head K
Diameter K (mm)
Height HK (mm)
185
85
205
85
240
90
290
95
310
105
390
125
390
130
ANCHOR HEAD
PLASTIC TRUMPETS
No. Strands
12
19
22
27
31
Trumpet A
Diameter TA (mm)
Length LTA (mm)
72
230
88
328
127
509
153
580
170
715
191
871
191
757
Trumpet K
Diameter TK (mm)
Length LTK (mm)
185
539
203
640
240
730
275
775
305
840
375
1265
375
1150
TRUMPET TYPE A
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TRUMPET TYPE K
406
706
1206
1906
2206
2706
3106
Notes:
4
7
12
19
22
27
31
45
60
80
100
105
120
130
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
50
65
85
105
110
125
135
mm
MINIMUM RADII
OF CURVATURE
/ MINIMUM
STRAIGHT
PORTION
m
15.2 regular
15.7 regular
15.2 super
15.7 super
45 / 50
55 / 60
70 / 75
90 / 95
95 / 100
105 / 110
110 / 115
2.0 / 0.8
4.0 / 0.9
5.2 / 1.0
6.5 / 1.1
7.0 / 1.15
7.7 / 1.3
8.4 / 1.3
992
1736
2976
4712
5456
6696
7688
1064
1862
3192
5054
5852
7182
8246
1040
1820
3120
4940
5720
7020
8060
1116
1953
3348
5301
6138
7533
8649
kN
Table indicates maximum number of strands that can be accomodated by the tendon stressing unit.
Larger ID ducting should be selected for tendons > 80m, or if strands are installed after concreting, or where tight or extended curvatures occur.
Plastic sheaths conforming to ETAG013 should be used. Alternatively, corrugated polyethylene ducting may be used if permitted in the local region.
Refer page 4 for additional design data and details.
Maximum jacking force is usually 0.8 x MBL.
For radii of curvature and straight portion diagram refer to BBR CONA Multi System.
STRESSING ANCHORAGE
FIXED ANCHORAGE
FIXED COUPLER FK
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PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
Maximum
Strands
No.
Metal Duct
Tendon MBL to AS4672
ID/OD
mm
kN
kN
705
7
50 / 57
1205
12
70 / 77
1905
19
85 / 92
3105
31
105 / 112
4205
42
120 / 127
6105
61
150 / 157
406
4
50 / 57
706
7
65 / 72
1206
12
80 / 87
1906
19
100 / 107
2206
22
110 / 117
3106
31
120 / 127
4206
42
135 / 142
5506
55
150 / 157
Notes:
Table indicates maximum number of strands that can be accomodated by the tendon stressing anchorage unit.
Duct sizes are quoted for typical situations. It may be possible to slightly reduce duct size in some situations. Consideration should be given to the use of larger
ducts where tight or extended curvatures occur. Refer to SSL office for advice. Alternate duct sizes are generally available in 5mm ID increments
10
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grout inlet
wedge
grips
duct
p.e. trumpet
anchor
head
anchorAGE casting
anchorage Type M1
MULTI-STRAND post-tensioninG
STRESSING ANCHORAGE TYPE M1 - ANCHORAGE CASTING WITH P.E. TRUMPET (LIVE END)
STRAND SIZE
12.7mm / 12.9mm
Anchorage Unit
Maximum No. Strands
705
7
1205
12
1905
19
3105
31
4205
42
6105
61
15.2mm / 15.7mm
Anchorage Unit
Maxiumum No. Strands
406
4
706
7
1206
12
1906
19
2206
22
3106
31
4206
42
Dimensions (mm)
AxA
B
C
Inside Dia. D
Outside Dia. E
Anchor Nom. Dia. F
Nom. Height G
165
155
100
77
55
120
55
215
345
85
110
77
150
55
265
415
100
139
92
190
65
335
485
116
179
112
240
80
350
550
125
193
117
350
80
395
605
145
223
137
290
100
460
725
175
265
157
350
120
Notes: Local zone and general zone anchorage reinforcement is normally required for all unit types and details are usually determined by the Designer to suit the specific application.
Unless otherwise specified by the Designer, multi-strand tendons will normally be supplied with Type M1 stressing anchorages.
Tendon grouting is achieved via 19mm poly pipe inlets at all anchorages and at intermediate venting points.
Anchorage type m1
Anchorage Unit
Maximum No. Strands
Dimensions
A x A
(mm)
B
C
Outside Dia. D
Outside Dia. E
-
-
4205
42
6105
61
406
4
706
7
1206
12
1906
19
2206
22
3106
31
4206
42
5506
55
175
220
20
90
55
220
435
30
115
75
270
545
40
140
90
345
785
55
195
110
375
820
60
210
115
440
910
70
232
140
600
1230
100
275
160
600
1400
120
325
160
Notes: Local zone and general zone anchorage reinforcement is normally required for all unit types and details are usually determined by the Designer to suit the specific application.
Unless otherwise specified by the Designer, SSL Multi-strand tendons will normally be supplied with Type M1 stressing anchorages.
Tendon grouting is achieved via 19mm poly pipe inlets at all anchorage ends and at intermediate venting points.
Anchorage type m3
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11
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
multi-strand post-tensioning
Dead End AnchorageS - Bulb Type & Swage Type
Strand Size
Anchorage Unit
600
1000
1000
1100
1100
1200
150
200
250
350
450
700
150
200
250
300
375
450
250
350
500
650
850
1000
600
600
1000
1000
1000
1100
1200
1200
150
200
250
300
300
350
400
550
150
200
250
300
300
350
350
475
250
350
500
500
500
650
850
1000
Notes:
Local zone and general zone anchorage reinforcement is normally required for all unit types and details are usually determined by the Designer to suit the specific application
Swage type dead end anchorages recommended for tendon units 3105/1906 and larger
12
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MULTI-STRAND post-tensioning
12.7mm / 12.9mm
Anchorage Unit
Maximum No. Strands
705
7
1205
12
1905
19
3105
31
-
-
-
-
15.2mm / 15.7mm
Anchorage Unit
Maximum No. Strands
406
4
706
7
1206
12
1906
19
2206
22
3106
31
4206
42
168
550
208
650
258
700
328
900
328
950
405
1100
460
1200
Diameter (mm) N
Trumpet length (mm)
P (approx)
Notes:
Unless otherwise specified by the Designer, multi-strand coupling anchorages will normally be supplied as Type K
Refer to SSL for details and availability of larger K type coupler units
12.7mm / 12.9mm
Anchorage Unit
Maximum No. Strands
705
7
1205
12
1905
19
3105
31
-
-
4205
42
6105
61
Dimensions (mm)
Q
R
S
108
170
550
108
200
650
108
230
740
108
340
1140
-
-
-
148
385
1320
refer
to
SSL
15.2mm / 15.7mm
Anchorage Unit
Maximum No. Strands
406
4
706
7
1206
12
1906
19
2206
22
3106
31
4206
42
5506
55
Dimensions (mm)
Q
R
S
125
160
520
125
200
630
125
230
730
125
270
860
125
300
930
145
350
1090
refer
to
SSL
refer
to
SSL
Notes:
Unless otherwise specified by the Designer, SSL Multi-strand Coupling Anchorages will normally be supplied as Type K
Refer to SSL for details and availability of larger C type coupler units
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13
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
multi-strand post-tensioning
Stressing Anchorage Recess details
Strand size
Recess details
705
1205
1905
3105
406
706
1206
1906
Dimensions (mm)
230
140
310
270
140
370
340
150
400
420
165
510
F x F
G
H x H
4205
6105
2206
3106
4206
5506
420
165
510
460
185
560
560
200
660
650
225
750
Space Requirements
705
1205
1905
3105
406
706
1206
1906
-
2206
4205
6105
3106
4206
5506
Jack unit CC 110 CC 200 CC 300 CC 600 CC 600 CC 630 CC 1000 CC 1200
Dimensions (mm)
A
710
750
810
1200
1200
1000
1130
1300
B
1400
1500
1600
2400
2400
2000
2300
2600
C
250
300
330
500
500
600
600
600
E
200
230
260
400
400
500
420
450
F
595
620
675
1100
1100
950
950
1050
Notes: Details based on jacks having 200mm working stroke. Alternative jacks may be available and/or more suitable. Contact SSL for further details
Check jack size and availability with your local SSL office
14
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MULTI-STRAND post-tensioning
Tendon Curvature
A straight portion L adjacent to the anchorage must be observed to limit the screw pull of the strand bundle against
the anchorage. Reduction may be allowed in certain specific instances.
12.7mm / 12.9mm
15.2mm / 15.7mm
705
406
1205
706
1905
1206
3105
1906
-
2206
4205
3106
6105
4206
5506
4
0.8
4.5
0.9
5
1.0
6
1.1
6.5
1.15
8
1.3
8
1.3
10
1.5
15.2mm/15.7mm
O.D.
I.D.
WALL THICKNESS
705
406
61
48
2.0
1205
706
75
65
2.0
1905
1206
94
82
2.0
3105
1906
110
98
2.0
4205
3106
125
110
2.0
6105
4206
160
138
2.0
(refer page 6)
Polyethylene Duct
(refer left)
Notes: Check with SSL office for availability and lead time for standard and/or alternative polyethylene
duct sizes
Eccentricity of Tendons
TENDON eCcentricity
TYPE
e mm
705/406
10
1205/706
11
1905/1206
14
3105/1906
15
2206
21
4205/3106
25
6105/4206
28
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15
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
multi-strand post-tensioning
Minimum Distance for Bearing Plates to concrete Edges and between
Adjacent Anchorages
The minimum required distance of the bearing plates
to concrete edges and to adjacent anchorage bearing
plates depends in general on:
the post-tensioning force to be transmitted
the concrete strength
the bearing plate dimensions
the reinforcing steel behind the bearing plate
structural requirements
ao
bo
Dsp
fc
fc
MPa
ao
bo
Dsp
ao
bo
Dsp
ao
bo
Dsp
32
40
50
Notes:
1205
1905
3105
4205
406
706
1206
1906
2206
3106
4205
220
130
200
205
125
190
195
120
180
290
155
250
270
150
240
255
145
230
365
190
320
340
185
310
320
180
300
465
235
410
435
225
390
410
220
380
545
275
480
505
260
460
475
250
440
205
120
180
200
120
180
200
120
180
270
145
230
255
145
230
250
145
230
355
180
300
330
175
290
310
175
290
450
225
390
420
215
370
395
210
360
480
240
425
450
230
400
420
225
390
570
285
520
535
275
490
500
265
470
665
335
590
620
310
560
585
300
540
The above details are provided as a guide only and designers should normally satisfy themselves by calculation that the adopted details are suitable for the actual application.
16
www.structuralsystems.com.au
slab POST-TENSIONING
slab post-tensioning
Designers, builders, owners and end users of buildings
require more efficiencies today than ever before. The
Structural Systems Slab Post-Tensioning System offers
all the stakeholders in a building project many benefits
including:
www.structuralsystems.com.au
17
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
slab post-tensioning
live end anchorages
duct
grout tube
grout tube
anchorage block
duct
strand
wedge grips
anchorage casting
Notes:
anchorage casting
strands
wedge
barrel
S
tandard flat duct is produced from
0.4mm galvanised steel sheet
TENDON UNIT
No. STRANDS
12.7 mm
and
12.9 mm
205
305
505
605
15.2 mm
and
15.7 mm
206
406
506
Notes:
ANCHORAGE
CASTING
RECESS FORMER
A
mm
B
mm
C
mm
D
mm
E1
mm
E2
mm
F1
mm
F2
mm
2
3
4 or 5
6
155
150
215
270
135
150
220
265
67
75
79
79
100
100
100
100
150
180
265
265
150
180
315
315
100
100
80
80
100
100
100
100
43
43
70
90
2
3 or 4
5
155
215
270
135
220
265
67
79
79
100
100
100
150
265
265
150
315
315
100
80
80
100
100
100
43 x 19
70 x 19
90 x 19
x
x
x
x
19
19
19
19
Tendon units 205, 605, and 206 are supplied with individual barrel anchorages in lieu of anchorage blocks.
Grout tubes are 13mm ID or 19mm ID polyethylene pipe supplied to each end of tendon. Additional intermediate vents can also be supplied (designer to specify requirements).
All sizes are nominal. Some dimensions have been rounded up for normal space, detailing and tolerance requirements.
Dead-End Anchorages
bulbed strand ends
duct
grout tube
grout tube
grout tube
swage plate
duct
spacer plate
(not always required)
bulb-type
swage-type
Strand size tendon UNIT
12.7mm
and
12.9mm
105
205
305
405
505
605
75
135
230
270
350
400
50
50
50
50
50
50
600
600
600
600
600
750
100
125
200
250
300
350
75
75
75
75
75
75
100
150
350
500
500
600
15.2mm
and
15.7mm
106
206
306
406
506
75
135
230
270
350
50
50
50
50
50
750
750
750
750
750
125
150
225
300
350
75
75
75
75
75
100
250
450
600
600
18
www.structuralsystems.com.au
slab POST-TENSIONING
coupling anchorages
Coupling Anchorage - 505, 406 & 506
grout tube
duct
anchorage
casting
coupling block
wedge grips
Grout Pump
Coupling Anchorages
Strand Size
Coupling
Unit
12.7mm / 12.9mm
15.2mm / 15.7mm
405
505
100
100
220
220
80
110
220
220
506
100
240
120
265
Note: 3 and 4-strand units are coupled using the applicable 5-strand coupler, uno.
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19
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
slab post-tensioning
Anchorage Reinforcement slab system
TENDON
UNIT
No. OF
STRANDS
205
305
505
605
206
406
506
2
3
4 or 5
6
2
3 or 4
5
Notes:
SPIRAL TYPE
LIGATURE TYPE
A
mm
B
mm
N
No.
C
mm
D
mm
90
100
100
110
90
110
110
200
260
260
300
200
300
300
4
4
5
7
4
7
7
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
100
100
130
150
110
130
150
N
No.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
1
2
4
2
2
4
17
17
22
25
17
22
25
Reinforcement size 10dia, grade 500MPa to AS/NZS 4671 or grade 460 to BS4449.
fcp = min required air-cured concrete cylinder strength at anchorage at time of stressing.
Details shown are generally satisfactory for most standard situations, however designers should satisfy themselves of the adequacy of local zone anchorage
reinforcement for specific situations.
2x2 ligature
2x1 ligature similar
Spiral Type
2x4 ligature
Strand Size
12.7mm / 12.9mm
15.2mm / 15.7mm
7mm
8mm
12mm
11mm
2.5mm
1.5mm
fcp
MPa
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slab POST-TENSIONING
Jacking Clearances
Jacking Clearances
Strand Size
A
mm
B
mm
C
mm
D
mm
E
mm
500
600
900
900
750
850
450
450
70
70
12.7mm / 12.9mm
15.2mm / 15.7mm
Stressing Pocket
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21
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
Carparks
Apartment buildings
Commercial office space
Retail centres
Vertical load transfer structures
Hospitals
Storage facilities
Public buildings such as stadiums, exhibition
centres, schools and institutional facilities
22
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slab POST-TENSIONING
banded slab
DEFINITIONS
Lb = Band Span
Ls = Slab Span
L = Design Span (Greater of L1 & L2)
Note: For Slab End Spans,
Add 15-20% to Slab Thickness from charts
flat slab
flat plate
Specifying Post-Tensioning
It is important that the design requirements are achieved
on site. Good engineering notation can greatly assist in
achieving this, with particular attention to the following;
The System. State that the design is based on
the Structural Systems SLAB post-tensioning system.
This ensures that a fully tested and code compliant
system will be installed.
Concrete. Nominate the 28 day characteristic
compressive strength and shrinkage characteristics
required. Some projects may have additional
requirements.
Concrete Strength at Transfer fcp. This is the
minimum compressive strength that is required prior to
fully stressing the tendons. Concrete testing of site and
air cured specimens should be carried out to ensure this
strength has been achieved prior to application of the
final stressing.
23
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
Construction
Structural Systems designers have worked closely over
many years with builders and construction personnel
resulting in a well understood system that enhances the
construction process. An appreciation of the construction
process will enable all parties involved in the on site
works to benefit from the system. The typical construction
sequence is as follows;
Erect formwork
Install bottom reinforcement
Install post-tensioning
Install top reinforcement
Prepour inspection and pour concrete
Strip edge forms
Initial/Partial stressing of tendons
Final/Full stressing of tendons
Obtain engineers approval and cut
off excess tendon strand
Grout the tendons
Strip formwork and back prop
as required
24
www.structuralsystems.com.au
slab post-tenSioning
Freezer stores
Container terminal facilities
Rail freight facilities
Aircraft hangers
Water retaining structures
Sporting venues
Raft slabs
Design
The design of post-tensioned slabs on ground involves
the careful analysis of the loads applied to the slab,
the interaction between the slab and the ground that
supports it, restraint forces and temperature effects.
Structural Systems has refined the design process and
has achieved outstanding results on many projects.
Our design and construction expertise for preliminary
design advice through to final design and construction
activities is available to assist builders, engineers and
developers in achieving optimum solutions for slab on
ground applications.
www.structuralsystems.com.au
25
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
DATA
Sub-grade Friction
b) design wheel / axle details
Thermal Effects
Daily ambient temperature variations give rise to
temperature gradient stresses through the slab depth
which need to be accounted for in the design. Typical
gradients of 0.02 C/mm and 0.04 C/mm are often
used for internal and external slabs respectively causing
bottom fibre tensile stresses that are additional to the
load stresses.
26
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Sub-base Parameters
A typical slab design will include the analysis of the
slab supported by the ground sub-base. Modelling of
the sub-base requires geotechnical data such as CBR,
and/or the modulus of sub-grade reaction.
Slab post-tenSioning
Note: As a guide, allow for total slab edge & M.J. movements of approximately 0.5mm per metre length of slab
(e.g for 60m long slab, each edge moves approx 15mm over the normal life of the slab),
Construction
Pour Sequence
Pour Size
A pour size of between 1500m2 and 2000m2 should
typically be considered and planned.
27
PreSTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
multi-wire post-tensioning
The BBR SSL Multi-Wire System is more compact
than the multi-strand system and is often preferred for
coupled cables in incrementally launched bridges, and is
ideally suited where cables are to be prefabricated and
where restressing or destressing is required.
The multi-wire tendon is composed of a bundle of 7mm
dia. wires (plain or galvanised). Each individual wire is
fixed in the anchorage with a multi-wire button head,
which is cold-formed onto the wire by means of special
machines.
Each wire is mechanically fixed in the anchor head
and reaches the full rupture load of the prestressing
steel without any slippage. Therefore the wire
bundle can sustain the maximum ultimate load.
The prestressing force is transmitted to the concrete
under precisely known conditions without any risk
of slippage of the prestressing steel.
Monitoring of the prestressing force and if
necessary restressing can be carried out reliably
and economically. If required, the tendon can also
be completely destressed.
The anchorage resists with a high degree of safety
dynamic loads and also exceptional effects such as
shock loads.
Centrepoint Tower - Sydney
28
www.structuralsystems.com.au
MULTI-wire POST-TENSIONING
Standard Tendons
The anchoring method allows the production of posttensioning tendons with any number of single wires and
therefore with any given magnitude of prestressing force.
The most commonly used wire diameter is 7 millimetres.
19
31
42
55
61
85
109
121
143
514
412
386
1222
977
916
1993
1595
1495
2701
2160
2025
3537
2829
2652
3922
3138
2942
5466
4372
4099
7009
5607
5257
7780
6224
5835
9195
7356
6896
mm2
308
731
1194
1617
2118
2349
3273
4197
4659
5506
kg/m
mm
2.42
35
5.74
50
9.36
55
25.67
100
32.92 36.54
110
120
43.19
130
Notes:
Grouting of Ducts
SSL has developed grouting methods utilising special
colloidal mixers which result in an optimal grouting of the
tendon ducts.
Prestressing Equipment
The prestressing equipment consist of a hydraulic
jack, trestle and pull-rod, which is connected to the
stressing anchorage. For tendon elongations greater
than the stroke of the jack, the pull-rod is temporarily
anchored with a lock-nut and the jack is recycled.
Prestressing Jacks
NP 60
NP 100
NP 150
NP 200
NP 250
NP 300
GP 500
GP 800
620
160
100
28
1700
1030
205
100
50
1700
1545
250
100
83
1700
2060
290
100
117
2000
2575
315
100
147
2000
3090
350
100
196
2000
5150
560
400
1260
2500
8000
660
400
2000
2500
www.structuralsystems.com.au
29
Notes:
kN
mm
mm
kg
mm
Check jack size and availability with your local SSL office
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
multi-wire post-tensioning
Stressing Anchorage Type L
Number of wires
dia. 7mm
Anchor
12
19
31
42 55
a mm 63
74
Trumpet Length b mm 250 250 250 280 300 300 300 340 360 400 500
Diameter
c mm 70
Bearing Plate d mm 140 170 200 245 285 315 345 400 450 500 520
Thickness
dt mm 14
16
20
25
30 35
40 50
12
19
31
42
55
61
e mm 25
27
36
43
49
56
67
78
Number of wires
dia. 7mm
Anchor
60
70
70
85 140 145
Elongation, max f mm 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 350 350 400 400
Trumpet length g mm 170 185 200 280 310 335 360 390 420 450 500
Diameter
h mm 37
Bearing plate
i mm 140 170 200 235 270 300 330 380 430 480 500
Thickness
it mm 16
Number of wires
dia. 7mm
Fan length
49
59
76
87
20
25
30
40
45
50
60
70
80
80
12
19 31
42
55
61
k mm 460 550 660 830 880 960 1010 1060 1180 1220 1260
Anchor plate, sq l mm 120 160 200 250 280 320 350 400 450 470 520
rectangular
l mm 70
w mm 200 270 340 420 500 560 600 660 760 790 900
Number of wires
dia. 7mm
12
19
31
42
55
61
Trumpet length q mm 230 260 290 350 410 430 470 570 630 680 730
Diameter
r mm 70
Number of wires
dia. 7mm
12
19
31
42
55
61
Trumpet length min s mm 600 620 670 750 810 880 950 1080 1150 1220 1260
Diameter
t mm 70
30
www.structuralsystems.com.au
bar POST-TENSIONING
bar post-tensioning
Macalloy Bar Systems are ideal for the economic
application of post-tensioning forces on relatively short
tendons. Through the use of threaded connections and
anchorages they are simple to use and lend themselves to
many applications.
The robust coarse thread (CT) on the Macalloy bar
ensures rapid and reliable assembly. This is particularly
suitable for onsite use and reuse.
Typical Applications
Corrosion Protection
Buildings
Prestressed Beams and Columns
Precast Connections
Temporary Bracing
Bridges
Stay Cables and Hangers
Precast Segments
Strengthening (Timber & Steel Bridges)
Tension Piles and Caissons
Wharves & Jetties
Stressed Deck Planks
Tie Backs
Soil and/or Rock Anchors
Permanent and Temporary Anchors
Uplift Anchors (Dam & Foundation)
Tunnel Roof Bolting
Soil Nails and Rock Bolts
Slope Stabilisation
Crane and Tower Bases
Specialist Engineering
Heavy Lifting
Formwork Ties and Hangers
Frame Ties
Pile Testing
Architectural Ties and Stays
Nut
Bar
Characteristic Properties
Macalloy Bar Properties are listed in the following
tables.
Washer
Coupler
www.structuralsystems.com.au
31
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
BAR post-tensioning
RANGE OF MACALLOY 1030 BAR
NOMINAL
DIAMETER
NOMINAL CROSS
SECTION AREA
mm
mm2
MACALLOY 1030
kg/m
*MACALLOY S1030
kg/m
20
25
26.5
32
36
40
50
75
315
491
552
804
1018
1257
1963
4185
4.09
4.58
6.63
8.35
10.30
15.72
33.00
2.53
4.09
6.63
10.30
-
MASS OF BAR
MAJOR DIAMETER
OF THREADS
mm
MIN. HOLE
DIAMETER IN
STEELWORK
mm
22.0
28.9
30.4
36.2
40.2
45.3
54.8
77.2
24
31
33
40
44
49
59
82
CHARACTERISTIC
ULTIMATE TENSILE
STRENGTH
MPa
MINIMUM
ELONGATION
MPa
APPROXIMATE
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
GPa
Macalloy 1030
25-50mm
1030
835
170
Macalloy 1030
75mm
1030
835
205
*Macalloy S1030
1030
835
10
185
mm
*MACALLOY S1030
kN
MACALLOY 1030
kN
*MACALLOY S1030
kN
20
25
26.5
32
36
40
50
75
506
569
828
1049
1295
2022
4311
323
506
828
1295
-
410
460
670
850
1050
1639
3495
262
410
670
1050
-
32
MACALLOY 1030
kN
www.structuralsystems.com.au
bar POST-TENSIONING
UNIT
Bars
Sectional area
Mass per metre
Metre run of bar per tonne
Characteristic failing load
Prestress at 70% characteristic
Minimum centres for anchorage
mm2
kg
m
kN
kN
mm
201
314.2
2.466
405
314
220
100
251
490.9
4.069
246
506
354
100
26.5
551.5
4.560
219
569
398
110
32
804.3
6.661
150
828
580
125
*Flat Nuts
Nut reference
Length
Width across flats (DIA for 75mm bar)
Weight
mm
mm
kg
FSSN20
25
42
-
FN25
33
46
-
FN26.5
37
50
0.46
FN32
41
56
0.56
*Flat
Washers
Washer reference
Outside diameter
Thickness
mm
mm
Couplers
Coupler reference
Outside diameter
Length - standard
Length - stainless
Weight
mm
mm
mm
kg
FSSC20
35
65
-
FC25
42.5
85
80
-
FC26.5
42.5
90
0.54
FC32
50
115
95
0.94
FC36
57.5
130
1.50
FC40
62.5
140
120
1.78
FC50
76
170
3.10
FC75
110
230
9.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
FSSP20
100
100
25
26
-
FP25
100
100
40
35
40
FP26.5
110
110
40
36
40
FP32
125
125
50
41
50
FP36
140
140
50
45
50
FP40
150
150
60
52
60
FP50
200
175
60
61
70
FP75
300
250
75
82
110
Ducts
Sheathing i/d
Coupler-sheathing i/d recommended
Coupler-sheathing minimum
mm
mm
mm
41
50
45
41
59
52.5
41
59
52.5
50
66
60
50
71
65
61
75
70
71
91
90
91
125
125
Grouting
flange
Flange reference
Length /o/dia
Height
mm
mm
GF25
125
40
GF25
125
40
GF32
140
40
GF36
140
40
Threads
Standard
thread
lengths
(see fig on
p30)
Pitch
Length - Jacking end (standard) S1
- Dead end (standard) S2
- Coupler (standard)
X1 (min)
X2 (min)
X3 (min)
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2.5
250
100
40
75
42
12
6.0
250
100
45
82
49
12
6.0
250
100
50
91
53
12
6.0
250
100
60
105
57
12
6.0
250
100
65
115
62
12
8.0
250
100
75
130
71
16
8.0
250
100
85
165
91
16
8.0
360
160
150
235
116
16
36
40
50
75
1017.9 1256.6 1963.5 4185.4
8.451 10.410 16.020 33.200
118
96
62
30
1049
1295
2022
4311
734
907
1415
3018
140
150
175
250
FN36
46
62
0.74
FN40
51
65
0.86
FN50
71
90
2.55
FN75
100
135
7.70
-
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33
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
X1 = live end
X2 = dead end
X3 = length of bar past nut or thru threaded plate
S1 = live end thread
S2 = dead end thread
L = length over plates
Notes:
HELIX
LINKS
mm
ROD DIAM.
mm
I/D
mm
PITCH
mm
TURNS
No.
ROD DIAM.
mm
SPACING
mm
NUMBER
25
26.5
32
36
40
50
75
12
12
12
12
12
16
20
130
130
165
195
220
250
350
40
40
40
40
40
50
75
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
16
70
70
80
80
80
100
100
3
3
3
4
4
4
6
A longitudinal length of rod may be used to attach the links but it is not required as part of the reinforcement
A more detailed explanation of the Macalloy Post Tensioning System is available in the Macalloy Design Data Handbook
There are many permutations possible to achieve satisfactory construction details, and advice is readily available from Structural Systems
34
Macalloy
Macalloy
Macalloy
Macalloy
Macalloy
www.structuralsystems.com.au
Anchor installation
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35
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
36
www.structuralsystems.com.au
MINIMUM
BREAKING
LOAD
mm
STRAND
15.2mm
or
15.7mm
No.
kN
2
4
7
12
19
22
27
31
42
55
65
91
500
1000
1750
3000
4750
5500
6750
7750
10500
13750
16250
22750
76
89
102
114
165
165
178
178
229
241
254
311
368
736
1288
76
89
102
STRAND
12.7mm
or
12.9mm
MACALLOY BAR
26.5
32
40
50
75
Notes:
102
127
152
178
216
216
216
216
311
311
311
356
50 / 65
65 / 85
80 / 100
100 / 120
125 / 165
125 / 165
125 / 165
125 / 165
210 / 230
210 / 230
210 / 230
250 / 270
SMOOTH
BEARING PLATE
SIZE
TYPICAL
mm
mm
55
67
82
102
150
150
150
150
225
225
225
257
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
63
75
90
110
160
160
160
160
235
235
235
270
200 x 200 x 32
200 x 200 x 36
300 x 300 x 50
350 x 350 x 60
400 x 400 x 70
450 x 450 x 80
500 x 500 x 80
500 x 500 x 90
600 x 600 x 100
700 x 700 x 120
700 x 700 x 140
900 x 900 x 160
91+
2
4
7
PERMANENT ANCHOR
SHEATH SIZE ID / OD
102
127
152
50 / 65
65 / 80
80 / 100
55 / 63
67 / 75
82 / 90
200 x 200 x 32
200 x 200 x 36
250 x 250 x 40
569
828
1295
2022
4311
76
102
102
127
152
127
152
152
175
203
65 / 80
80 / 100
80 / 100
100 / 127
130 / 150
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
200
250
300
300
400
x
x
x
x
x
200
250
300
300
400
x
x
x
x
x
40
50
60
60
90
Strand tendons are based on MBL = 184kN (12.7mm strand) and MBL = 250kN (15.2mm strand) (Higher strand / anchor capacities available on request)
Details listed apply to typical applications and may vary to suit actual applications
Macalloy Bar tendons are more commonly used for short anchor lengths
Macalloy Bar anchor details exclude allowance for coupling of bars - refer SSL for details if required
www.structuralsystems.com.au
37
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
external
pREStReSSING
External prestressing was first used in the late 1920s
and has recently undergone a resurgence being
used in bridges, both for new construction as well as
strengthening of existing structures.
38
www.structuralsystems.com.au
external POST-TENSIONING
Basic Type
The basic SSL BAR CONA External tendon is practically
identical to the SSL Multi-Strand System for internal
applications:
ANCHORAGE CASTING
DIMENSIONS (mm)
TYPE
706
1206
1906
3106
4206
A1 x A1
E1
AD/ID
ad/id
215
265
335
395
500
150
180
230
290
340
52
65
80
97
116
105
115
130
150
155
355
425
511
650
950
109
138
178
222
283
75
80
90
100
160
75 / 66.4
90 / 79.8
110 / 97.4
140 / 124
210 / 200
90 / 79.8
110 / 97.4
140 / 114.4
180 / 147.2
243 / 225
www.structuralsystems.com.au
39
PreSTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
cable stay
systemS
Structural Systems can provide strand (BBR HiAm
ConaTM) stay cables, wire (DinaTM / HiAmTM) stay cables,
and Carbon stay cables for a wide variety of structures,
drawing on both local and global expertise and resources
of the BBR Network. For suspension bridges, BBR
Technology can also be used for the main suspension
cables as well as for the hangers.
Stay cables may be plain strand / wire unsheathed for
temporary applications.
40
www.structuralsystems.com.au
HiAm CONA
Type
Forces
Structure
Ultimate Working
Short
Fatigue
Term
Anchorage
Cable
SDR32
Plate
Guide Pipe
Diam. CBP
Diam. DGP
kN
mm
mm / mm
mm
mm
153
30
57
70.0 / 5.0
75
377
460
90
85
101.6 / 5.0
1953
879
1074
210
133
12 06
3348
1507
1841
360
19 06
5301
2385
2916
570
22 06
6138
2762
3376
27 05
7533
3390
31 06
8649
37 06
42 06
IA
Diam.
S
mm
mm
mm / mm
kg/m
390
190
1000
1.3
110
400
200
1500
63 / 4.0
4.7
152.4 / 4.5
165
410
210
2000
90 / 4.0
10.3
170
193.7 / 5.6
210
420
220
2125
110 / 4.0
17.1
210
244.5 / 6.3
260
435
235
2250
125 / 4.0
26.4
660
225
244.5 / 6.3
275
435
235
2375
140 / 4.4
30.7
4143
810
248
273.0 / 6.3
305
450
250
2500
160 / 5.0
37.8
3892
4757
930
264
298.5 / 7.1
325
445
245
2625
160 / 5.0
43.1
10323
4645
5678
1110
288
323.9 / 7.1
355
465
265
2750
180 / 5.7
51.6
11718
5273
6445
1260
305
323.9 / 7.1
375
465
265
2850
180 / 5.7
58.2
MBL
Fwl
Fext
Ffat
100%
45%
55%
200 MPa
kN
kN
kN
1 06
279
126
3 06
837
7 06
Diam.
GA
OD / e
HA
Stressing Fixed
Cable
OD / e
48 06
13392
6026
7366
1440
327
356.6 / 8.0
400
480
280
2950
200 / 6.3
66.8
55 06
15345
6905
8440
1650
349
368.0 / 8.0
425
480
280
3050
200 / 6.3
75.9
61 06
17019
7659
9360
1830
367
406.4 / 8.0
450
495
295
3150
225 / 7.1
84.8
69 06
19251
8663
10588
2070
389
406.4 / 8.0
475
500
300
3250
225 / 7.1
95.3
73 06
20367
9165
11202
2190
400
419.0 / 8.0
490
490
290
3350
250 / 7.9
1101.7
75 06
20925
9416
11509
2250
405
457.0 / 10.0
495
510
310
3450
250 / 7.9
104.3
85 06
23715
10672
13043
2550
430
457.0 / 10.0
525
515
315
3550
280 / 8.8
119.0
91 06
25389
11425
13964
2730
445
508.0 / 11.0
545
525
325
3650
280 / 8.8
126.8
97 06
27063
12178
14885
2910
458
508.0 / 11.0
560
525
325
3750
280 / 8.8
134.7
109 06
30411
13685
16726
3270
485
508.0 / 11.0
595
525
325
3850
315 / 9.9
152.4
121 06
33759
15192
18567
3630
510
559.0 / 12.5
625
545
345
3950
315 / 9.9
168.1
35433
15945
19488
3810
522
559.0 / 12.5
640
555
355
4050
315 / 9.9
176.0
127 06
Notes:
www.structuralsystems.com.au
41
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
n 7 No.
56
91
Cable
FUnom
kN
3600
5850
7775 10475 12595 14330 16840 19345 21465 23585 25320 27055
Fmax
kN
1620
2635
3500
4715
5670
6450
7580
Steel Weight
kg/m
16.9
27.5
36.6
29.2
59.2
67.4
79.2
91
100.9
111
Cable Weight
kg/m
23.8
33.2
43.8
58.0
71.2
78.4
93.8
104
118.7
128
Breaking Load
Max. Working Load
PE
Wall Thickness
HDPE Telescope Pipe
PE t
Wall Thickness
Steel Guide Pipe
(outer/inner diameter)
121
163
196
223
262
301
8705
334
367
394
421
127.2
138.3 145.5
mm
110
110
125
140.0
160
160.0
180
180
200
200
210
210
mm
10.0
10.0
11.4
12.8
14.6
14.6
16.4
16.4
18.2
18.2
19.1
19.1
mm
140
140
160
180.0
200
200.0
225
225
250
250
250
250
mm
12.8
12.8
14.6
16.4
18.2
18.2
20.5
20.5
22.8
22.8
18.0
18.0
mm 229.0 / 267.0 / 298.5 / 343.0 / 355.6 / 368.0 / 406.4 / 445.0 / 445.0 / 470.0 / 495.0 / 495.0 /
mm
211.4
251
282.5
311.0
330.6
352.0
378.0
405.0
416.6
435.0
455.0
470.0
Bearing Plate
mm
365
430
480
545.0
590
625.0
675
730
755
795
830
850
ThicknesS
mm
45
55
60
70
75
75
85
95
95
100
110
105
Centre Hole
mm
211
251
282
311.0
330
352.0
378
405
417
435
455
470
mm
195
235
265
295
315
335
360
385
400
420
435
450
LHM
mm
355
425
480
550
605
635
665
710
755
790
815
845
LHF
mm
320
370
415
465
505
525
540
575
605
635
650
675
Lock Nut
mm
245
290
330
365
390
420
450
480
500
520
540
560
HM
mm
75
90
105
120
125
135
150
160
165
170
180
185
Protection Cap
mm
219
259
289
319
339
359
389
409
429
449
459
479
LSm
mm
283
338
378
433
483
503
518
553
593
623
638
663
Weight of Anchorage
(excl. Anchor Plate and Guide Pipe)
42
LSf
mm
178
203
213
228
253
253
253
268
283
288
293
303
stress.
kg
93
157
226
314
391
465
567
668
787
898
998
1110
fixed
kg
86
142
203
281
347
412
495
600
682
779
861
957
www.structuralsystems.com.au
n7
No.
13
22
31
37
55
70
91
103
121
145
157
181
199
Cable
FUnom
kN
835
1415
1990
2380
3535
4500
5850
6620
7775
9320
10090
11635
12790
Fmax
kN
375
635
895
1070
1590
2025
2635
2980
3500
4195
4540
5235
5755
Steel Weight
kg/m
3.9
6.6
9.4
11.2
16.6
21.1
27.5
31.1
36.6
43.8
47.4
54.7
60.1
Cable Weight
kg/m
6.4
8.8
12.4
15.8
20.7
27.6
33.2
39.0
43.8
53.1
56.4
67.2
72.0
Breaking Load
Max. Working Load
PE
Wall Thickness
HDPE Telescope Pipe
PE
Wall Thickness
Steel Guide Pipe
Stressing Anchorage
Tm
Tf
63
75
90
90
110
110
125
125
140
140
160
160
5.8
5.8
6.9
8.2
8.2
10.0
10.0
11.4
11.4
12.8
12.8
14.6
14.6
mm
75
75
90
110
110
140
140
160
160
180
180
200
200
mm
4.3
4.3
5.1
6.3
6.3
12.8
12.8
14.6
14.6
16.4
16.4
18.2
18.2
mm
139.7 /
146.0 /
168.3 /
177.8 /
203.0 /
229.0 /
254.0 /
267.0 /
292.0 /
305.0 /
318.0 /
330.0 /
355.6 /
mm
125.5
136.0
155.7
165.2
190.4
211.4
238.0
245.0
267.0
285.0
298.0
310.0
327.2
mm
139.7 /
146.0 /
168.3 /
177.8 /
203.0 /
229.0 /
254.0 /
267.0 /
292.0 /
305.0 /
318.0 /
330.0 /
355.6 /
mm
125.5
136.0
155.7
165.2
190.4
211.4
238.0
245.0
267.0
285.0
298.0
310.0
327.2
Bm
mm
230
260
285
305
350
380
420
435
470
510
525
560
590
Thickness
tm
mm
30
35
35
40
45
50
55
60
60
65
65
70
75
Centre Hole
Zm
mm
125
136
155
165
190
211
238
245
267
285
298
310
327
Fixed Plate
Bf
mm
180
210
240
270
305
405
430
415
440
480
495
530
555
Thickness
tf
mm
25
35
35
45
45
70
80
60
65
75
75
80
90
Centre Hole
Zf
mm
110
110
125
145
145
175
175
195
195
215
215
235
235
ZH
mm
100
120
140
150
175
195
220
230
250
270
280
295
310
Length
LZH
mm
90
105
115
130
160
190
205
225
245
255
270
290
305
LHF
mm
45
55
60
60
75
75
90
90
100
105
110
115
125
Stressing Anchorage
Mf
mm
140
160
180
195
225
250
280
290
315
340
355
370
390
HMf
mm
30
35
40
45
55
60
70
70
75
80
85
90
95
Mr
mm
130
135
155
175
185
220
230
250
255
280
285
310
315
HMr
mm
30
40
45
50
55
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Sm
mm
129
149
169
179
199
219
249
259
279
299
309
319
339
LSm
mm
98
108
113
128
153
178
188
203
218
223
238
253
265
Sf
mm
125
130
150
170
180
215
225
245
250
275
280
305
310
LSf
mm
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
stress.
kg
15
19
26
34
48
69
86
102
125
150
169
199
230
fixed
kg
11
12
16
22
24
35
40
49
52
65
69
85
90
Fixed Anchorage
PROTECTION CAP
63
mm
Stressing Plate
Lock Nut
mm
Stressing Anchorage
Fixed Anchorage
Weight of Anchorage
(excl. Anchor Plate and Guide Pipe)
www.structuralsystems.com.au
43
PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
INCREMENTAL
LAUNCHING
systemS
The Incremental Launching method combines the
advantages of pre-cast segmental construction with
those of segmental cast insitu methods.
Bridges are cast in segments behind an abutment under
controlled conditions, as a result, high concrete quality
and precise dimensions are assured. Reinforcement
crosses each joint in addition to the bonded prestressing tendons as each new segment is cast directly
These are not exclusive but provide a guide to the standard range of
applications.
44
www.structuralsystems.com.au
www.structuralsystems.com.au
43
5
preSTRESSING TECHNOLOGY
Typical Applications
Lifting, Lowering and Shifting of Heavy Loads
Heavy, fragile or awkward structural elements can be
either fabricated on or off site, then manoeuvred into
position by using jacking systems and tendons from
bar, strand or wire. Examples include roof structures,
bridge spans, precast concrete elements, and heavy
industrial components. It is often preferred to assemble
a large module adjacent to its final location then shift it
into position, on the basis of safety, ease of assembly
or time constraints. In some instances bridge pier
headstocks are constructed parallel to traffic, then
rotated to minimise traffic disruption. Some of SSLs
systems incorporate special hydraulic and monitoring
systems to allow for high accuracy movement regardless
of any differential loadings.
46
www.structuralsystems.com.au
Flat Jacks
Flat jacks are used for a variety of applications where structures are
required to be lifted or preloaded and installation heights are to be kept
to a minimum.
Structural Systems can provide 2 types of flat jacks:
Pan Type
Contstructed of two moulded steel sections welded together
used with a top and bottom plate. These can be inflated with oil
or grout and are generally used only once (see Table A).
Pan Type
D OUTSIDE
DIAMETER
mm
MAXIMUM FORCE
AT 13.5 MPa
kN
EFFECTIVE AREA AT
ZERO EXTENSION
103mm2
T
THICKNESS1
mm
E
MAXIMUM TRAVEL
mm
INSTALLATION
GAP
mm
9T
16T
39T
52T
60T
78T
108T
160T
217T
347T
540T
738T
898T
1364T
120
150
220
250
270
300
350
420
480
600
750
870
920
1150
85
155
390
525
605
780
1080
1605
2170
3470
5400
7385
8975
13635
6.4
11.5
29
39
45
58
80
119
161
257
400
547
665
1010
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
45
45
45
50
Notes:
60T
100T
150T
200T
250T
300T
Notes:
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
THICKNESS
MAXIMUM TRAVEL
INSTALLATION GAP
mm
MAXIMUM FORCE
AT 10,000 PSI
kN
mm
mm
mm
138
188
205
240
300
305
600
1000
1500
2000
3000
3000
110
162
192
155
150
170
28
50
50
50
50
50
125
180
210
170
165
185
www.structuralsystems.com.au
47
VICTORIA
QUEENSLAND
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
112 Munro Street, South Melbourne
VIC 3205 Australia
T. +61 3 9296 8100
F. +61 3 9646 7133
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
20 Hilly Street, Mortlake
NSW 2137 Australia
T. +61 2 8767 6200
F. +61 2 8767 6299
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Unit 2, 16 Maiella Street, Stapylton
QLD 4207 Australia
T. +61 7 3442 3500
F. +61 7 3442 3555
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
24 Hines Road, OConnor
WA 6163 Australia
T. +61 8 9267 5400
F. +61 8 9331 4511
UNITED KINGDOM
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
12 Collett Way
Great Western Industrial Park
Southall, Middlesex UB2 4SE
T. +44 208 843 6500
F. +44 208 843 6509
IRELAND
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Unit 13, Block G
Maynooth Business Campus, Maynooth
Co. Kildare, Ireland
T. +353 1628 9124
F. +353 1628 9124
POLAND
Structural Systems operate throughout Australia, South East Asia, the Middle East and the United Kingdom.
For more information on Structural Systems and the many services we provide,
visit: www.structuralsystems.com.au