MATLAB Workshop

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MATLAB Basics
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MATLAB Basics
Mohamed Taha
Communication Engineering Department
Princess Sumaya University
mtaha@psut.edu.jo

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MATLAB Basics

What is MATLAB
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It is an abbreviation to MATrix LABoratory

Front end for a matrix library

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It is an interpreted language

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It contains huge amount of built in functions and

accept user defined functions

Compatible with almost all programming languages

(C ++ , JAVA, .net applications), etc.

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Memory allocations and de-allocations are done automatically

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MATLAB data structures and data types

Basic data structure is matrix
MATLAB calls matrices arrays

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Basic data type is double

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MATLAB Layout

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Interactive computing with MATLAB

Using MATLAB as a calculator
ans is a default variable used if a variable is not
specified to hold the result
At the command prompt
>> 2+6-4*sin(4)
ans = 11.0272
If we assign the variable x the last statement

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>> x = 2+6-4*sin(4)
x = 11.0272
ans disappeared

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 % sign is used to write a comment

% This is my first command
The last statement is totaly ignored by MATLAB
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; is used to suppress the result, useful when the

result is a huge matrix (image)
>>a=1;
To display the result
>> a or disp(a)

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MATLAB vectors
Row vector A = [1 0 1] is entered in MATLAB
as A=[1 0 -1]
spaces are used between the elements
commas can be used as well
>> A=[1 0 -1]
A = 1
0

-1

The size and data structure can be checked by

typing >> whose A

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Name
A

Size
1x3

Bytes Class
24

double

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Column vector A =
0
1
>> A=[1;0;-1]
A = 1
0
-1
To convert a row vector to a column vector, use
transpose operator
1
0
-1
>> B=A
B = 1

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A =

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Matrices
Matrices are collection of column or row vectors
m n matrix, contains m rows and n columns
#
"
1
0
1
2
is entered as
The matrix A =
1 j 2
>> A=[1 1/2 0;-1 j 2]
A =
1.0000
0.5000
-1.0000
0 + 1.0000i

0
2.0000

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Size of the matrix or vector can be returned as

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>> [m,n]=size(A)
m = 2
n = 3

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Accessing the elements of a matrix/vector

For a vector (column or row), elements can be accessed by specifying the number of the element
First element is a number 1 and not 0 in the array
A = [1
>> A(1)
ans = 1
>> A(2)
ans = 0

-1]

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>> A(3)
ans = -1
>> A(end)
ans = -1

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 For matrix, elements are accessed by specifying their

locations in the row and column

1 1
5
A = j 0 2 + 3 j
1
2
7/2

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>> A=[1 -1 5 ; -j 0 2+3*j ; 1 2 -7/2];

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 Elements of A are accessed as

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Colon operator : is used to specify range of

columns and rows
1:3, produces [1 2 3]

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Creating vectors automatically

It is much efficient to create matrices and vectors automatically
Functions used to create matrices can be used to create
vectors, opposite is not always possible.

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For vectors:
x = linspace(StartVal , EndVal, N);
Creates a row vector of N linearly spaced numbers
between StartVal and EndVal
Increment = difference between any two consecal
utive numbers = EndV alStartV
N 1

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Creates 10 elements between 1 and 5

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>> x=linspace(-1,5,10);

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 The increment can be checked by subtracting any

two consecutive numbers in x
>> x(2)-x(1)
>> ans = 0.667
Exactly equals to

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5(1)
101

MATLAB Basics

= 0.667

x = StartVal : Increment : EndVal

Exactly the same as linspace
x=-1:0.667:5
Produces the same x produced previously by
linspace

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Creating matrices automatically

Several functions
Function
eye(m,n)
zeros(m,n)
ones(m,n)
diag(m)
diag(m)
rand(m,n)
randn(m,n)
hilb(m)
magic(m)

Operation
m n identity matrix
m n matrix of zeros
m n matrix of ones
m m diagonal matrix
extract diagonals
m n randomly generated matrix
m n randomly generated matrix
m m Hilbert matrix
m m magic square

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Matrix algebra
A B, A and B are vectors or matrices of the same
size

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>> A=[1 0 -1; 1/2 j -3];

>> B=ones(2,3);
>> C=A-B;
A B, columns {A} = rows {B}
>> A=[1 0 -1; 1/2 j -3];
>> B=ones(2,3);
>> C=A*B;

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A. B, multiply the corresponding elements of A

and B, A and B must be of the same size

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>> A=[1 0 -1; 1/2 j -3];

>> B=ones(2,3);
>> C=A.*B
C =

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1.0000
0.5000

0
0 + 1.0000i

-1.0000
-3.0000

A./B, divide the corresponding elements in A and

B, A and B must be of the same size
>> A=[1 0 -1; 1/2 j -3];
>> B=ones(2,3);
>> C=A./B
C =

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1.0000
0
0.5000 0 + 1.0000i

-1.0000
-3.0000

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 Inverse of a matrix A, A is a square, full rank matrix

>> A=randn(3);
>> B=inv(A)
B =

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0.1749
-0.2860
0.9737

-0.6997
0.1538
-0.2917

-0.7158
1.0568
-0.5160

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Matrix functions

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MATLAB built in variables

MATLAB has several built in variables
These variables name should not be used for user defined
variables

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User defined variables

Should starts with characters a-z or A-Z
Can have any remaining characters

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Maximum length 31
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Should not have the name of a built in variable/function or a user defined function
A is different from a, case sensitive

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Polynomials
Most engineering problems based on polynomial manipulations
Some functions

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The polynomial f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 is entered as

f=[1 2 1];
The polynomial g(x) = x2 + 1 is entered as
g=[1 0 1];
The value of g(0.5)
polyval(g,-0.5)

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 c(x) = f (x)g(x) is computed as

>> f=[1 2 1];
>> g=[1 0 1];
>> c=conv(f,g)

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c =

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The result is interpreted from right to left as

c(x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 + x4

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Vectorization
Transforming any problem to matrix-vector manipulation
Useful in engineering problems
In this case loops are avoided.
Consider the C-loop
pi=3.14;
N=5;
for (i=0; i < N ; i++)
{
x[i]=pi*i/4;
}
MATLAB version x=0:pi/4:pi
Uses

1
5

of the time required for the C-loop

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Plotting
Plotting (x,y) data
Two dimensional plots are created with the plot
function.

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plot(x,y)
plot(xdata,ydata,symbol)
plot(x1,y1,x2,y2,...)
plot(x1,y1,symbol1,x2,y2,symbol2,...)

x and y must have the same size, x1 and y1 must

have the same size, x2 and y2 must have the same
size, etc.

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 Different axis scaling

Name
loglog
plot
semilogx
semilogy

Axis scaling
log10 (y) versus log10 (x)
linear y versus x
linear y versus log10 (x)
log10 (y) versus linear x

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Linear Scale

>>x=-10:0.1:10;
>>y=x.2;
>>plot(x,y)
>>grid

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Log Scale

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>>x=linspace(0,1,10);
>>y=exp(2*x);
>>semilogy(x,y)

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Practice
1. Use colon operator to create a 100 elements vector
between 3 and 10 with uniform spacing between
elements.
2. For the vector created in (1), square all elements.
3. Create 4 4 normal random matrix, A. Find a new
matrix, B such that its columns are the diagonal of
the matrix A.

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Ans. diag(A)*ones(1,4)

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4. Create a 3 3 uniform random matrix, X. Find

the eigen value decomposition of the matrix, X =
V V 1 .

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5. Create 1 100 random vector with zero mean and

unity variance. Check the values of the mean and
the variance using MATLAB commands.
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6. You need to use the randn, mean, var functions.

To find help about these functions, at the command
prompt, type, help FunctionName.

7. Create the matrix

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0.5

Write MATLAB commands to:

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 Extract the elements of the second row

Interchange column 3 and column 1
Subtract row 1 from row 2 and store the result
in the second row
Multiply all elements in row 1 and all elements
in column 2 and store the result in row 1


1 3# 7 ,
8. Given the vectors x
=
"
3 1 6


2 4 2 , A =
y =
, and
5 2 7

1 4

B=
7 8 .
2 2
Determine which of the following statements will
correctly execute (and if not, state why). For the
correctly executed statements give the final result

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using MATLAB.
1. x + y
5.x + A
9.A [x0 , y 0 ]

2.[x; y 0 ]
6.[x; y]
10.ones(1, 3) A

3.B A
7.B A
11.[x; y] + A

4.B./x
8.B./x

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