Quiz 4 Nov.

20
Conceptual question from Chapter 7
Griffith observed that the stress to fracture was directly
proportional to specimen size. True or False
_______________ is
an engineering
approximation that a
solid fails in elastic
region.

HINT Oct. 28 Lecture 18-19, see slides 8, 10

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

The minimum condition for instability is
____ represents the reversible, adiabatic
energy necessary to create a new
surface
In Griffiths energy balance, the term that
opposes crack growth is dA True or False
In Griffiths energy balance, the
term that relates to an increase in
elastic strain energy is 2

2E

dV

True or False

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

HINT: Oct. 28 Lecture 18-19, see

slide 13
2

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

From Griffiths analysis, based on the energy balance, the
critical stress (or flaw size) for design against fracture is
expressed as
The theoretical cohesive strength (TCS) can be estimated
from Griffiths energy balance; knowing ____ and _____ and
assuming a ________________________ (approximated by
defect where a = 2-3 atomic spacing).
A typical range of TCS
can be expressed in
terms of the modulus of
elasticity as __________
HINT: Oct. 28 Lecture 18-19,
see slide 15
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

An alternative approach, to Griffiths energy balance, for
failure analysis in the presence of defects, is referred as
____________ mechanics, which considers ___________
_______________ extension
Write the names of the modes described below:
crack displaces perpendicular to the crack plane ___________
crack displaces perpendicular to the leading edge __________
crack displaces parallel to the leading edge _______________

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

HINT: Oct. 28 Lecture 18-19, see

slide 20
4

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

The term _______ is defined as the
Mode I ____________________
stress intensity factor
Cracks tend to seek out planes
_____________ to the directions of the
maximum principal ______________
stress.
The general equation for the SIF is
__________ where y is a correction
factor.

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

HINT: Oct. 28 Lecture 18-19,

see slides 24, 25
5

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

The material property that represents the
critical SIF for which the crack is unstable
is referred to as the _________________.

Using the material property _______, a

fracture-free criteria can be defined as
____________ and fracture will occur
when

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

HINT: Oct. 28 Lecture 18-19,

see slides 24, 25
6

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

High-strength alloys exhibit ___________________ behavior: the
stress-strain response exhibits an elastic-plastic transition when unnotched, but failure during elastic deformation when cracks exist.
A _____________forms ahead of cracks in order to relieve otherwise
infinite stresses.
The size of the plastic zone is defined by the ___________________

A thin plate is defined by

_________________ and this
represents a plane _______________
condition.
A thick plate is defined by
_________________ and this
represents a plane _______________
condition.
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

HINT: Oct. 30 Lecture 18-19,

see slides 33
7

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

To ascertain plane stress/strain deformation, compare
the _______________ plastic zone radius, rpc to the
________________________ .
For plane stress deformation, rpc/t > 1.0 .

True or False

The plane strain condition for the ratio of specimen

thickness to the plane stress plastic zone radius is
rpc/t > 1/5. True or False
Fill in the box below the plastic zone sketch
with plane strain or plane stress.
True when
rpc/t < 1/5

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

HINT: Oct. 30 Lecture 18-19, see

slides 42

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual question from Chapter 7

Fractography will illustrate failure between grains,
referred to as _________________________ fracture, or
through the grains, referred to
as_______________________ fracture.

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

HINT: Oct. 30 Lecture 18-19, see

slides 44

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual quesAon from Chapter 7

Fill in only two of the boxes below the sketch with plane strain or
plane stress.

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

10

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual quesAon from Chapter 8

For the case of completely reversed stress amplitude what is the
value of R: R = ______.
When min is equal to zero, R = ______. If max = 0, R = ______

S (MPa)

Define S.
magnitude of the reversed
stress amplitude, endurance
limit

Define N.
number of cycles to failure,
endurance

N
Which of the materials has the higher UTS. _________________
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

11

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual quesAon from Chapter 8

For the variable amplitude stress histories, we introduce the

concept of cumulative damage. Write the equation for di, the
damage associated with the ith stress amplitude. ________
For Miners rule

i=1,2,3

di =

ni
=1
N
i
i=1,2,3

,loads are applied in any arbitrary

sequence. True or False

When determining the number of cycles to failure corresponding
to the ith stress amplitude in a variable amplitude stress history,
we consider that the stress is applied in a ___________
_____________ sense.
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

12

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual quesAon from Chapter 8

When m 0, the Goodman correlation is used to obtain the
equivalent completely reversed alternating stress ao: what other
three parameters must be known in order to calculate ao?
_________ ___________ _____________
What is the value of the fatigue stress concentration factor,
Kf =

e (unnotched) when notched and unotched members exhibit

e (notched)

the same endurance? Kf = _______ The other extreme value of

Kf is Kf = ________________.
To determine intermediate values of Kf, we define q as
________________________ and the equation is
________________.
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

13

Quiz 4 Nov. 20: Conceptual quesAon from Chapter 8

Describe the physical phenomena in the three stages illustrated
in the figure below.
crack initiation: initial microI = fatigue""fa&gue"crack"ini&a&on"
______"
cracks

propagated along planes of

""stress"below"which"cracks"""
maximum
cyclic shear stress

______" """"do"not"ini&ate"

fatigue crack propagation: crack seeks

"fa&gue"crack"growth"rate"
propagates along planes with
II =______"
out and
maximum tensile stress amplitude

"crack"has"reached"a"cri&cal""
______" """size"

fast fracture: crack has reached

""stress"intensity"range"
critical
size for local stress state
______"
III =
""fa&gue"crack"propaga&on"

______"
!da/dN is referred to as ________________________________

KI is referred to as the _______________________________

What is the name of the mathematical model that governs Stage II. ______________
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

14

Maxwell model of viscoelastic response: stress relaxation.

o
instantaneous
strain o
applied
suddenly results
in o

_________________
stress decays (relaxes)

time

___________
o absorbed
___________
by the spring
___________
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

_____________
with time,
_____________
motion occurs in
_____________
the dashpot
_____________
strain in the
_____________
spring decreases

15

Maxwell model of viscoelastic response: stress relaxation.

total strain is held constant

with time

elastic strain e is being ______________

by creep strain c
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

16

Formulation of the constitutive equation governing stress

relaxation of a Maxwell material.
The applied strain is held constant and thus o = and

d 1 d 1

=
+ =
dt E dt

Separate stress and time variables

and assume the solution
Solve for the constants
A: At t = 0 the stress = o
B: Substitute = o e

Bt

d
=0
dt

(t) = AeBt

o = Ae B(o) = A; A =

d
and
= o Be Bt
dt

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

17

The equation governing stress relaxation of a Maxwell

material is:

We can dene a Ame constant, , (aka characterisAc relaxaAon Ame).

= _____________________

= oe

when t = , _________
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

18

Interpreting characteristic times

Ames on the order of _____________ viscoelasAc

response: _____________________

Ames orders of magnitude _________ than _______
________________ and only ________ deformaAons

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

19

Based on the characterisAc relaxaAon Ame constant, we can determine

whether a material is Maxwellian.
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides

t

ln
= ln o


____________ line on log of stress vs Ame plot implies __________ decay
and material is therefore Maxwellian.


For a Maxwell solid, the ________ is -(1/) or E/.

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

20

In-class problem
A fiberglass fastener is installed where it must sustain a minimum tensile stress of 2000
psi. The composite has an elastic modulus of 6 x 106 psi, a tensile strength of 24,000 psi
and a viscosity of 900 x 109 psi-min. The material behaves as a Maxwell solid. When
initially assembled, the fastener is instantaneously strained to 800 x 10-6 and this strain
is constant during its subsequent life. What is its maximum service time, t (in minutes)
before its stress falls below the minimum acceptable tensile strength.

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

21

Re-thinking/organizing the problem statement

A fiberglass composite fastener is installed which must sustain a minimum tensile stress
of 2000 psi.

The composite has the following elastic properties:

Maxwell solid governing equation

When initially assembled, the fastener is instantaneously strained to 800 x 10-6 and this
strain is constant during its subsequent life.

t
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

22

What is its maximum service time, t (in minutes) before its stress
falls below the minimum acceptable tensile strength.

t
Determine instantaneous stress corresponding to o = 800
Determine service time, t (in minutes) to sustain 2000 psi for a
Maxwellian material.

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

23

E MCH 315
Mechanical Response of Engineering Materials

Lecture 25
ViscoelasAcity II
Chap. 9

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

Lectures 25

_________ Deformation: _______________of strain when

the load/stress magnitude is held ______________.
_____________________

________________

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

25

FormulaAon of the consAtuAve equaAon governing creep of a

Maxwell material.

Maxwell model

Recall the governing equation:

d 1 d 1
=
+
dt E dt

The applied stress is held constant and thus _________ and

Hence the creep response model for a Maxwellian material is

d 1 d 1
=
+
dt
E dt

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

26

Increments of strain accumulate linearly with Ame:

Solve for strain at a given time t - (t) - by integration, with
o corresponding to instantaneous o

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

27

The Maxwell model of creep predicts that strain accumulates

linearly with time (constant rate) under constant load.
Response
Imposed condition

d
1
=

dt
o
1
___________________
d =
o dt

________________________

(t ) = o +

o
models _____________ creep
t
(i.e. ________________________ )

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

28

The creep response is the sum of a spontaneous elastic

deformation, o, plus permanent flow, p (plastic or creep
strain)
o
___________
___________

p
tr
__________________

__________
p __________

o
tr

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

29

Method 1: Given a stress history, determine strain at Ame, tr = t.

Simplify the stress history
(ksi)

o
o = o/2

t
Governing equation

o
(t ) = o +
t

t time

time

Solution

(t) = o + p(0t ) + p( tt )
Solve for permanent creep/plastic strains

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

30

Method 2: Given a stress history, determine strain at Ame, t.

(ksi)

Integrating governing equation to

obtain total strain

tot

t1

1
1
=
d +
(t) dt

E
t=0
1

t=0

t1

t=0

t'

t=0

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

t'

t1

t'

t=0

t=0

t1

+
t'

31

Maxwellian models oversimplified viscoelastic responses

and thus give approximate predictions.
____________________

______________

Most materials dont relax as _______

or ___________ as model prediction

Most materials exhibit _________

creep rates

Materials may exhibit Maxwell type responses in both stress

relaxation and creep if __________ temperatures are in _______
of ______ of Tm or Tg.
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

32

Maxwellian models oversimplified viscoelastic responses

and thus give approximate predictions.

Creep

Most materials exhibit nonlinear creep

Real rates

Maxwell models steady-state creep

Model (i.e. constant creep rate )

t
To overcome limitations of Maxwell model alternative
arrangements of elements have been proposed: e.g.
______________________ Model with_____________________
arrangement of spring and dashpot.
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

33

Response of Maxwellian model with spring and

dashpot in series.
instantaneous strain o
applied suddenly results in o
o absorbed by the spring
with time, motion occurs in the
dashpot strain in the spring
decreases

=s =d
= s + d
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

34

Voight-Kelvin Material Model: beder represents ___________________

_______________________ creep.

IniAally the dashpot must carry the enAre force because the spring can
carry a force only when extended.
The force in the V-K model will be equal to the force in the
dashpot________the force in the spring: hence ____________

{_______________________}

Strains are no longer______________ as the dashpot will __________

the spring to have the same deformaAon thus deformaAon
compaAbility: _____________

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

35

Equilibrium and compatibility arguments can be rewritten to

convey that the response is ____________________.
force equilibrium: (t)
compatibility:

= s(t) + d(t)

(t) = s(t) = d(t)

s(t) = Es(t)
_______________

stress-strain relationship for the spring:

_______________
dd/dt = (1/)d(t)
_______________

stress strain relationship for the dashpot:

_______________
FALL 2014: EMCH 315

36

To determine the governing constitutive equation, substitute

the equations for the spring and dashpot into the equilibrium
equation.
The governing stress-strain dierenAal equaAon:

d (t )

=
+ E (t )

dt

Stress depends not only on the strain, but also the strain rate
SoluAon to the rst-order linear dierenAal equaAon (see next slide)

FALL 2014: EMCH 315

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FALL 2014: EMCH 315

38