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RjNIV*Eft.Sir
sees
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UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
PM
5008.B85
Studies
in
Cornell University
Library
The
original of this
book
is in
restrictions in
text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021087618
STUDIES
IN-
BY DANIEL
G.
University of Pennsylvania.
PHILADELPHIA
MacCalla & Company, Printers,
237-9
& 0C K
Street.
fZ'X-l'f-
Prefatory Note.
of the
in
the early
months of 1892.
They include
last year.
wholly unknown
to students
anthropologic science.
T have added
two
South
American
isolated
among
all
studies of
affinities,
the other
apparently standing
in construction.
Philadelphia, April, 1892.
strikingly simple
CONTENTS.
I.
Prefatory Note
Contents
its
Dialects
21
III.
30
IV.
36
II.
V.
VI.
A Text in
The Bonari
Manao
Dialect
38
44
the
VII.
The
VIII.
IX.
X.
Dialects
Affinities of
On
and
45
Kechua Language
52
Affinities of the
58
62
APPENDIX.
I.
On
II.
On
3
11
Introductory.
It is
not too
much
known
The
Steinen, Ehrenreich,
others, there are
Adam,
Ernst,
Von den
I present
a variety of material
from either unpublished or rare works, accompanied by such suggestions as to its character and relations as have occurred to me in
its preparation, and by some observations on the ethnography of
the tribes mentioned.
As I am convinced that the only ethnographic classification possible of the native tribes of America
based on language,
do not
hesitate
to
is
that
possible.
I.
classification of this
group
Race,*
ITS DIALECTS.
I
Other
tribes
located on old
are
names, are
Carangues, on
left
The
plural
"Guarizas"is
texts
to
among
the
series of
Ave and
the
Lingue Americane
(Pisa, 1868).
endeavors to identify
his
this
The learned
all
had been
fruitless.
comparison of the
D'Orbigny
but the
last
asserts that
name of the
"Tacana"
language.
is
It is called
is
by Spanish
tribes.
tribe,
writers of the
See D'Orbigny,
Peru
V Homme
Amiricain, Vol.
i,
p. 374
(1771).
f His report
was printed in
full in
las Indias,
Tomo
iii.
9
valley of the river Beni (otherwise called the
Madre de
Isiamas
the
is
and
Dios),
and
12
lat.
western tributaries,
its
Uaicomanu
the Maropa
known
the Cavinefio
to the
is
the
as
confined
12
At present
Beni, about
been
the most eastern branch of the stock, as they were attached to the
Moxos
mission of the
in the province
of that
name on
the Rio
Mamore.
In 1831 the total number of persons speaking the dialects of
this stock
The majority
of these are
South
lat.,
are
own yanacona,
still
rivers
uncivilized
Loan Words.
The Tacana-speaking
tribes
have
on the
west the once powerful and cultivated Aymaras, and on the north
the populous herds
of
the
The consequences on
Panos.
their
Identities in
I give
list
of some of these
Arm,
Body,
* E.
Heath
Madre de
Dios.
10
11
Banana, bondare and naja. The former is the Pano banara, panala, and
naja is the same word with the first syllable omitted banara is but a
corruption of banana, an Arawak word.
;
that
for
12
To me,
13
The termination
ti
dama, to cover.
ja damali, to cover oneself.
The
neuter
is
changed
by the
suffix
me
manu, to die.
manuame, to kill.
ja manuamejiji,
Many
babe, to
who
lie
verbs are
know
The word
compounded by simple
quisa, to tell
babequisa, to teach,
which
i.
juxtaposition, as
whence
what one knows.
:
to tell
e.,
babe, to
to eat, seeing,
i. <?.,
to
The
to such
of
it
bocona
as a dialect of the
which
it
The same author gives the SapiKechua (p. 1 68), and the Maropa as
Of
vocabularies:
text I
" Catecismo
de
la
have found
title
is
Doctrina Christiana
en Idioma Tacana
|
14
No. 36.
The
text
in Tacana, without
entirely
is
corresponding
the
etc.
have been
Vocabulario Poliglotto.
Dr. Heath refers to the great similarity between the Maropa and
Tacana dialects, and adds the remark: "The Maropas have
many words that have significations widely different; etra means
bone and also hair biya means a louse, a wasp and urine." Prob;
ably there
is
is
not
which sense
The
is
intended.
the Creed, are taken from the Catecismo en Idioma Tacana, above
I have added an interlinear translation of the former,
and also a translation of the latter, as there is evidently some slight
change of the customary phraseology.
referred to.
heaven in
equita
body
come
(like to?).
Amen
Amen
food
cuaja
bata
even
as
dajajameji
to
us.
ecuaneda eiehenubania
we
Jesus.
Pamapa
zinesu ecuanasa
Every day
our
Ecuanasa jucha cuana chenubaque,
Our
sins
forgive,
Jesus.
ecuanasa
manu
cuana,
ba ecuana
forgive
all
evil
Amen
us from.
Jesus.
Alongside of
this I
mentioned
15
It
[is
is
Creed
in Tacana.
things in heaven
;
he went up
quimieha zinesu
heaven
to
there he
is
soatida evacuapa-
on the
right
Santosa,
Vocabulary
jaditati,
nasa
mave
eide cani.
English-Tacana
and Dialects.
T.= Tacana (T. W. Tacana of Weddell); M.= Maropa; S.= Sapiboona A.= Araona; C.= Cavinefio.
Orthography Spanish j
Eng. A; ^scarcely perceptible; s
Eng. th.
;
Alive,
All,
Always,
Arm,
T.
eicle'ja,
pamapa,
T.
escheveve,
M.
huana', M.
doja-piricha, T.
ebu'e, T.
embai, M. (probably
Bark
(of tree),
eviti,
ese>,
T.
euesa',
embiti,
M.
M.
M. edde,T. (W.)
;
16
Bird, dia, T.
M.
bu'ni,
Black, devena, T.
Duck,
M.
sebe'mi,
Earth
Body,
equita,
T.,
C.
M.
M.
M.;
ea'mi,
e'iro,
Bow,
a,
M.
T.; eira',
T.;
pisatri,
M.
(see
Man);
M.
pizalrue,
(see Arrow).
Boy, canane, edeave, T.
the diminu-
is
(my elder),
T. &'<?*, M.
Brother (my younger),
Brother
quema-onici,
chintri,
quema-eou',
M.
jasm, msj,
C.
M.
echentru,
Cold, bruada, T.
ter hairs,"
vinna'ma, M.
my
Father,
T.
j>M0,
M.
apueya,
Far, uqueda, T.
huazumi, M.
tsia-tsia,
T.
je/aje,
M.
to, tiri-tiri,
T. and
M.
(imi-
T.
emechuja,
of hand).
qua'ti, T.
M., S., A.
(W.) (compare
eua'ti,
tffegw,
C.j aire, T.
-4s7ies
and TPood).
M. see, T.
sisi,
Fly,
jas,
A.
a,
Food, jana,
T., A.;
M.
(imi-
S.
eWwca, C.
M.; ebbachi,
evatri,
euatsi, A., C.
T.
Forest,
T.
hayjintru,
pwnave, M.
ebaeuna, C. (e :=
j'd,
see C/iiW,
Give,
A.;
jaisehitri,
M.
diminutive
M.
M.
epere'je,
Daughter
TPomewi).
to,
to,
to, T.
M.
and M.; pj, A.;
tia'na,
#'&", T.
cwa, C.
God,
;
tf/j'Je,
ebmzacua, A.
Go,
C.
to, idi, eicli,T.
emma'ta, M.
S.
Friend, apare'je, T.
and
ayeidi,
and
Drink,
(=head
Forehead, emali, T.
a,
ema,
Fingers,
Foot, equatri,T.
ej#,
enuqua, M. (com-
pare Hair).
tative).
tative).
Drink,
M.
qui-tata,
(imitative).
Dance,
eyebrows, eye-
e.,
i.
Fish,
papw, T.
to,
M.
Child, ebacua, T.
to,
trinequa,
Fire,
Come,
M.
(see Z>a#).
Feathers, eina,T.
C.
ea, mczi, A.
tata, T.
Cry,
S.
T.
C,
lashes).
tive suffix).
Breasts
mechi,
dreja've,
toro,A..; ebacuapi,
C. (see Child; ve
M.
&, T. wier i,
(land), meeK,
M.
su'zi,
eshaeue'na,
ecuicha, A.
Bone,
T.
a, se'e,
Ear, edaja, T.
eruchi,
educhi, C.
S.
edttte*,
T., A.;
17
Good, saida, 'saipiave,T
'.
ea'ji,
jundra, M.
Hair, ecliu-ena, T.
eira,
Feather, Wing).
S. (see i?ead,
T.;
M.,
erne,
A.;
S.,
eme-tucu, C.
He
(pron.), to e^a, T.
M.
M. and
to-w,
echuja,
S.
Heart, masu'mo, T.
emofobo, A.
Heaven,
C.
evacuepana,
S.
evacua-
emina, M.
T.
House,
ejtej.T.
m
e'me, M.
I (pron),
T.
Ice, ea'na,
Infant,
M.
ziniri-trime,
etai,
jmj-
(see Soy);
Money, chipilo, T.
Moon, Sa'di, T., A., C;
eaa, S.
ischa'pupu, M.
olla), jutu,
Musquito,
or
sasrci
My, quema, T.
Name, etoii, T.
T.
to, SaSe,
erne tichi,
m''ju, T.
drema', M.
and M. and S.
;
fe'za,
T.
apume', M.
T.
m'-erei,
ecrt,
T.
e'si,
ess,
M. and
S.
M.
driani qua'na,
M.
Plantain (Sp. platano),
a?a, A. bondare, C.
nam,
T.;
Prairie, nutsa'ni, T.
Rain,
ticm,
T. and M.
Rattlesnake,
Jacua
(totta,
T.
swot
a,
Red, derena, T.
equena 1 M.
toa, T.
,
River,
iffl&e
eta',
T. (W.).
Lie, to, bidumimi, T.;
(see Water).
Learn,
M.
<Zn,
Hand).
Our, ecuanasa, T.
Leaf,
M.
embani, M.
People, endrani, T.
to,
T.
cK,
ema-tichi, T.
Nails,
Neck,
M.;
equa'lra,
jim',
manuame, emanuani, T.
mane'me, M.
Knife, cuchilo, M. (Spanish).
Laugh,
M.
M.;
T. (W.).
eZ>6o,
Old,
to,
6ai,
lantri',
aquatri, T.
Kettle, co'to, T.
Lake,
yaro,
Jan, S.
mai'ta, M.
Morning, matachu, T.
Mother, my (by son or daughter),
quicua, M.;
quema-qua'ra, T.;
Night,
caca, C.
Know,
M.
Never, niquielsunu.
M.
Island, edapu'pu, T.
Kill,
dru'je,
erami, C.
Near, narise, T.
T.
ejanana, M.
Jar (Sp.
ea'mi, M.;
(see
eanane-chidi, T.
Iron, peama',
T.
Mouth,
Hot, sina'da, T.
Many, yucua'da,
Meat, aieha, T.
reanci,
A.
dfja, ecuicha,
Hill,
A.
masumu', M.
?u/tt,
jili-jili,
Head, echu, T.
T.
tseru-tseru,
M. j'tepa, S.
Love, to, esbune'ba,
imbuT.
nimbu, M.
Maize, dt)'e, T. s/iye, M.; zta, A.
;
M.
M. echau,
schepiei,
Lightning,
;
haymi, M.
Green, china, T.
Hand, e'n,
M.
M.;
e,
eraa,
M.
rida, C. (em
Rivulet,
ea'raa,
T.
water).
utrume, M.
manu, A.; exeperea;
= water).
enabaque,
T.
(= child-
18
Eoad, edidi, T. edisi, A.; edigi, 0.
Run, to, judu'du,T.; vandrundu, M.
;
Salt,
banu, T.
Say,
to, quisa,
A.
Sister, zatna,
M.
Thou, micla, T.
tatna, T.
M.
si,
jane, C.
my elder, quema-du'du, T.
drundru, M.
Sister, my younger, quematona, T.
Sister,
M.
is'iid,
M.
(in
eldest brother
T.
M.
animbotia,
M.
and M.
T.
M.
andM.
to,
mims^ T. and M.
eme-chuja,
T.
etiria'ni,
M.
Zj'r i,
Toes,
tiehi,
M.
Town,
T.
etairi-
(see
eanas, T.,
Tortoise, dati, T.
M. and
dra'ti,
S.
M,
w,
C. (see House).
cjow,
andM.;
acw, A., C.
origin,
nations).
Walk,
T.
to, arease',
M.
aze,
Water,
eavi, T.
A.; ena, C.
ne'ti,
M.
(a quarrel-
M.
yu'vi,
euvi, S.,
ya'/n, T. (W.).
eSsea) T.
buana'vi,
White, pasana, T.
Steal, to,
Stone,
2si,
T.; in,
ftOTM,
T.,
Who,
M.
C, A. and
S.
tem a, M.
Strong, tuche'da, T.
Sun,
T.
some person), M.
ecuana, C.
Speak,
M.
m"e,
my
Son,
M.
Thunder,
Tree, a'jj, T.
batavi'chi,
Snake, baeua, T.
A.
acuisa,
A.;
chicli,
T.
(see
Tongue,
Small,
adeba, C.
M.
Thumb, ema-chuai,
A.
za, M.
sepe,
satm, T.
to,
aquida,
A.
*y,
acuija, C.
jam-bati,
;
pi&a, T.
to,
This, #Ae, T.
Thorn,
T.
Silver, Sepg, T.
Sing,
M.
bano,
Think,
4>e'ft'
ifC^,
Teach,
or
tretremi,
wfej,
T.
is;'eW,
M.
M.
T.
Teeth,
M.
M.
quievane,
M.
Wind
river).
eche',
T.
Wish,
to,
Woman,
T.;
ennambai. M.
and
;
ichuzu,
Wood,
S.
ei'rea,
T.
cuati-manu,
;
Ao^se,
(see Feathers).
M.
They, yehu-cuana, T.
paza'me,
Wife, quema-equani,T.
Wing, enabay,
C.
to, babe-quisa,
ayde'ni, T.
tuna've,
M.
i%-e).
a' qui
A.;
(= tree),
cmj<,
C.
M.
M.;
(see
19
Work,
M.
Ye
to,
mudumudu,
or you, micuana,T.
T.
mundru,
M.
mica've,
Year, mara, S.
maita,
M. (see To-morrow).
Young, edea-ve, T. dreja-veve, M.
(= young man).
;
Yellow, tidnia, T.
zahuami', M.
Numerals.
pea, peada, peara, T.
M. and
Seta, T.,
2,
pembive,
M.
pe
ij,
S.
equene, Cat.
S.
camischa, M. (Aymara).
and M. (Aymara).
pichica, T. and M. (Aymara).
sucuta, T. and M. (Aymara).
guimicha, T.
3,
pwsi, T.
4,
5,
G,
T. (Spanish).
7,
si'ete,
8,
oefto (Spanish).
9,
MMCTe (Spanish).
10,
tunea, M.
20,
beta tunca,
Tacana-English Vocabulary.
Aieha, meat,
flesh.
-4raj,
.A'tio,
sister (elder;.
Canane, a hoy.
blood.
Aniuti, to
Bueyupa, sky.
Budu,
4i<Za, great.
sit.
woman,
wife.
Ohicli, small.
Apareje, friend.
China, green.
Aquatri, mouth,
Chipilo,
.dgzn, tree.
Ghupia, there.
Aquida, thorn.
Arease, to walk.
Coto, kettle.
-dnt,
mamma?.
Coj,
money.
younger brother.
Oaabua, canoe.
Aydeni, who.
Cuati,
i?a, to see.
Baja-piucha, always.
fire.
Babe, to know.
Banane, blue.
Babequisa,
Bapiave, there.
to teach.
Babe-tsua, to learn.
Data', tortoise.
Bacua, snake.
Bacua-dada, rattlesnake.
SatW, moon.
Depe, silver.
Bai, lake.
Bevena, black.
Banu,
Dto, bird.
salt.
Baque, a deer.
.Semi, wind.
Seto, two.
Bruada,
cold.
Beja, man.
Berena, red.
Bia-dia, to eat.
Dya, maize.
Kana, tongue.
Ea'na, ice.
20
Eavi, water.
Etiriani, thunder,
Ebani, name.
Ebbai, skin.
.Efre, tooth.
Ebue, arm.
Echu, head.
Echuena, hair.
.Efo-o,
a,
hone.
belly.
Ecli, old.
Etubay,
Ecuana, we.
Ecuanasa, our
Edeave, young.
Evacuepatlia, heaven.
i?fe',
.Has,
Edaja, the
iS*, to drink.
Edapupu,
star.
Evieni, nose.
ear.
island.
bark of a tree.
make.
to do, to
irfi,
sun.
Edeave, a hoy.
Jaraa, food.
Edna,
Jeai'0,
to-day.
Jctim,
squash.
earth, land.
Ehe, yes.
Eicleja, alive.
Judu'du, to run.
Ei'na, wood.
Ju/w, uncle.
Eina, feathers.
Jutu, jar.
Eja, an egg.
isa, night.
Ejije, forest.
Madada, bad.
Maeta puieha, to-morrow or yes-
Ejtej,
house.
Ejude, town.
Ema, or eama,
fc,
terday.
I.
hand, fingers.
Manu, to die.
Manuame, to
kill.
E'ma-cJiuai, thumb.
Manujiji, dead.
Emali, forehead.
Masumo,
Emata,
Malaclm, morning
Mate, no.
hill.
E'ma-tichi, nails.
Embami, son.
Embu, the face,
i/eaTi,
heart.
earth, land.
Micla, thou.
iifaa, river.
Micuana, you.
Enabay, wing.
Enidu, soul.
Epuna, woman, wife
Equani, wife.
Jftmt, to speak.
.fl/adM
mudu,
to
work.
JTa, rain.
Nari&e, near.
Equatri, foot.
Nasa, plantain.
Equatri-ritrana, toes
-ZVcng,
Equita, body.
Eruehi, god.
Niquieisuna, never.
Nutsa, grass.
Erujai,
Nutsani, prairie.
star.
Eshuneba, to love.
Etidada, the leg.
aunt.
Onibaquapuna, daughter.
Oniei, elder brother.
Etide, charcoal.
Pamapa,
Etimu, ashes.
Pea, one.
iWpj, neck.
Peama,
all.
iron.
21
Pichiea, five.
Pisa, arrow.
Trinetia, evening.
Piba, to think.
Pisatri, a
bow.
Tsada, to wish.
Pue, to come.
Tseru-tseru, lightning.
-Pirn, four.
Tsi, to steal.
Puti, to go.
Tsia-tsia, to cry.
Pifta, girl.
Tsuati, to ascend.
Quara, mother.
Queda, beard.
Tueheda, strong.
Quema, my.
Quietsunu, when.
Quimicha, three.
TJilzecua, brother.
Quisa, to say, to
Tu-eda, he.
7cAj,
a dog.
Umarsi, tobacco.
tell.
Saipiave, good.
Vpica, here.
Sani, musquito.
Uqueda,
Satsu, to sing.
Ttfre-oere,
a duck.
Se'e,
Fast,
far.
fly.
husband.
Sinada, hot.
Ychu, that.
jSm,
fish.
Sucuta, six.
Ydebati, to laugh.
Ta&i, to sleep.
37(6, this.
Tato, father.
Yucuada, many.
Tia, to give.
Zatna,
Tidnia, yellow.
Zau, brother.
Tiri-tiri, to
sister.
dance.
II.
The
who
dwell about the head waters of the rivers Paute, Morona, Santiago
and other upper affluents of the Maranon, between 2 and 4 30'
South latitude, where they occupy the eastern slope of the CordilI have described their general culture and history in my
leras.
22
been usually explained by a supposed extensive infusion of Spanish
blood when their ancestors captured the city of Logrofio in 1599
and carried
women
as wives.
little
fifty
recent
Christian
leagues.*
The
sources which
have had at
command
are two
MSS.
who was
in the
some
a missionary to the
The
titles
are
" Vocabulario en
Small 8vo,
and
is
fol.
la
35.
apparently complete.
Same
size.
This MS.
is
imperfect, leaves being lacking both at the beginning and the end.
From
these
MSS.
this
tongue.
Phonetics.
The sounds of
the language
are
described
in character.
The
as
difficult
indistinct
and
to
alter-
many American
tongues.
the
i,
difficult for
a foreigner.
0,
when followed by
i,
* So says Father Magalli, above quoted, but the knowledge of this writer
of what is requisite when he adds of the Jivaros and Japaros, "Ilsparlent
langue, le Quichua " (!).
falls far
short
touslameme
23
frequently omitted or uttered so slightly as to be scarcely audible.
In the syllables quec and qued the final consonants are rarely clear,
q' r .
'6
and
German.
Nouns.
The
relations of
suffixes, e.g.
Some words
forest.
by the termination
qui.
asu,
as
The
dacotalec,
The
ashamed.
infix
am ashamed
instrumental sense
is
dacotasu,
also by the
one who is
effect.
c,
which
is
Seotic, knife.
Seotic quec,
with a knife.
" With,"
in the sense of
accompaniment,
is
expressed by
lee, as
Paparulec, with
my
Direction from
or
father.
is
indicated
as
by
"for"
Pronouns.
The
Thou, quenma.
He or she, nana.
Those, asudap'rlosa.
I,
eoa, qua.
We,
losa.
The
possessives are
24
my
husband.
my
Loantacasu,
desire.
Loantamasu, thy
desire.
As
usual in
is
no
relative
pronoun,
its
plural.
is
or nanlosa.
is
often na, as
suffix losa
:
SucJia, a sin.
may be
doc, as
Hucliapidoc, sinnings.
may be employed
is
The most
participles.
usual of
a*r , as
Nambilec, I
live.
The
syllable
conveys the
plural sense, as
Palen, thine.
Palenma, your.
man
woman.
u, as we
luslu,
woman.
suffix lu
or
llu, as vila,
boy;
married
man
25
Numerals.
The
follows
1,
ala.
2,
catu.
3,
cala.
4,
encatu.
5,
alacotegladu
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
(_ala, one
otegla, hand
du, termination).
intimutu (the thumb, of the second hand).
tannituna (the index finger, of the second hand).
tannituna cabiasu (=the finger next the index).
;
catogladu
(= two hands).
1,
2,
3,
4,
26
iiu,
done
is
for another.
is
who
shared by
is
all present.
habitually in a bad
temper.
nunda, infixed in the present tense, denotes that the action takes place at
some other time as notonundalec, I do it (am accustomed to do it,
but am not doing it now).
pa or rnba, an affirmatory suffix.
qui, as an infix, denotes that the action takes place where the speaker is
;
at the time.
ti is
alter the
meaning.
have
vanan, like
who
who
sins.
itu,
another
as
muchavananamasu, thou
Verbs.
The
tenses, the
and nuca,
is
pi.
The formation of
the
future
its
is
frequently
usual forms.
irregular,
It
but the
alone appears to
I do,
I take,
I love,
I speak,
I die,
I pray,
The imperative
is
formed by the termination qued, often abbreI run ; tecaqued, run thou.
Other termi-
The
substantive verb
is
its
place being
am Pedro; Pedroquenma,
thou
art
Pedro; moim-
27
am bad.
am thus, is
bosucu, I
thus, I
nilec, I
do
often heard.
its
At the conclusion of his MS. the author inserts two versions of the
the one " in the Xebera language, as it was spoken
Lord's Prayer
Father Lucas de
la
hundred and
Of
fifty
years later.
Later
Version.
we
others
their
forgive
sins
cola Dios
ayuaimbocaquea ;
nanamengtu
us
our
our
moimbosubuegla aliegodac.
evil
from
deliver.
Earlier
Version.
Papa mapoa, mosenquec napalac linlinpalin ruchapalin ; quenma quilosamasu cudaquec undiai. Loantacasu notetiuma mapolina mosninariloquec
Uglilosa tanda epala ugli encaodoc
inosupila asuminceriloquec unda.
nulaodoc cutaqui hudabidoc ; dengquina cuda anulalidoc aubaqui hucha
nengna; anerata apolata muchaquecamengdana ; moimbocasuquegla atiego.
English-Jivaro Vocabulary.
Ask, to, mucha.
Bad, moaimbosu, aperosu.
Beard, amucuiola noteri,
Above, mosenquec.
Ankle, tula.
Arm, da'mpa.
Arrow, na'mu.
Ashamed,
Below, mlenquec.
to be, dacotalec.
28
Bird, ilans'r, tiperllu.
Black,
catli,
cadladasu.
Blind, dapina.
Fire, poung.
Blood, uogladec.
Blue, carcaso.
Body,
Bone,
loqueglo, timipi.
Flint, mosed.
lansi.
Flute, pi'learia.
Flower, a, dancu.
Food, ca'lo'.
Breast, mudin,
titoi.
Forest, tana.
Brother,
yuyu'uc.
yalli,
Foot, la'ndee.
Forehead, tequeda'.
Girl, vilalu.
Give,
Go,
to,
n'galec.
to, palec.
Calabash, pabi.
Gold, uri.
Good, mba,
Child, babi.
Grandfather, papaiangu.
Clothing, capi.
Grandmother, ami'.
Grow,
Cover,
to,
Hair, Mntic.
Dance,
to,
Dawn,
to, ugliti.
patantulee.
danzalec.
rnoali.
Green, canin'rtia.
to, zuzulec.
Hammock,
Hand,
ta'la.
btegla.
Day, 'ugh.
Dead, timiansu.
Dear, llada, nunilu.
Death, tbminacasb.
Deer, boro'.
Heaven, mosninanlo.
Herb, puma, daubad.
High, chi.
Dog,
nini.
Drink,
Drink,
to,
Drum,
tundo.
Dwell,
to,
Ears,
a, liuasu, ulec.
upailacu.
nambilec.
bitec.
Hear,
to,
la'oclec.
Heart, cangan.
Hill, mutopi.
House, pi'dec.
How ?
mapoli.
Hot, ucasu.
If,
In, pa'lec.
Egg, cado.
Elbow, quog'da.
Enemy, quegma.
Enter,
to, da'lee.
aa, n'tati.
Iron, huana'.
Kill, to, atiminlec.
Knee,
toto'pi.
Knife, seotie.
Know,
Feather, ambo'lu.
Female, cuapr".
to (things), nintitulec.
(persons), loatulec.
Lake, sangna.
29
Semen, miladoc.
Last, na'pi.
Learn,
Life,
Send,
nintitanalec.
to,
Light,
Sierra, obituna.
a, ugli, ocli.
Light a
fire, to,
piuglec.
to,
nambiacasu.
atengtulec.
Sin, a, liucha.
Lightning, yilmerlec.
Sing,
Lip, u'tec.
Silver, culiqued.
Live,
to,
nambilee.
Lizard, tuda,
lili.
to, peclalec.
Sister,
chayauc, cadecuc.
Sleep,
bitilee.
Small, hamecha.
Man
Snake, daua.
(vir),
Smoke, cadlo or
quenmopinen.
muda.
Monkey, duda,
Moon, ducat.
callo.
Spaniard,
pichotasu
Speak,
mdan.
Star, tandola.
isolo, lolo.
Slick, na'la,
unguna.
Strong, nantapi.
More, hapia.
Sweet, yali.
Take, to, malec.
Mouth, lala'.
Much, eupi, bapo.
Tame,
Name,
Teach,
linlin or Mntin.
daiali.
Tapir, pahuala.
to, anintilulec.
Navel, mumu'la.
Near, pa' via.
Throat, unqued.
New,
To, quec.
na'lu.
Thumb,
iniimutu.
Night, dogpili.
No, cola.
Nose, ne'tie.
Tongue, ninegla.
Now,
Totem,
epala.
Tooth,
la'tec.
clan, patun.
Old, tas'serpi.
Town,
Pray,
Virgin, inilad.
to,
malealee.
Raft, sudu*.
ninan'lo.
Turtle, mado.
Uncle, apreha.
Valley, sa'ca".
Rainbow, podo'na.
Wind,
Root, btecnin.
Within, que'negla.
Rain,
Run,
to,
ola n, olanli.
to, tecalec.
Who,
deng.
tanlo'a.
Without,
Salt, lamu'la.
Woman,
Say,
Wood,
to, tulec.
a'dipi.
cuapr", sada
deboe.
Yellow, chapica8o.
30
III.
Huallaga.
is
my MS.
denied by
dialectic difference
but the
authorities,
German
traveler
is
My
the
Museum,
entitled Arte de
la
Mata,
to the
is a MS.
Lengua Cholona.
British
la
who wrote
it
in
Its
inTruxillo in 1748,
Sun, muxac.
This seems
= kamu
saaehe,
Moxos.
for
r=l,
this
is
Jucuna
dialect.
the nacuque of
theUirina, etc.
* See
my
American Race,
p. 288.
31
Whether these analogies are sufficient to classify it with the NuArawak group of Von den Steinen is doubtful. The differences in
the personal pronouns especially seem to isolate
of that
it
stein.
Phonetics.
in the
Initial
Cholona alphabet.
hard before
is
The
in
n and ng appear
to
be
it
is
").
all
and
slated to be between o
"but
the latter
z,
vowels.
and
u,
is
seems
initial i
The elements
nasals.
falls
on the
last syllable,
Pceppig says
that the
is
Nouns.
The
relations of the
really such.
Nom.
Gen.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl. iayute or
The
plural
is
tep,
by the man.
particle
lol,
before
men.
men.
men.
nunlolloula, of the
nunlolge, to the
nunlolte, the
o,
The
men
(accus.).
meaning
clear, as
Juantup Pedro
is
when required
ilami,
to
render the
suffi-
32
sense, in
which case
along with;
manmin,
as
lol is omitted.
comec, incomec
many
as.
suffixed, as
Woman,
ilaiayu or iayuila.
Boy, nunpullup.
Girl, ilapullup.
3, as
nuno, a person.
Various
nie,
suffixes are
added
to
nouns to modify
their
meaning, as
absence or negation.
camayoc, indicating knowledge of a subject or practice in
is borrowed from the Kechua.
zu, signifying
it.
This word
Pronouns.
suffice
sign,
to
lol.
The
sa.
The
quija.
You, minaja.
They, ehija.
Thou, mi.
He,
We,
I, oc.
euphonic changes:
Mine, oealou.
Thine, mimilou.
Ours, quihaguilou.
His, satiou.
Theirs, ehihaloula.
The
Yours, mimilouha.
My,
a-.
Our, qui-.
Your, mi- (both genders).
Their, ehi-.
They
33
In the transitions of verbs the pronouns are abbreviated and certain other forms used, as
34
Verbs.
All active verbs are conjugated
by
transitions,
formed by prefix-
the
it
Example
to
put
before one, a
Other examples
me wishest to love.
we wish to love God.
Diosqui
Diostup
The
rigolecte
quimenart,
iceoleete
to love us.
to
apoaolla/n, I love
them.
pa where
the
we
love them.
mipocollan,
cJiipoeollan,
one, as
is
plural to
is
chi
is
as
chipocollan, they love them.
35
Syntax.
The
examples
Liman
ne yayu
anantumild chectan.
covered
are.
houses of the Indians in the Sierra are covered with straw."
Sierra in
"The
men
The noun
yzi/p
pusimpat
their houses
straw with
zip
The word
chectan
their
is
pronouns in
omitted.
is
much used
ayllan actan, I
water
make
Najimac yayu
Each
Indian
zip actan,
fix
or arrange
noun, as
my
paehaeotan.
his idols
keeps.
izipte
his
house
in
idols in his
house."
English-Cholona Vocabulary.
Armadillo, xax, tacla.
Louse, culla.
Love, to, agollan.
my love, agole.
my lover, acoleuch.
Maize, each.
Drink, a, axitlam.
Drink, to, axean.
Each, every, nanmac.
Eyes, nache.
Father, pa.
Flesh, body, ayclia (K.).
Food, apuchan.
Man
Fox, sup.
Girl, ila-pullup.
Give,
to, allan.
Moon, pel.
Mother, pan.
Mountain, sierra, liman.
Nose, quexum.
Not, nothing, ma.
Place, to, amthan.
Bed, llaca.
Good, pallou.
River, xocot.
Green,
llin.
Hair, pe.
Hands, nen.
Head, tech.
House, zip, chip.
Husband, muluch.
Spittle, olle.
Lance or
Stars, henna.
dart, ulluc.
Silver, checho.
Son, pul.
house
36
Straw, dry grass, pusim.
Sun, muxac.
my
Teeth, my,
I wish,
ale.
Woman
Tongue, monzey.
amen.
amtncm.
will,
(female),
ila.
Town, putam.
Water, cot.
White, check.
Word, Ml.
Wife, zala.
Yuca,
(married), zala.
el.
IV.
Voyage dans
le
Nord de
la Bolivie
them entirely
out of the Tacana group, but probably to place them in an independent position by themselves. As Weddell's book is not to be
found in many libraries, I shall translate and rearrange his list of
words and precede it with some remarks on the tribe and its possible
(Paris, 1859); but this is sufficient not only to take
affinities.
The Lecos
the
are Mozotenos.
The
stated
by an
official
authority in the
last
is
distinctly
whom D'Orbigny
la.
Leca por
ser este
Description de las
37
Leca Analogies.
Sun, he'no ; compare bue'no (Opone, Carib stock).
is
beti.
its
true value.
whom we may
Dr.
spent two years in the valley of the Beni about 1880, does not mention them, at least under this name,
their
language.
mouth of medium
cheerful.
What
is
size.
The
u; j
as tscha in
English-Leco Vocabulary.
Arm,
bepel.
Arrow,
uela.
Flower, tutha.
Forest, kanda.
Belly, baualwbo.
Hand, bmu.
Bird, katchu.
Head, barua.
Senven^kaut.
House, uan.
Blood,
bile.
Body, bonotchco'10.
Bow,
tchava'ta.
Leaf, uoia.
Child, yatclipaik.
Legs, boo'te.
Earth,
Man, yubasa.
Eyes,
Feet,
lal.
bisiri.
besel.
Fingers, biui.
Fire,
moa.
Milk, buchuluro.
Moon, kurea.
Mountain, uotJia.
Mouth, bokorua.
38
Nails (finger), biuitd.
39
Dr. Spix, and published in Martius' Glossaria Linguarum Brasiliensium
the other,
forms the
in
is
bears the
title
" Doutrina
christa' a pella
It
known
Von
to bibliographers,
is
referred to
by
any portion of it. Its authorship and precise date are unknown, but it has the appearance of a draft or copy of an older
work, which it would seem was composed in 1740.
The orthography of the Portuguese words is somewhat irregular, and there
also seems to be an uncertainty in the spelling of various native
terms.
The extract which I give is about one-half of the whole,
and is sufficient to show the character of the tongue.
A comparison of the words of the text with those collected by
Spix about a century later shows little change in the dialect,
especially when the difference in the method of transcription is
allowed for, the writer of the text having employed the phonetics
of the Portuguese tongue, while Spix followed that of the German.
To illustrate this, and also to facilitate the examination of the text,
I append a list of some of the words in the latter, the majority of
which are also found in Spix's vocabulary ; the latter I have placed
in brackets and appended an S.
lished
English-Manao Words.
Man, herenary (yrin&ly, S.).
No, not, mehe (me'e, S.).
All, sabaque.
Always, lyxaoari.
Be,
to, sahi.
Believe,
to,
yaniqui.
Sins, barayda.
S. ).
to,
mitica (uamatika,
Earth, eludeo
(ete'e, S.).
to,
cayna.
Where 1 padeura.
Why ?
S.).
Hell,
Teach,
capeda.
caman latyma.
Most of
40
many Arawak
dialects,
This
the
I,
We,
no.
Thou, pi.
He, erouty.
The
that stem.
in
Others,
especially so with
is
are
Imene.
You, yna.
They, nela.
ppssessives, however,
Thus we have:
we believe.
we shall see.
oa-yaniqui,
oa-batar,
p'yaniqiii,
thou believest.
do inferno,
ao ceo ?
B. Crendo
baptizar,
P.
Ha
em
querendo hir
Deos,
goardando sua
Deos ?
i
fasendosse
ley.
E. Ha.
R. Auuynaca.
P. Oredes
em Deos?
R. Cremos.
P. Quern he Deos?
It.
P.
R.
R.
P. Capaqay
Nam
como nos?
tem.
P. Deos
teue
P. Pyanyqui
antiguameute
Tupa?
Mehe
napu Tupa?
H.
R. Sempre.
R. Lyxaoari.
cacaliury.
Ha
Tupa tuma
bayqu sabayque ?
R. LygSra iiynapura.
P. Cacadyra ognaca Tupa
R.
principio?
P.
Tupa?
R. Oayaniqui.
Com
P. Ca peda
lyauaqui samaco
anaqui Qamanna tyma gotia, oauBy-y&pa que rey lyua kynaucuda
diehe lyoaya edaca una?
R. Tupa yaquer cayta ca lygara
anaquyra.
P. Auflyna ca Tupa ?
Meh catuquinhaqueri.
P. Lyxaoari sahir?
P. BayrichipS. sahi lideuri?
R. Bayriche.
4L
P.
Aonde
R.
No
Deos?
na terra era todo o
lugar aonde
P.
R.
Nam
esta
ceo, e
Tupa
pode ver.
sahi oabatar.
P. Caypeda?
nam
R. Melie cacasyr.
tern corpo.
P.
Aonde
R.
No
P.
Mehe
R.
P. Porque?
R. Porque
hemos de ver?
P. Padire oabatar?
R. Guinacuda dixe guareda oaba-
la.
tar.
o hao de ver
R.
Nam
P.
o hao de ver.
R.
Em castigo
Bamane camanhatyma
diclie
gareda babatare ?
R. Mehe babatare.
P. Capeda?
desus culpas.
R.
Mehe
ninique.
Preguntas sobre a
P. Quantos Deoses ha?
R.
Hu
Tupa ?
Baurayma Tupa
P. Paquiby
so Deois verdadero.
U.
P.
Trinidade.
SS.
II.
tres pes-
Pyaduqui baduqui.
mara qui-yo piadu-
P. Capacapa
qui baduqui-y6
soas?
filho,
Deos
Bspirito Santo.
P. Aelle
se
cliama
santissima
R. Aelle.
R. Porque
em hu
P. Lysciniqui oena
ss.
bauri,
Trind" ma-
cuy?
R. Lyxiniqui.
P. Capeda?
Trinidade ?
P. Porque rezam
caiira.
so
Deos estam
tres pessoas.
duqui baduqui
Deos?
Santo.
P.
R.
He hu
P.
Em
ma
Nao
Padre he
differenf.e,
mesmo
R.
Deos.
pessoas
R.
so e o
liuri.
P.
P.
em quanto
differente,
pessoas Deos
Deos
filho
he
R. Maycadi
yracari,
ca,
bauraymarara Tupa
ayunaca Tupa bauri aiiyna-
Tupa
differente.
e
P. Qual dessos pessoas antigam'
P. Padeuora lypa
bauynapu lypa
42
Deos Padre soy pr ou Deos Tupa yracary lypa oacaru Tupa
ou Deos Espirito Santo?
bauri oacaru Tupa Espirito Santo ?
E. Nao soy pr nen hum todos
R. Mehe lyaquyra quariry.
sempre foram.
P. Qual dessos pessoas antiguam te
P. Capa bauynape qui-yo piadufoy a q. se fez homem como nos ?
quy baduqui di lixir herenari cauray eaanady oenake ?
soy
pr,
filho
R. Tupan bayri.
P.
P. Capacay
em
Deyxou
Papr.s
seos
s.
Pedro
successores
Roma
P.
R.
Oemequer Jesus
em
S.
suo
e todos os
p gover-
Igresia Catolica
assim chamada.
Roma ?
homem, como
P.
Como he
Jesus
P. Nemgda dipa baunape oemequer Jesus Christo baura 6e cuniapay quinaucuda lixyra gereda f ga?
Capacay
Christo
R.
Christo eyaqur.
Christo
Christo.
R. Lygayqui.
Igresja Catolica de
here-
P.
taya
R.
Tupa bauyri-y
nos.
verdadeyro Deos ?
oemequSr
Jesus
P. Capeda
Tupa caurayri?
P. Cacadyra benaque
Tupa dayri ?
R. Cacadyra.
P.
Capabauynapu
66mequer
43
R. Nen huina pessoa, o fez por
graca o por obra do Espirito santo
foy feyto.
P.
Aonde
R.
No
foy feyto
ventre
de hna donzella
P.
lezao assim
como
R.
pario
lezam
sem
sem
Nao
R.
ito
santo
virgem.
De que
P.
sorte se
houue N.
S.
may ?
les,
a
p livarnos do
Infierno, o levar-
nos ao ceo.
P. Por sua vontade ?
R. Por sua vontade morreo.
P. Pois elle nao hera Deos ?
R. Hera Deos.
P. Pois esse morreo ?
R. Nao o corpo q'tomou de sua
santissima may he q e morreo.
:
P. CapSda
Christo
oemequer
Jesus
lyra-
tayapa
payni gareda?
R. Pbatj yburi metatyr pe le ly
poyta sabaque bayque pura ly ta ba
o a cady che.
P. C ayna dalir bafiynapu o e
mequer Jesus Christo Lita ecalaya
r
nitia herenari
ychy ?
R. Recaynada.
R. Matica.
P. Capeda remallca ?
R. Oagayque c amane barayda
6eny camanha tymagalia o a u gtiy
i
yapaquer quynauda
lixira
eda cay-
day.
P.
Panangy?
R. Pananeyra rematica.
P.
R. Tupa.
P. Lydeu-ora
Mehe
Tupa
niaiica
cady.
hir ao ceo,
P.
mehe
R.
Meb oama
diche
u
P. Quantos dias estenne
N".
P.
S.
R. Tres dias.
P. Era depois como passou?
R. Resuscilou.
P. Depois de resuscitar como se
P.
De que
sorte se
lia,
6emequ8r
Guayney padeura?
R. Cayd8u-o ocary.
P. Ouydguo ocary guayney pad -
houve?
R. Subio ao ceo depois de 40
Paquyby samaco
Sury?
R. Lycuruca
iquinaudadire
samaco buiutiquey.
dias.
P. Paquypa
ou esta
sahe
agourla?
6ury?
quid8u-o
mado como
ymoeta pyrama.
elle.
R.
cachadir
40
lid-
subinha
caura
aquidi
VI.
last
Amazon
They
far
have
already described.
They were
a docile people,
mission Father
Nuno
Anna
45
Even a
slight
Central Brasilien.
their dialect, keri,
moon,
is
gives from
vocabulary.
English-Bonari Vocabulary.
Air, calm.
Infant, pitianhea.
Arrow, purena'.
Light, ataquice.
Black, tapaiuna.
Bow, urapa'.
Man, uguere'.
Moon, quece.
Brother, mimien.
Old, tapoucu
Cold, tecominhua'
Dance, timiara.
Rain, cunoba.
1
.
Ear, panare'.
Earth, nono.
Eye, nurvba'.
String, ubudiana.
Fire, uaiu.
Sun, usiu'.
Fish, uutu.
Thunder, darara'.
Girl,
Tooth, jore.
meacaba'.
God, tupan.
Uncle, uemi.
Grandfather, tamunba.
Water, tuna.
Head,
"White, tiada 1
iriopo'.
Heat, atupeua
Wind,
Heaven, maica-paa.
House, abeno'.
Husband, unho.
The
words
tupan,
(urapa'ra, Tupi)
God;
tamunha,
tiada, white
(//,
which do not
iriane'.
Woman,
Wife, upuiten,
affect the
uauri.
Tupi
tribes
grandfather;
Tupi)
is
seen in such
urapa',
arrow
faintly.
VII.
Among
Museum
there
is
one in
It
contains
46
anonymous accounts, by different hands, of a voyage (or
voyages) to the east coast of Patagonia, " desde Cabo Blanco hasta
las Virgines," one of which is dated December, 1789.
Neither the
several
name of
Among
the
Tehuelhet dialect,
commander
appears.
material
are
These correspond closely with the various other lists of terms collected by travelers.
At the close of the MS., however, there is a
short vocabulary of an entirely different linguistic stock, without
name of
collector,
Soleta," refer to
some
locality.
tongue.
This may be a corruption of "Choonke," the name
which Ramon Lista and other Spanish writers apply to the Tsoneca
(Hongote
Chongote
Choonke
Tsoneca).
The list which I copy below, however, does not seem closely
allied to the
compared
have
have
it.
The MS.
is
generally legible,
though
to a
few words
The
seyocup.
47
1,
48
the
practically nothing
is
and but
little
of the
Alikuluf.
It is still uncertain whether the
Yakana-cunny, and whether these
last
mentioned
is
a branch of the
Patagonian or Tehuelhet.*
D'Orbigny
orado (39
to 41
lat.
both from their Aucanian neighbors to the north and the Patagonian
For
this reason
" People who cannot understand. "J D'Orcomparative vocabulary of the " Patagon " and
canians Quimnolu-che,
bigny's short
"Puelche"
S.
Tehuel-het.
Star,
sXalela,
tsokalela.
Tree,
apa,
opuk.
Bone,
ohatsJc,
ohit.
them.
into them.
or ya,
The
" my,"
is
bigny's Puelche.
possessive
pronoun of the
first
person singular, ia
common
to the
the Guachi.
Guachi.
Teh. ob Puelche.
Nose,
ia-note,
Water,
euak,
yagup.
ia-pe,
ia-pelk.
Teeth,
ia-va,
ia-hai
Mountain,
tegec-loan,
atecq, yuilhuana.
Mouth
or lips,
The Poyas
ia-nots.
above quoted, to have dwelt (in 1729) from the river Lauquen-leufu
one hundred leagues southward and quite to the Atlantic. Twenty-
* The writers of the Mission Scientiftque au Cap Horn identify the Onas with the Yakanacunny, and assert that they speak a closely related dialect of Patagonian.
ii,
p. 71.
Informe of Don Geronimo Pietas, 1729, quoted by Dr. Darapsky in the Bull, del lnstituta Geographico Argentino, Tomo x, p. 278.
X
49
The words he
to the Cordilleras.*
Of
the Chonos,
we have no
prove
it
to
linguistic material
if
they
be an Araucanian dialect.
people on the west coast,
who
common words
earliest
straits that
little
that
I present
in
num-
a comparison of a limited
collected
by Magellan on
his first
visit
It is interesting to
to the
note
how
The
list is
ration.
Dialect.
1.
Patagonian,
2.
3.
4.
"
5.
6.
Tsoneca,
7.
Choonke or
8.
Tehuelche, or
Tehuelhet,
Puelche,
9.
10.
11.
Hougote,
12.
13.
Tekenntka
(or Yahgan),
14. Alikulul',
Dialect.
Man.
Author.
Pigafetta,
MS. Br. Mus. I,
MS. Br. Mus. II,
Martius,
D'Orbigny,
Hale,
Moon.
amania,
amania,
amania,
ache,
kora,
zunum,
nacuna,
iamo-kanika,
kokaua,
shuim,
chuina,
apiuxk,
ahonican,
karkcn,
gengenko,
kenguenkm,
sheguenon,
kine,
chia,
iamo-kanok,
tciaxatoka,
api'xok,
iam-kat,
apiucuc,
p'ioo,
becok,
kekar,
kepa,
acklianash.
lum,
lum.
zitnum,
Lista,
Hale,
D'Orbigny,
Sun.
calexchem,
nuken,
nuken,
nuken,
nuca,
kina,
Musters,
Woman.
chuina.
shouan,
I,
II,
won,
ackinish.
hannuka,
cuunequa.
50
Dialect.
51
with a feminine prefix in iamo-kan-ok, karken, ackhanash
kan-as/i).
this root
(=wa-
as
is
The
etc.
first
syllable
is
visible in
maja
ma-ya%.
Water.
The
from jara, to drink; iagop is rain water (ciagop, rain, Hale); the
Uy and lehe of Musters and Lista appear to be an abbreviation of
the ho- It' of Pigafetta.
the
ia'oe,
Araucanian
Eye.
Hongote
se-yocup,
Yahgan
luka-be,
at the base
etc.
(comp.
lonco, head).
Ear.
Pigafetta, sane,
is
Hongote.
The
Mouth.
Wide discrepancies
this organ.
The words
Nose.
chian,
which reappears
Tongue.
is
a modification of
<?,
Lista's or
Pigafetta's
06,
52
Araucanian
The prevailing
or may be
Hand. Two conceptions are conveyed by the words presented,
che'me, che'ne,jan, fan,
forms of the same = upper extremity,
related to
radical
Tooth.
or,
bone.
all
tsic-c'r,
the
fingers.
in 'alj,
and even
ko'a.
is
2,
epic; 3,
cula ; 4,
melt;
5,
kechu.
From
ably
VIII.
expected at
first
sight.
Jesuit
who
53
language in
The
Tucuman with
Kechua would
ethnography and archaeology.
patois of the
settle
relics,
tombs of
copper and gold, and
who
has done so
much
for our
knowledge
Aymara tongue
ject, S.
of Bolivia ;\ and the two latest writers on the subA. Lafone Quevedo and Dr. H. von Ihering, are equally
Kechuan, but not altogether distinct" from it, and was a mongrel
made up of Kechuan, Abiponian and Guaranian elements.
When we turn to the old authorities the point is by no means
The first and best who states anything definite is the
cleared up.
Jesuit missionary, Alonso de Barzana (sometimes written Barcena),
whose letter from "Asuncion del Paraguay," dated September 8,
He writes: "The most
1594, gives some pertinent particulars.
dialect
||
widely extended languages (in Tucuman) are the Caca, the Tono-
quoted in
my work,
p. 71.
j!
" Notes in the Calchaqui Region," in the American Anthropologist, October, 1891,
p. 358.
54
about Santiago use
Estero,
area about 450 miles from east to west, and 300 miles from north
to south.
It is
spoke
it still
survive.
many
who
to-
In
dialect,
the
the
31
in
other words,
in just about
the area
Ambargasta,
Amingasta,
Auguagasta,
Paquilagasta,
Cahgasta,
Tinogasta,
Calingaata,
Tnquiligasta.
G-uanagasta,
Machigasta,
Chiquiligasta,
I
Kechua there
is
no
g sound, and
the c
is
to gasta.
(German
a guttural
is
In pure
cK)
would be close
Kechua, as
= caja
cold town an appropriate name, as
high
Cordillera on the Rio de Limari.
Auguagasta = aueea
enemies' town occupied by hostile people.
Calingasta = ccali
salubrious
healthy town probably from
Cahgasta
llacta,
it
lies
up the
llacta,
llacta,
* Barzana's letter
(Madrid, 1885).
is
its
site.
Tomo
ii
55
Machigasta= maecMy llaeta, washing town, place where large solid things
are washed quite suitable to the village of the name on the eastern
end of Lake Andalgala.
;
as to render
it
The Quiteno
by Von Tschudi
So
to present features
know, there
far as I
The Chinchasuyu
Von
his
scripts of the
German
pronunciation
part, to
Hermann
engineer,
Gohririg.f
He
finds the
softer.
be neologisms.
And
there
is
a rather large
number of
it.
that
is,
whom
the war
and
by Garcilasso de
Middendorf.
He
la
and
Vega
by nobody
by Dr. E. W.
that every
this
An
Arte, printed at
Lima
1890).
is
mentioned by Ludewig,
Lit. of
p. 162.
65.
Runa Simi
56
by Heinrich Cunow.J
Kechua
Middendorf 's recent studies. He supplies a list of about five hundred and
seventy words, which have approximately the same form and sense
in the two tongues, and a second list of about one hundred words
which are alike in form but with more or less variation in sense.
There is also a strong phonetic likeness between the tongues, and
The
Aymara language
to the
sion
is
that
His conclu-
trivial peculiarities,
yet
and
H.
Steinthal,
diversities of
these
who
two
tongues on principles of
||
first
to identify the
Kechua.
t Gustav Bruhl, Die Culturvolker Alt-Amerikas (Cincinnati, 1887).
X "Das peruanische Verwandtschaftssystem und die Geschlechtsverbiinde der Inka," in
Das Ausland, '1891. As to the " secret language," Cunow says, after discussing what words
of
it
we
Man
sieht,
sein."
See Dr. E.
W. Middendorf, Die
der Keshua-Sprache,
Aimara-Sprache,
s.
s.
ana Das
25 (Leipzig, 1890).
" Das Verhaltniss zwischen dem Ketschua und Aimara," in the Compte Rendu of the
]
Congres des Americanistes, 7eme Session (1888), p. 465.
57
later
MS.
in
my
library, con-
zuelo
but
it
is
los
manoitas
y Maynas.
some
earlier
work.
vocabulary
for
it is
example
common
in the latter.
In
58
J. C. in Lingua Pacasd.
translation in Latin.
Text
Aneha
Summse
It
in
Uaquisinapana
agone suo,
haclia
afflictionis
tacutaiha
suae
Jesusa
collna
divinus
Jesus
valdfi
sartussina
ad discipulos suos
Maasca acanaca
deprehendens,
fatigatus de
terra
Verum
rediit.
surgens,
eos excitavit,
dicens
"Surgite!
dormientes
parajtayana
valde
eos
Jam enim
puri
niupilla
meus non
camisa
dormit,
sed
Judseorum
hanilma
aucaltaja
finito
uraquetlia
cutinira.
hacjatassina
ininiicus
ulljapjta,
humppinapsa
yaticliatanacparu
iquisquiri
lamisaraqui
quoinodo
carcta
conti
meus
venditor
mla
cinti
sartupjama
sassina
kerisinapa
venit
aljiiihaja
videtis
hanati
in
manus
iquiti,
suas ad tradendum
me jam adest?" Verum, divine Jesus,
maasca Judiona
tana
amparanacparu
catuyana
liattaqui
non solum de discipulis tuis conquerere, de hujus urbis incolis
nialiua
Maasca
collana
Jesusay
haniqui
piorit
etiam
conquerere,
in
omnibus
singulis
animas
qui
et
yatichfitanamatha
quejasirati
(From
Paz.
the Historia B. N.
J.
aca
rnarca
haquenacatha.
semper
otiosi
sunt.
MS.
Descripsit D. B. de Merian.
folio.)
IX.
AFFINITIES OF
fruitfully studied
ner,
and hence
its
59
Still
more recently an
effort
has been
made by
Dr. A. Ernst, of
analogies.
Supposed
Affinities
Timote Stock.
between Timote,
Guatuso Words.
Costa
Rican
and
60
61
traditions
and
linguistic
affinities
me by M.
A. Pinart,
it is
this
language, furnished
Chapanecan
and especially
essentially a
The
62
X.
and Tamas, whose home is located on the eastern slope of the Cordillera, between the head waters of the rivers Apure and Meta.
My
American Race.
of latitude (from 3
South latitude
number of
northeastward to 7 North
Jesuit missionary,
tribes resident
time under
by
the
Geo-
Another
Jesuit,
Abbe Hervas,
Situjas all
fay, Anabali,
Gesell.
fur Anthrop.,
to states that in
1730 the
etc., 1890,
s.
603.
63
'
all
of one tongue."
The
editor,
Jimenez de
la
Espada, speak-
modern
and the
manuscript for the study of the Zeona language has not been made
accessible.
From
The Betoya
list
of tribes
Linguistic Stock.
= Zeonas.
= Tucanos.
Encabellados =
Dace
on Rio Casanare.
Piojes.
name
of Piojes.
who
64
Jupuas, on Rio Apaporis.
Lolacos, a branch of the Betoyas.
Seones
on Rio Apure.
= Zeonas.
on R. Uaupes.
Tapuas, a branch of the Piojes.
TJaupes,
Several of these
The
rivers.
specific
termination of no?nina
to
be guage, which
is
Thus, Oco-guage
= water people,
being remarkably
Pioje
is
skillful
the negative
all inquiries
this tribe,
canoemen.
according to Markham,
these
natives
" hands."
reply to
uard), parti-colored,
e.,
/.
as,
painted
men;
Atuara
= ihe
basket
men." Dace is the name of the Toucan bird in the Tucano dialect.
" Curetu " in the lingoa geral'is an opprobrious epithet, " rascals."
It
tribes.
at
Ega on
the
Amazon.
It
these
"rascal"
tribes,
who
65
This
60
Man,
67
The conception
stock,
tions
of
number
dialects
is
varia-
OBSERVATIONS
DANIEL
G.
ITS AFFINITIES.
BRINTON,
OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia
Press of
1892
237-9
Dock
St.
/(,
$((>
By Daniel
{Read before
the
G. Brinfon,
M.D.
1892.')
By
common
extension, the
known
a nation, are
tecs, therefore, as
to us only
The
Orozco y Berra
assertion of
entos to
Hernando Cortes
(15 21).
Hernando de
Barri-
among
the
Still
This
frontiers of the
and on the west the Mazatecs and Cuicatecs, the latter supposed to
be a distant branch of the Zapotec stock. Within these boundaries
was a wide variety of climate, ranging from the torrid vales of the
tierra caliente up to the chilly regions of the high sierra, where we
find one of their villages with the significant name " Holy Mary
amid the Snows," Santa Maria de las Nieves. The village of
Chinantla itself is situated in a wild and mountainous district where
the climate is cool and rainy.f Orozco y Berra gives the names of
thirty-four other towns inhabited by them.
* See the letter of Barrientos in the Cartas
REPRIHTED FEB.
y Selaciones de Hernando
and notes.
Cortes.
Edition of
9,
1892,
ii, s.
214.
FROM
History.
The Chinantecs are an extremely ancient people who
have resided on the spot where the Spaniards found them from the
earliest period of the traditional history of Mexico.
We first hear
who
is
our
Literature.
The
first
to
He was a
language to
native of Seville,
to the City of
which they lived into villages where they could cultivate the soil.
His success was great, and the natives regarded him with equal love
and reverence. For fifty years of his long life he labored among
them, and when he died in 1630, at the ripe age of a nonagenarian,
he left in the archives of his order a number of MSS. in and upon
the language.
Of these we have the titles of a Catecismo, an Arte, a
Probably the most important was his
Confesionario and Sermones.
in
ill,
Lib.
iii,
cap. xv.
ii,
cap. lxiii.
Autor.
what
cisely
is
the only
known book
in the language,
la
Barreda,
who
pre-
after Saravia's
his
as a
in this tongue.
is
said to have
The tongue
is
las
singular simplicity of
its
its
is
no specimen of
it
It
character
the
more
so as
of the
In
some
construction.
fact, I entertain
pure form.
of,
had asked
for other
fields
and
of labor.
He
himself, after
The
which
word
in
dialect he
nation.
The pronouns
to
Pronominal Fokms
Personal and
We,
na.
I,
Possessive.
nah.
You, no.
They, quialia.
Thou, no.
He,
quia.
lation of
"
for
my
sins."
The
interrogative
first.
he,
is
relative,
and with
the addition of the adverb of place, la, here, forms the demonstra-
cna
"
that "
The
is
in,
"this
first
The demonstrative
one."
indefinite
is
fre-
charuhno,
devil; chajhian,
In
all
The
"some man"
or men,
e.,
i.
people in general;
"somebody
A terminal
The imperative
is
lia
Say thou
reflexive has the
cala
as
phua na.
say
I.
Na juanih
Me bow
(I
bow
na.
I.
myself.)
after the
or a
ngueihna, to
Phua
The
the
else."
verb
The
interrogative form
is
Cale
thus
nuh quiaha?
cuihno
Didst
(Didst thou
know
her 1
her husband ?)
Ca-cuim-ba-na.
I did
In these sentences ca
know
him.
is
following sentence
Ma
Did thy
Where
father
make
is
a will
mea, to make.
Prepositions.
The
as, no toho, "in the belly;" no caliz, "in the calix" (sacred
cup); no chaaqui, "in sin."
On, ni; as, nialtar, "on the altar;" nimuicuila, "on this world."
In,
(the)
persons."
of,
and
Conjunctions.
And,
flesh
tan.
na
am poor."
9
Otra vez ha de venir quando se
acabe el inundo, a tomar cuenta a
todos los vivos y muertos para darles el cielo para siempre a, todos los
Cna
que, nijhea
mui cha
mui
in
Como muri6
bien
sus
nianda-
Christo?
Muri<5
como
como hombre
no muri6
phui
cajonne
Ihiala
Christo
nah
Jesu
li
jonne.
morir.
Si Dios no puede morir, como
murio nuestro Senor Jesu Christo ?
Aunque
Senor Jesu
tambien
hombre, y asi pudo morir como
hombre, y no pudo como Dios
porque Dios nunca puede morir.
Christo
nuestro
era
era
Dios,
cuando muere
el
cuerpo,
Tan
ma
vi
para
Adonde van
animas de
las
los
buenos van al
porque guardaron bien lo que manda la ley de
Dios y las almas de los malos van
al inflerno, porque no guardaron
Las animas de
los
bien lo que
Que
manda
es cielo
Cielo es
la ley
ma
vi aza
li
jna
jon
jonne
gotan,
jonne
geila muiba,
muicui, jna
tno nigni cala geila gotan, tan nigni
cnaha animas quiaha, vi aza jua cna
li jonne.
ma jonne
de Dios.
He nu jui ?
un lugar
quiaha,
jabala
anima.
ha gotamba jonne
cnaphue 1
se
para siempre 1
li
Ma jonnencha muicuila,
na jon anima quiaha ?
muere
li
lleno de
mucho
10
y grande
gloria
lleno de todo
genero de bienes, y de todo genero
de alegria, en donde esta Dios nues-
tro
Sefior,
Santissima
la
y todos
Virgen,
los Santos.
camea
geila
chaquiun,
ma
ta quiaha Dios,
li
clia
bine cala
chan.
acabar.
English-Chinantec Vocabulary.
Alive, chaxan.
Fire, gei.
Foot,
"all-powerful."
And,
(=
of the
muiyun (= female
Girl,
Give,
conj., tan.
Belly, toho ;
tehi.
Full, canle.
Good, quiu.
Grandfather, nyuh.
Grandmother, nyaa.
Great, phue ; superlative, nu phueli.
Hand, quaha ; "open thy hands,"
janquaha! "In thy hands I
my
place
ta.
Blood,
and woman).
Body, gotan; " in body and soul,"
gotan tan anima quiaha.
soul,"
Breast, ehij.
Brother, run.
Herb, ha.
House, nu.
Child, yun.
How,
"bad"); chalin
(see "sick").
loDg, ja
Infant, chimina.
Know,
Know,
Earth, muycui.
Eat, to, culm.
not true).
"God
how
nguhu.
Ear, (la)quaha.
Father,
cala;
If, ze.
Eye, manihi.
False, a lie, azacha
jhiala,
mui.
to,
na
Hell, nyajui.
Day, muiba
Drink,
nqunlia
animaquia.
Head, gui ; "throw water on the
head of the child," yaha muini
gui yun.
Heart, haha.
Boy, quana.
Bread, hini.
child).
the Father."
(=
to
marry).
to (saber), nih.
to (conocer), cuih.
Kill, to,
ngueihna.
Live,
xan.
to,
Magician, gin.
Make, to (Span, hacer), mea.
11
Meat,
flesh, gno.
Son, jna.
Soon, naba.
Money, cu.
Month, zei.
Moon, zei.
Speak,
Name,
Stick,
wood, ma.
Sun, manui.
What
mui
Town, jut.
Tears,
(is)
name?"
Nephew,
No,
phua.
Stone, cnu.
thy
to,
niece, nyaa.
nii
(=
True, clia.
Uncle, aunt, Maya.
aza, za.
Nothing, aza-he.
Now,
Water, mui.
When, ma.
na.
Or, qua.
Pay,
to,
water, eyes).
Where,
qui-M, quei.
woman).
jhia.
"
Wife, muiquia (see " husband
With, cnalia.
Pudenda
Pudenda
Wizard,
Ian.
Woman,
mui, cha-mui.
Place, narriba.
Relation,
feminse, yuh.
viri,
cnu.
a,
Shoulder, ca.
Sick, chah.
Year, gni.
Sin, chaaqui.
Small,
little,
On
'
ma
(iba
it is)
miha.
the
By Daniel
G. Brinton,
its Affinities.
M. D.
75, 1892.
times by
its
whom
It
and
officially
now
as
the district
Teutitlan
del
languages
streams,
of the Gods,
Camino.
by numerous
is
different
tecan stock; the Chinantec, which stands alone, and the Mazatec,
examine and,
The
if
collected
it is
my aim
by a Danish
officer,
who was
is
an unpublished vocabulary,
12
and which has been obligingly furnished me by Mr. Alphonse
Pinart, whose extensive researches in American linguistics are well
known. The only published materials in existence are two translations of the Lord's Prayer into different dialects of the tongue.
Nor
is it
certain
"The Land
why
their country
of the Gods."
It
ported them
still
bear witness to
this,
artificial
and two of
bear the names San Antonio de los Cues and San Juan de los Cues,
the term cues (a Haytian word) being applied by the Spaniards to
artificial
Salado
mounds.
the
The former
latter
in
is
an adjacent
valley.
Rio
Unfortunately, no
is
The
historian Herrera
is
Another Teotitlan " Teotitlan del Valle "is found in Oaxaca. It was so called
from the temple of a famous divinity, which was erected on the summit of a high rock
near by. This was the goal of numerous pilgrims, and, according to Seflor J. B. Carriedo, "fuSuno de los santuarios de mas estima y de mas nombre en la gentilidad."
*
Lib.
ii,
Tom.
Apendice.
i,
13
spoken, which adjoined that of the Mistecs, they were accustomed
to flay the sacrificial victims,
and carried the skins to the neighOn the day of a certain important
festival, which took place annually, the priests ascended the temple
and struck a war drum. At this signal all the Indians who were in
the fields had to run to their houses and their town.
Then those
who had carried the skins of the victims sallied forth and ran about
the country till midday, and whenever they caught a person they
cut his hair so as to form a sort of crown around his head, and such
persons were destined to be sacrificed within one year."*
According to Aztec mythology which is very rarely to be
regarded as historical
Xelhua, the oldest of the six sons of Iztac Mixcohuatl and his wife,
Ilancuey, the venerable pair
northern
Land of
who dwelt
in
This Xelhua was a mighty man one of the "Giants," and was
surnamed the Builder, for he it was who constructed the famous
Pyramid of Cholula. He is also referred to as chief of the Olmeca,
an unknown, ancient people.
We need attach little importance to these old stories, and will
find
it
more
discover their
affiliations.
In investigating
its
at the relationships which it certainly disThese are not with the Zapotec-Mixtec stock, as I have
other.
The second
list
of affinities point to a
unexpected relationship.
still
as neighbors
iii,
Lib.
ii,
iii,
the
Tala-
cap. 15.
cap. 33.
14
mancas, Borucas, Bribris, Vizeitas,
lectively,
by Dr.
Max Uhle,
etc.,
whom
satisfactorily
shown
me by Mr.
Pinart
in
and
English-Mazatecan Vocabulary.
Arm,
chale.
Bad, minda.
Banana, naeha'.
Beans, nalima'
Beard, tza' a.
Black, twna.
Forehead,
Blue,
Gold, naleto.
Fire, nii.
Foot,
'.
ten.
Girl, tzadi.
God, naina'.
iso.
Brown,
tzoco.
Good, dani.
Green,
tzare'.
Hail, tzinayo.
schene'.
Hair,
coslie'.
Hand,
Cat,
Hat, tzingye.
a, chito.
tza.
Clothing, nihye.
Head, tku.
Heaven, garni.
Here, ihndi.
Clouds,
Hill, nindo.
Chief, chicunai.
Church,
inai.
ifi.
Cow, ngchaha'.
Iron, quicha.
Leaf, schcatiya
Dead,
Light, ase'.
Die,
eoviu.
to,
cuiyane.
Large,
tzea.
Lightning, Teuata.
Dog, nanya.
Lungs,
Door, cliutoa.
Ear, sehieal.
Maize, name'.
Man,
cMi.
Earth, nangi.
Meat,
yoje.
Egg, eho'.
Evening, gischo.
Eye, schca.
Eyebrows, tza ixpan
Money, to.
Moon, sa.
nyesi.
Morning, tanhya.
Mouth, tzoa.
Night, nhyu.
(?).
Father, tala.
* See The
(= ear-tree).
184-186.
15
Hose, nitu.
Onion, tatzo.
Sun,
Palm,
Teeth, niiyu.
Summit,
schahe'.
Paper, sehuhu'.
Plantain, nacha'.
Plaza,
the, garonindo.
sui.
There, hani.
Thigh, chamila.
Toe, noonlzoeo (see " Foot ").
titei.
Pretty, da.
Tree, iya.
Rain,
Tobacco, naJinu.
To-day, gandni.
Red,
tzi.
int.
River, dahoe.
Tomato, ehiti.
Town, naschananda.
Road, diya.
Sea, daeMeu.
Turkey buzzard,
Sheep, ehilzanga.
Sierra, gihya.
Silver, tonschua.
Small, tun.
Wind,
Snow, dandya.
Woman,
Year, guno.
Yellow, sine.
Stone, noyo.
Yesterday, gohia.
The
I,
We,
gda'.
elm.
galii.
You, gahini.
They, niahne
Mine, na.
Thine, li.
The numerals
to.
Thou, galiye'.
He, lie.
Of the
nihye.
Ugly, chiu.
Water, nanda.
White, cluihua.
His,
1
.
le'.
Our, nalian.
are given thus
go'.
hi.
ho'.
nyaha'.
ha'.
10
niliu'.
11
tengo.
u.
15
chu.
hu'.
20
cung.
yato'.
30
hate.
te.
16
where the vocabulary was obtained. Both, however, are clearly
Mazatec, and the differences disappear considerably on analysis.
They
are as follows
A.
"JVddmina naina ga
tecni
jacunitgajin
qntedchatahanajin gadchidtonajin
tedtunajin
guquimittacun-
cuacha ca/ama."
B.
manimajin
nihasen:
catichova
ni canuhi
first
as
as
MeeV
B we may make
Our,
VOCAB.
the
17
Comparison
of
18
19
Man,
chi
Woman,
elm
Rain,
Sea,
Foot,
The words
with
with
tzi
with
daehieu with
tfzoco
with
Tie-eld-ehe.
sue, gui.
siu.
dechegu-in.
tsuku.
They have no
lead
of
is
its
tribes of
This
may have
adoption of some large band, which had migrated across the mountains separating Costa
these mountains,
tribes
p. 777
(Madrid, 1883).
20