Alkane:

The first four alkanes are used for heating ,cooking

and electricity generation.
1. The main components of natural gas are methane and ethane
can be used in pharmaceutical industry
2. Propane and Butane are used as LPG(liquified pterolium gas).
3. They are also used as propellants in Aerosol sprays.

Hydrofluorocarbon-236fa
4. Alkane having carbon number 5-8 are volatile liquids. They
are used as fuelsand as good solvents for nonpolar substances.
5. Alkanes from having carbon 9-16 form the major part of
Diesel and aviation fuel.
6. Alkanes from 17 carbon upwards form the most important
components ofFuel oil and lubricating oilalso used as anticorrosive agents, as their hydrophobic nature means that water

cannot reach the metal surface. Many solid alkanes find use
as paraffin wax also.
7. Synthetic Polymers such as polyethylene are alkanes with
chains containing hundreds of thousands of carbon atoms. They
are generally used in packaging.

Others:
Use as a solvent for phosphorus, sulfur, fats, oils, resins and waxes.
In insecticides.
Use as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of dyes and drugs.
In refrigerant.
Use as topical anaesthetic.
In the manufacture of dyes, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
As a pulp vitality tester in dentistry.
As a medication to alleviate pain associated with insect burns and
stings.

Alkene:
1, Alkenes are extremely important in the manufacture of
plastics. All plastics are in some way related to alkenes. The
names of some plastics (Polythene or Poly Ethene,
Polypropene), relate to their alkene partners. Plastics are used
for all kinds of tasks, from packaging and wrapping

2. Lower alkenes are used as fuel and illuminant. These may be

obtained by the cracking of kerosene or petrol.
3. As raw materials for the manufacture of industrial Chemicals
such as alcohols, aldehydes, and etc.
4. Alkenes also used for artificial ripening of fruits, as a general
anesthetic, for making poisonous mustard gas (War gas) and
ethylene-oxygen flame.
5. Ethylene glycol is used as an excipient in drugs. Due to its
toxicity nowadays propylene glycol(anti-freeze) & polyethylene
glycol(as an excipient) is used.

Propylene Glycol

Polyethylene Glycol

Alkynes:
The uses of alkynes occur most often in nature and
medicine. Alkynes are hydrocarbons which have a

triple bond between the two carbons. Traditionally,

alkynes were known as acetylenes and are
generally hydrophobic. Polyynes are a subset of
alkynes that are found naturally occurring in
nature. They have been isolated from a wide
variety of plant species, fungi, bacteria, corals, and
marine sponges. Tararic acid contains an alkyne
group. Some pharmaceuticals are also alkynes
such as the contraceptive norethynodrel.
Alkynes occur in some pharmaceuticals, including the
contraceptive norethynodrel. A carboncarbon triple bond is also
present in marketed drugs such as the antiretroviral Efavirenz and
the antifungal Terbinafine. Molecules called ene-diynes feature a
ring containing an alkene ("ene") between two alkyne groups
("diyne"). These compounds, e.g. calicheamicin, are some of the
most aggressive antitumor drugs known

Alkyl Halides:

(i) Anesthetics:
Alkyl halides can be used as anesthetics.

Chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl chloride (CH3CH2Cl), and halothane

(CF3CHClBr) are commonly used for this purpose.

Nowadays the use of chloroform as an anesthetic is discouraged

because it is carcinogenic (can lead to cancer). Halothane, on the
other hand, is not carcinogenic and is thus preferred over
chloroform.

Ethyl chloride is used in minor surgical procedures as a topical

anesthetic.

(ii) Refrigerants:
In the past, ammonia was used as a refrigerant. However, being
a toxic gas, it could lead to death in case of a leak.

Chlorofluorocarbons (C.F.Cs) are used for this purpose as

refrigerants. C.F.Cs are fluorinated chloroalkanes and are also
known as Freons.
The only downside to this is that CFCs have been found to speed
up the conversion of ozone to oxygen thus leading to an
acceleration of the depletion of the ozone layer.

(iii) Pesticides:
The creation of DDT (DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane)
revolutionized the field of insecticides and pesticides. It is toxic
to insects but less so to man and other animals. When it was
discovered in 1937, it served as a great substitute for arsenic and
nicotine which were harmful, not only to insects but also to man
and other animals.

Other chlorinated pesticides include Lindane, Chlordane, Aldrin

and Kepone. However, most of these are highly carcinogenic
and only used in extreme cases to either save property or life.
Alcohol:
Antiseptic
Ethanol is used in medical wipes and in most common
antibacterial hand sanitizer gels at a concentration of about 62%
v/v as an antiseptic. Ethanol kills organisms by denaturing their
proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective against most
bacteria and fungi, and many viruses, but is ineffective against
bacterial spores. Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to disinfect
the skin before injections are given, often along with iodine.
Ethanol-based soaps are becoming common in restaurants and
are convenient because they do not require drying due to the
volatility of the compound. Alcohol based gels have become
common as hand sanitizers

Ethanol
Treatment for poisoning by other alcohols
Ethanol is sometimes used to treat poisoning by other, more
toxic alcohols, in particular methanol and ethylene glycol.
Ethanol competes with other alcohols for the alcohol
dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic
aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing one of
the more serious toxic effect of the glycols to crystallize in the
kidneys.
Fuels:
Many important products require amines as part of their
syntheses. Methylamine is utilized in the production of the
analgesic meperidine (trade name Demerol) and the
photographic developer Metol (trademark), and dimethylamine
is used in the synthesis of the antihistamine diphenhydramine
(trade name Benadryl), the solvent dimethylformamide (DMF),
and the rocket propellant 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. The synthesis
of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)
incorporates diethylamine while that of the synthetic fibre
Kevlar requires aromatic amines. Polyurethanes are formed from
methylenedianiline via its diisocyanate. Other products utilizing
amines in their synthesis include spandex, caffeine, explosives

(e.g., 2,3,4,6-tetranitro-N-methylaniline [TNA] and 2,4,6-Ntetranitroaniline [Tetryl]), pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, azo
dyes, and some triphenylmethane dyes.
Aldehydes:
1.Formaldehyde is produced on the largest scale,
about 6,000,000 tons/y. It is mainly used in the
production of resins when combined with urea,
melamine, and phenol (e.g., Bakelite). It is a
precursor to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
("MDI"), a precursor to polyurethanes.
2.Butyraldehyde, of which about 2,500,000
tons/y are prepared by hydroformylation. It is
the principal precursor to 2-ethylhexanol,
which is used as a plasticizer. Acetaldehyde
once was a dominating product, but production
levels have declined to less than 1M tons/y
because it mainly served as a precursor to
acetic acid, which is now prepared by
carbonylation of methanol.
3.Many other aldehydes find commercial
applications, often as precursors to alcohols,
the so-called oxo alcohols, which are used in
detergents.
4.Some aldehydes are produced only on a small
scale (less than 1000 tons/y) and are famously
used as ingredients in perfumes and flavors.

These include cinnamaldehyde and its

derivatives, citral, and lilial.
5. Chloral hydrate is an organic compound with
the formula C2H3Cl3O2. It is a colourless solid. It was
once used as sedativeand hypnotic drug. It remains a
useful laboratory chemical reagent and precursor. It is
derived from chloral(trichloroacetaldehyde) by the
addition of one equivalent of water.
4 Cl2 + C2H5OH + H2O Cl3CCH(OH)2 + 5 HCl

Ketones:
Ketones are produced by catalytic dehydrogenation or oxidation
of secondary alcohols. In the petrochemical industry they are
usually obtained by hydration of olefins. They are widely used
as industrial solvents for dyes, resins, gums, tars, lacquers,
waxes and fats. They also act as intermediates in chemical
syntheses and as solvents in the extraction of lubricating oils.
Ketones are used as solvents in the production of plastics,
artificial silk, explosives, cosmetics, perfumes and
pharmaceuticals.
1. The solvent acetone is used in the paint, lacquer and
varnish, rubber, plastics, dye-stuff, explosives and
photography industries.

2. It is also used in the production of lubricating oils and the

manufacture of artificial silk and synthetic leather. In the
chemical industry, acetone is an intermediate in the
production of many chemicals, such as ketene, acetic
anhydride, methyl methacrylate, isophorone, chloroform,
iodoform and vitamin C.
3. The major use of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is for the
application of protective coatings and adhesives, which
reflects its excellent characteristics as a solvent
Carboxylic acids:
1. Higher fatty acids are used in the manufacture of soaps. Soaps
are sodium potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic
acid.
2. Organic acids are used in foods, cold drinks, etc. For example,
acetic acid is used as vinegar. Sodium salts of some organic
acids are used as preservatives.
3. Organic acids are used for the preparation of many drugs such
as aspirin, phenacetin etc.

Sodium salicylate is commercially prepared by treating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt
of phenol) with carbon dioxide at high pressure (100 atm) and high temperature (390K) -a
method known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Acidification of the product with sulfuric
acid gives salicylic acid:

4. Acetic acid is used as coagulant in the manufacture of rubber.

Which are used in producing pharmaceutical bottle cap &
packaging as well.
5. Acetic acid is also used in the manufacture of various dye
stuffs, perfumes and rayon.