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Pharmaceutical Preformulation
Introduction
• Preformulation:
l a stage of development during which the physicochemical properties of
drug substance are characterized
• Some commonly evaluated parameters:
l Solubility
l Dissolution behavior
l Stability
l Partition coefficient
l Ionization constant (pKa)
l Solid state properties such as crystal forms/polymorphs, water sorption
behavior, surface properties, particle size and shape, and other mechanical
properties, et. al.
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l Preformulation
– A case of learning before doing
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NDA
Preformulation
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Solubility
l Importance of solubility
Background
90
Number of Drugs in each Category
80 All Drugs 20
70 CNS Drugs 16
Percent
60
50 12
40
8
30
20 4
10
0
0
<-2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 >4 <-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 >7
Lipophilicity (cLogP)
Lipophilicity (cLogP)
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Background
50
Practically Insoluble
40
Percent
30
20
10
0
<10µg/mL 10-100µg/mL >100µg/mL
Aqueous Solubility
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Disintegration Deaggregation
Dissolu-
Dissolution tion Dissolution
Precipitation
Fine fine
Drug
particle
in solution
Dissolution
Absorption
Systemic
circulation
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l Biopharmaceutical Classification
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10000
Solubility (µg/ml)
2100
1000 2100
520
207 520
100
207 100 High Pe
52
52 100
21
21 Med Pe
10 10
10
Low Pe
55
1 1 1
0.1
0.1 1 10
l Class Boundaries
l Highly soluble: the highest does is soluble in <250 ml water over a pH range of 1 to 7.5
l High crystallinity/high MP
– Zwitterion formation
– Insoluble salts
– H-bonding networks
l Hydrophobicity/High LogP
– Lack of ionizable groups
– High molecular weight
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1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Examples
•S. Yalkowsky, Solubility and Solubilization in Aqueous Media, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. (1999).
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Examples
•S. Yalkowsky, Solubility and Solubilization in Aqueous Media, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. (1999).
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l Definition of solubility
– Molarity of the substance in a solution that is at
chemical equilibrium with an excess of the undissolved
substance
1.2
Solubility (mg/mL)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
pKa'
0.2
0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH
l Effect of temperature
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Solubility of Salts
Dissolution
l Importance of Dissolution
Importance of Dissolution
l Effect
of salts on solubility in solubilization
systems
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Stability
l Importance of stability
Chemical Stability
Physical Stability
Polymorphs/Salts
Claimed Generic Entry for
All Other Forms
1998 not Covered
PTR: Patent Term Restoration = half of the investigational period + all of the FDA review period
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Final Thoughts
Additional Reading
l G. Banker and C.T. Rhodes, Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2000.
l H. Brittain, Physical Characterization of Pharmaceutical Solids, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995.
l H. Brittain, Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999.
l S.R. Byrn, R.R. Pfeiffer and J.G. Stowell, Solid State Chemistry of Drugs, Second Edition, SSCI, Inc.,
1999.
l K.A. Connors, G.L. Amidon, and V.J. Stella. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals (Second Edition),
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1986.
l E.F. Fiese and T.A. Hagen, “Preformulation”, Chapter 8 in the Theory and Practice of Industrial
Pharmacy, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986.
l M. Gibson, Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, HIS Health Group, Englewood, CO, 2001.
l D.J.W. Grant and T. Higuchi, Solubility Behavior of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1990.
l L.F. Huang and W.Q. Tong, Impact of solid state properties on developability assessment of drug
candidates, Advanced Drug Delivery Review, 56 (321-334), 2004.
l L.J. Ravin and G.W. Radebaugh, “Preformulation”, Chapter 75 in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,
18th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania, 1990.
l W.Q. Tong, “Preformulation Aspects of Insoluble Compounds” in Water Insoluble Drug Formulation,
Edited by R. Liu, Interpharm Press, 2000.
l J. Wells, Pharmaceutical Preformulation, Ellis Horwood Limited, 1988.
l S. Yalkowsky, Solubility and Solubilization in Aqueous Media, American Chemical Society, Washington
D.C. 1999.