25/03/2015

Week 7

APPLICATIONS

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25/03/2015

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

Shear is obtained by summing forces perpendicular to

the beams axis up to the end of the segment.

Moment is obtained by summing moments about the

end of the segment.

Note the sign conventions are

opposite when the summing
processes are carried out with
opposite direction.

(from left to right vs from right to left)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
shown in the figure.

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25/03/2015

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
The support reactions are shown in Fig. 64c.
Applying the two equations of equilibrium yields
+ Fy = 0;

+ M = 0;

wL
wx V = 0
2
L

V = w x
2

(1)

wL
x

x + (wx ) + M = 0
2
2
w
M = Lx x 2
(2)
2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
The point of zero shear can be found from Eq. 1:

V = w x = 0
2

L
x=
2
From the moment diagram, this value of x represents the point on the
beam where the maximum moment occurs.

M max =

2
w L L wL2
L =
2 2 2
8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of distributed load:
Change in shear = area under distributed
loading

V = w( x )dx
Change in moment = area under shear
diagram

M = V ( x )dx

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

25/03/2015

GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of concentrated force and moment:

V F (V + V ) = 0
V = F

M + M M 0 V x M = 0
M = M 0

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
shown in Fig. 612a.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions

The reactions are shown on the

free-body diagram in Fig. 612b.

The shear at each end is plotted

first,
Fig. 612c. Since there is no
distributed load on the beam,
the shear diagram has zero slope
and is therefore a horizontal line.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

25/03/2015

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions

The moment is zero at each end,

Fig. 612d. The moment diagram
has a constant negative slope of
-M0/2L since this is the shear in the
beam at each point. Note that
the
couple moment causes a jump in
the
moment diagram at the beams
center, but it does not affect the
shear diagram at this point.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the
beams shown in Figs. 613a and 614a.

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions

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25/03/2015

Week 8

Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite
couples acting in
the same
longitudinal plane

Other Loading Types

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple

Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple

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Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it

BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT

MEMBER
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Plane section remains plane

Length of longitudinal axis remains
unchanged
Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
In-plane distortion of section is negligible
Horizontal
lines become
curved

Vertical lines
remains straight,
yet rotate
Before deformation

After deformation

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Longitudinal strain varies linearly from zero at the

neutral axis.
Hookes law applies when material is
homogeneous.
Neutral axis passes through the centroid of the
cross-sectional area for linear-elastic material.

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Bending deformation

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L = ( y )
= L L = ( y ) = y
y
y

=
(strain varies linearly)
x = =
L

m =

or

y
c

x = m

4 - 24

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Revision: Stress-Strain Diagram of Ductile Materials

415 MPa

275

138

2 - 25

Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,
y
c
y
= m (stress varies linearly)
c

x = E x = E m

For static equilibrium,

y
Fx = 0 = x dA = m dA
c

0 = m y dA
c

= normal stress in the member

M = internal moment
I = moment of inertia
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis

For static equilibrium,

y

M = ( y x dA) = ( y ) m dA
c

I
M = m y 2 dA = m
c
c
Mc M
m =
=
I
S
y
Substituti ng x = m
c
My
x =
I

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Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y =

yA
A

I x = I + A d 2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
m =

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon

by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.

Mc
I

Calculate the curvature

1

M
EI

4- 28

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2

y , mm

yA, mm3

1 20 90 = 1800
2 40 30 = 1200

50
20

90 103
24 103

A = 3000

Y =

yA = 114 10

yA 114 10
=
= 38 mm
3000
A

) (121 bh3 + A d 2 )
1 30 403 + 1200 182 )
+ 1800 122 ) + (12

I x = I + A d 2 =
=

1 90 203
12
3

I = 868 10 mm 4 = 868 10-9 m 4

4- 29

Sample Problem 4.2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
Note the moment is negative
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m
A = +76.0 MPa
=
A =
I
868 109 m 4
M cB
3 kN m 0.038 m = 131.3 MPa
B
B =
=
I
868 10 9 m 4

m =

Calculate the curvature

1

M
EI

(165 GPa )(868 10-9 m 4 )

3 kN m

= 20.95 10 3 m -1

= 47.7 m

4- 30

10

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EXAMPLE 4
The simply supported beam in Fig. 626a has the crosssectional area shown in Fig. 626b. Determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and
draw the stress distribution over the cross section at this
location.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kN.m,
occurs at the center.
By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through
the centroid C at the mid-height of the beam, Fig. 6
26b.
(I + Ad 2 )
I=

][

= 2 121 (0.25)(0.02) + (0.25)(0.02)(0.16) +

3

1
12

(0.02)(0.3)3 ]

= 301.3 106 m 4

B =

MyB
;
I

b =

( )
( )

22.5 103 (0.17 )

= 12.7 MPa (Ans)
301.3 106

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions

A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown in Fig. 6

26d.
B =

At point B,

MyB
;
I

B =

( )
( )

22.5 103 (0.15)

= 11.2 MPa
301.3 106

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Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
=
I
S
I = section moment of inertia

m =

S=

I
= section modulus
c

A beam section with a larger section modulus

will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
S=

3
1
I 12 bh
=
= 16 bh3 = 16 Ah
c
h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater
depth will be more effective in resisting
bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.

Properties of American Standard Shapes

12

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13

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Properties of American
Standard Shapes
S=I/c, elastic section
modulus

Norminal depth

Mass in kg per meter

4 - 42

14

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4 - 43

4 - 44

Week 9

15

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UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING
Moment applied along principal axis

FR = Fx ;

0 = dA

(M R )y = M y ;

0 = z dA

(M R )Z

0 = y dA

= MZ;

If y and z are the principal axes. yz dA = 0

(The integral is called the product of inertia)
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (cont.)

Moment arbitrarily applied

M z y M yz
+
Iz
Iy

Alternatively, identify the orientation of the principal

axes (of which one is the neutral axis)
Orientation of neutral axis:
I
tan =

Iy

tan

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25/03/2015

EXAMPLE 5
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 633a is subjected to a
bending moment of 12 kN.m. Determine the normal stress
developed at each corner of the section, and specify the
orientation of the neutral axis.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
The moment is resolved into its y and z components,
where
4
M y = (12) = 9.60 kN m
Mz =

5
3
(12) = 7.20 kN m
5

The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are

1
3
I y = (0.4)(0.2 ) = 0.2667(103 ) m 4
Iz =

12
1
(0.2)(0.4)3 = 1.067 103 m 4
12

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
For bending stress,
=

Mz y Mzz
+
Iz
Iy

( )
( )
( )
( )
7.2(10 )(0.2) 9.6(10 )(0.1)
=
+
= 4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 ) 0.2667(10 )
7.2(10 )( 0.2) 9.6(10 )(0.1)
=
+
= 2.25 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 )
0.2667(10 )
7.2(10 )( 0.2) 9.6(10 )( 0.1)
=
+
= 4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 )
0.2667(10 )

B =
C
D
E

7.2 103 (0.2) 9.6 103 ( 0.1)

+
= 2.25 MPa (Ans)
1.067 103
0.2667 103
3

The resultant normal-stress distribution has been

sketched using these values, Fig. 633b.
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EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions

The location z of the neutral axis (NA), Fig. 633b,

can be established by proportion.

2.25
4.95
=
z = 0.0625 m
z
(0.2 z )

We can also establish the orientation

of the NA using Eq. 619, which is used
to specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.
tan =

Iz
tan
Iy

tan =

1.067 10 3
tan ( 53.1) = 79.4 (Ans)
0.2667 103

( )
( )

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Orientation of neutral axis,

Example

The z section shown is

subjected to bending
moment of M=20 kNm.
The principle axes y and
z are oriented as shown,
such that they represent
the minimum and
maximum principle
moments of inertia,
I y=0.960(10-3)m4 and
I z=7.54(10-3)m4,
respectively. Determine
the normal stress at point
P and the orientation of
the N.A

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Solve this!
My=
Mz=
From the coloured
triangles,
Calculate the
coordinate of yp and
zp
Bending stress,
p= - (Mzyp/Iz) + (Myzp/Iy)
Orientation of neutral axis

20