Biol 1306

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 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mark Haub, professor of human

nutrition at Kansas State University

A man of Haub's pre-dieting size

usually consumes about 2,600
calories daily

For 10 weeks, he limited himself to

less than 1,800 calories a day

Ate one of these sugary cakelets

every three hours, instead of meals

To add variety in his steady stream

of Hostess and Little Debbie snacks,
Haub munched on Doritos chips,
sugary cereals and Oreos

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His body mass index went from 28.8,

considered overweight, to 24.9, which
is normal. He now weighs 174 pounds.

Haub's "bad" cholesterol, or LDL,

dropped 20 percent and his "good"
cholesterol, or HDL, increased by 20
percent. He reduced the level of
triglycerides, which are a form of fat,
by 39 percent.

He also took a multivitamin pill and

drank a protein shake daily. And he
ate vegetables, typically a can of green
beans or three to four celery stalks.

Before his Twinkie diet, he tried to eat

a healthy diet that included whole
grains, dietary fiber, berries and
bananas, vegetables and occasional
treats like pizza.

"There seems to be a disconnect

between eating healthy and being
healthy," Haub said. "It may not be the
same. I was eating healthier, but I
wasn't healthy. I was eating too much."

http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/11/08/twinkie.diet.professor/

Observation/question?
Haubs hypothesis?
Prediction?
Experiment?
Conclusion?

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Carbon can bond with _______ atom(s).

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3

d. 4

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Carbon can bond with _______ atom(s).

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3

d. 4

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Carbons ability to bond with up to four other atoms

is significant because ___________.
a. it enables the synthesis of inorganic molecules
b. it allows molecules to assume complex shapes,
and form long chains, rings, and helices

c. all biological molecules have four covalent bonds

d. it leads to the creation of large monomers from
smaller polymers

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Carbons ability to bond with up to four other atoms

is significant because ___________.
a. it enables the synthesis of inorganic molecules
b. it allows molecules to assume complex shapes,
and form long chains, rings, and helices

c. all biological molecules have four covalent bonds

d. it leads to the creation of large monomers from
smaller polymers

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3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?

Where do you find carbohydrates?
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars and polymers of sugars

So then.what is a sugar?
What functions/purposes do carbohydrates serve?
Energy
Storage of energy

A structural part of nucleic acids

A structural part of some organisms
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3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?

What is a sugar? Some examples
Glucose
Most common sugar in living organisms
monosaccharide

Sucrose
Table sugar

Disaccharide (glucose-fructose)

Fructose
Fruit, honey, corn syrup
monosaccharide

Lactose
Milk
Disaccharide (glucose-galactose)
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 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides are chains of monosaccharides
Storage polysaccharides include
Starch, an energy-storage molecule in plants, formed in roots and
seeds
Glycogen, an energy-storage molecule in animals, found in the
liver and muscles

Both starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose

molecules

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3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides as a structural material
Cellulose (polymer of glucose) is one of the most important structural
polysaccharides
It is found in the cell walls of plants
It is indigestible for most animals

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3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides as a structural material
Chitin (a polymer of modified glucose units) is found in
The outer coverings of insects, crabs, and spiders
The cell walls of many fungi

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Why is it so hard for most animals to break down

cellulose?
a. The lipid monomers of this polymer are connected
by bonds with unique orientations.
b. It must be eaten with large amounts of fiber.
c. Most animals lack the enzymes that break the
bonds between the glucose molecules of this
polymer.
d. The high pH of cellulose denatures the digestive
enzymes of most animals.
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Why is it so hard for most animals to break down

cellulose?
a. The lipid monomers of this polymer are connected
by bonds with unique orientations.
b. It must be eaten with large amounts of fiber.
c. Most animals lack the enzymes that break the
bonds between the glucose molecules of this
polymer.
d. The high pH of cellulose denatures the digestive
enzymes of most animals.
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Examples

carrot

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spinach

apple

banana

Examples

apple

carrot

banana

spinach

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 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why is it thought that too much sugar is bad for

you?

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Why is it thought that too much sugar is bad for

you?

Promotes tooth-decay
Calorie-dense (contains a lot of calories)
Displaces more nutritious food in your diet
May increase risk of high blood pressure
May increase risk of poor lipid (fat) profile
Increases triglyceride level in blood

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 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3.4 Where do you find Lipids?

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3.4 Where do you find Lipids?

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Lipids are classified into three major groups
Oils, fats, and waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids containing rings of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Lipids are a diverse group
of molecules that contain
regions composed almost
entirely of hydrogen and
carbon

All lipids contain large

chains of nonpolar
hydrocarbons
Most lipids are therefore
hydrophobic and water
insoluble

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

What are the functions of lipids?

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Lipids are diverse in structure and serve a variety
of functions
They are used for energy storage

They form waterproof coverings on plant and animal

bodies
They serve as the primary component of cellular
membranes
Still others are hormones

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Lipids are classified into three major groups
Oils, fats, and waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids containing rings of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Oils, fats, and waxes are lipids containing only
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Oils, fats, and waxes are made of one or more fatty
acid subunits

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Oils, fats, and waxes are lipids containing only
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (continued)
Fats and oils
Are used primarily as energy-storage molecules,
containing twice as many calories per gram as
carbohydrates and proteins
Are formed by dehydration synthesis
Three fatty acids glycerol triglyceride

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Figure 3-12 Synthesis of a triglyceride

glycerol

fatty acids

triglyceride
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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Oils, fats, and waxes are lipids containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Fats that are solid at room temperature are saturated (the carbon chain has
as many hydrogen atoms as possible, and mostly or all CC bonds)
Examples?

Fats that are liquid at room temperature are unsaturated (with fewer
hydrogen atoms, and many CC bonds)
Examples?

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Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids

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Olive oil

Oleic acid is also the primary fatty acid in avocado

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Trans fats

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Oils, fats, and waxes are lipids containing only
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (continued)
Waxes are highly saturated and solid at room
temperature
Waxes form waterproof coatings such as on
Leaves and stems in plants
Fur in mammals
Insect exoskeletons

Waxes are also used to build honeycomb structures

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3.4 What Are Lipids?

Phospholipids have water-soluble heads and
water-insoluble tails
These form plasma membranes around all cells

Phospholipids consist of two fatty acids glycerol a

short polar functional group
They have hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions
The polar functional groups form the head and are
water soluble
The nonpolar fatty acids form the tails and are water
insoluble
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 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3.4 What Are Lipids?

Steroids contain four fused carbon rings
Steroids are composed of four carbon rings fused
together with various functional groups protruding
from them
Examples of steroids include cholesterol
Found in the membranes of animal cells
Component of male and female sex hormones
Makes up 2% of human brain

Excessive cholesterol contributes to cardiovascular

disease
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Figure 3-16 Steroids

Estrogen

Cholesterol
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Testosterone

Which is NOT a type of lipid?

a. Triglyceride
b. Wax
c. Oil

d. Peptide

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Which is NOT a type of lipid?

a. Triglyceride
b. Wax
c. Oil

d. Peptide

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 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assignment

I will post this assignment and the due date (Mon, Jan 26)
on the schedule of assignments file on blackboard
Find any news article, blog, or advertisement about how
carbohydrates or fat affect health (called article 1)
Read it
Find an article supporting or debunking the claim (called article 2)

Must be from a credible, scientific source

Turn in a hard copy that contains

The date, source, article name, author(s) of article 1

One to three bullet points describing the claim in article 1

The date, source, article name, author(s) of article 2

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One to three bullet points about how article 2 supports or debunks the claim in
article 1