SREE NARAYANA GURU SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL

EZHUKONE, KOTTARAKARA
(SENIOR SECONDARY Affiliated by C.B.S.E, New
DELHI.CODE:930643)
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT WORK ON PHYSICS
TOPIC:
To study the TFM values of various samples of soap

SUBMITTED TO:
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Certified and bonafide Project Work done by :
Name

:GREESHMA.A.S

Class

:XII A

Register No

Year Of Submission

:2015-16

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the study of TFM
values of various samples of soap is
confide record of project work done by
GREESHMA.A.S
towards
the
partial
fulfillment of standard XII under CBSE
syllabus.

Principal
Internal Examiner
Ajay Babu

Date:
External Examiner DTO

ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I do here by express my sincere gratitude to
Smt.
Soumya
Sasidharan,
my
chemistry
teacher, Sri. Ajay Babu, my Principal, Smt.
Kavitha.C.S, my class teacher who helped me
so much towards the making of this project. I
thank my parents, friends who too have played
the lead roles in building up my determination
and strength to do this work. I further extend
thanks to the management, without which
nothing of this would have been possible.

INDEX
Topic
Introduction
Soap
Structure Of Soap
Effect Of Alkali
Procedure
Result
Conclusion
Bibliography

TOPIC

To study
various
of soap.

the

TFM

values of
samples

INTRODUCTION
This project is of Investigatory Type. In this project, various samples of soaps are
collected and to study its TMF(Total Fatty Matter).
The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap like materials dates back
to around 2800BC in ancient Babylon. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and
cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200BC.

The Ebers papyrus (Egypt. 1550 BC) indicates the ancient Egyptians bathed
regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soaplike substance. Egyptian documents mention a soap-like substance was used in the
preparation of wool for weaving.

In the region of Nabonidus (556-539 BC), a recipe for soap consisted of uhulu
(ashes),cypress(oil) and sesame (seed oil) for washing the stones for the servant girls.

In modern times, the use of soap has become universal in industrialized nations due to a
better understanding of the role of hygiene in reducing the population size of pathogenic
microorganisms. Industrially manufactured bar soaps first became available in the late
United States promoted popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and
health.

SOAP
In

chemistry, soap is a salt of a fattyacid. Soaps are mainly used

as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning
and are important components of lubricants. Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating
vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and oils are
composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule
of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye(although the term "lye soap"
refers almost exclusively to soaps made with sodium hydroxide), brings about a chemical
reaction known as saponification. In this reaction, the triglyceride fats are
first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, and then these combine with the alkali to form crude
soap, an amalgam of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and
liberatedglycerol (glycerin). The glycerin is a useful by-product, which can be left in the soap
product as a softening agent, or isolated for other uses.

Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions
of calcium soap or lithium soaps and mineral oil. These calcium- and lithiumbased greases are widely used. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including
those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also used as
thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were
made by the addition of lime to olive oil.
Soap is very important for effective hand washing and hygiene, but if it is not available
in difficult situations, then clean ash or sand / soil can be used as substitute as
recommended by e.g. World Health Organization.

Soap are the sodium or pottasium salt of higher fatty acids.The fatty acid contains long
chain of 16-18carbon atoms.
Structure of SoapSoap contains two parts:
1.A long hydrocarbon chain,which is water repelling called a non polar tail.
2.Anionic part which is water attracting called hydrophobic.It is called polar tail.
Soap may be represented as:
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COONa
Soap are also made from animal fats and vegetable oil.Fats and oils are ester of higher fatty
acids are called Glyceroides.When oils and fats are heated with a solution of NaOH,they
break down to sodium salt of respective fatty acid soap and glycerol.This process of making
soap by hydrolysis of fats and oil with alkalis is called saponification.The soap is seperated
from the solution by a addition of common salt NaCl.Salts is added in the soap solution to
decrease the solubility of soap due to which soap seperates out from the solution in the form
of solid and starts floating on the surface.The crust of soap thus formed is removed and put
it in moulds to get soap cakes.The solution left behind contains glycerol and NaCl.
Limitation Of SoapSoap is not suitable for washing clothes with hard water because of the following reasons:
1.Hard water conains salt of Ca and Mg, when soap is added to hard water,Ca and Mg
ions of hard water react with soap forming insoluble Ca and Mg salt of fatty acids.
2C17H35COONa + MgCl2 (C17H35COO)2Mg + 2NaCl
2C17H35COONa + MgCl2 (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2NaCl
Therefore a lot of soap is washed if water is hard.
1. When hard water is used,soap forms insoluble precipitates of Ca and Mg salt from
which sticks of clothes being washed. Therefore it interfere with the cleansing ability of
the soap and makes the cleansing process difficult.

Cleansing Action Of Soap

The dirt in the cloth is due to presence of dust particle in fat or grease, which sticks to
the cloth. When the dirty cloth is dipped in soap or detergent solution the soap and dust
particle come in contact with each other the non polar tails of the soap begin to dissolve
in non-polar OIL or grease while the polar head part remains directed in water. As more
particle enter the grease each fat or oil surrounde by a number of negatively charge
polar head and the similar charge repel each other. The oil or grease droplets break off
and are still surrounded by negatively charged polar head of the soap molecule. As a
result the cloths get free from the dirt and the droplets are washed away with water.
DIFFERENCE-

SOAP

DETERGENTS

1.Soap are sodium salt of

long chain carboxylic acids.

1.Synthetic detergents are sodium

salts of long chain benzene
sulphonic acid.

2.Soap are not suitable for

washing purpose when water
hard.
is hard.

2.Synthetic detergent can be used for

washing even when water is

3. Soap have relatively weak

cleansing action.

3.Synthetic detergent have a strong

cleansing action.

Structure of a micelle a cell-like structure formed by the aggregation of soap

subunits (such as sodium stearate): the exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic (attracted
to water).

Effect of the alkali

The type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap product. Sodium soaps,
prepared from sodium hydroxide, are firm, whereas potassium soaps, derived
from potassium hydroxide, are softer or often liquid. Historically, potassium hydroxide
was extracted from the ashes of bracken or other plants. Lithium soaps also tend to be
hardthese are used exclusively in greases.

Effects of fats
Soaps are derivatives of fatty acids. Traditionally they have been made
from triglycerides (oils and fats). Triglyceride is the chemical name for the triesters of
fatty acids and glycerin. Tallow, i.e., rendered beef fat, is the most available triglyceride
from animals. Its saponified product is called sodium tallowate. Typical vegetable oils
used in soap making are palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and laurel oil. Each species
offers quite different fatty acid content and, hence, results in soaps of distinct feel. The
seed oils give softer but milder soaps. Soap made from pure olive oil is sometimes
called Castile soap or Marseille soap, and is reputed for being extra mild. The term
"Castile" is also sometimes applied to soaps from a mixture of oils, but a high
percentage of olive oil.

The properties of common fatty acids for soap making are (7):
Lauric Acid: Hard bar, excellent cleansing, lots of fluffy lather can be drying to
skin.
Linoleic Acid: Conditioning, silky feel.
Myristic acid: Hard bar, cleansing, fluffy lather
Oleic acid: Conditioning, slippery feel, stingy lather, kind to skin.
Palmitic acid: Hard bar, cleansing, stable lather.
Ricinoleic acid: Softer bar, conditioning, moisturizing, lots of fluffy stable lather,
kind to skin
Stearic acid: Hard, long lasting bar, stable lather

PROCEDURE
1.Take 10 gm of quantity of each sample in which percentage of fatty material has to be
determined.
2. Prepare the solution of each soap in water.
3.Add 10 to 12 drops of HCl in each solution and heat the solution for 5 to 10 min.
4.Fatty matter float on the soap solution surface by forming upper layer and how by filter
paper is weighed for titration.
5.Now collect the fatty material from each solution by filtrate ion and again weigh the
filter including filtrate (fatty material) are dissolved in the filterate (fatty material) in ether
for calculating oil materials.
6.Now take the solution in separating flask on the surface of solution and remove the
solution except oily material.
7. Now,remaining solution is exposed in sunlight to evaporate ether from solution.
8.Now oily matter can be easily weighed by weighing machine.

RESULT
S.NO

NAME OF
SOAP

WEIGHT OF
FILTER
PAPER(A)

WEIGHT OF
FILTER FATTY
MATERIAL(B)

FATTY
MATERIAL (BA)

1.

Santoor

0.3856

7.5856

7.2

2.

Lux

0.2956

7.5956

7.3

3.

Lux Int.

0.3203

7.2701

7.5

4.

Lifebuoy

0.4701

7.2701

6.8

CONCLUSION

Soap contains alkali matter, which affects our skin and even skin may crack. To
maintain the oily and moisture balance on our skin, fatty material required in soap. In
general the fatty matter in soap is approximately 70% to 80% fatty matter below 70%
made our skin dry, rough and skin may crack where as highest percentage [%] of fatty
matter above 80% made the soap sticky and oily and washing become very difficult.
From the table it is clear that the Lux international is the best soap for bathing purpose
because it contain large amount of TFM or maximum percentage[%] of TFM.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction of chemistry by comprehensive.
The complete reference Chemistry by S.Chand.
http://projects.icbse.com/chemistry-275