TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3: TRIGONOMETRY
3.0

EARLY TRIGONOMETRY

Greek Trigonometry
Trigonometry was originally created by the Greeks to aid in the study of astronomy. Hipparchus of Bithynia
(190-120 B.C.) tabulated trigonometric ratios, to enable the calculation of a planet's position as formulated
by Apollonius. Angles were also defined, taking the Babylonian measure of 360 degrees. The chord was
defined, and the cosine and sine loosely defined. The results sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 and the half-angle formulae
were also derived, geometrically.
Claudius Ptolemy worked further on Hipparchus' chord table and came up with a more complete one. He
used Euclid's propositions to aid in his work and developed a method of calculating square roots, though he
never explained how. Using his theorem (for a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, the product of the
diagonals equals the sum of the products of the opposite sides) and the half-angle formula, he derived the
sum and difference (addition) formulae.
Ptolemy then proceeded to work on plane triangles. In this process, he developed the idea of inverse
trigonometric functions. He also derived, in modern terms, the Sine and Cosine Rules.

Medieval Trigonometry
The Chinese, in the medieval times, studied astronomy, and hence, trigonometry. They introduced the
tangent function. However, most of their work are in the field of astronomy, and many of their trigonometric
advancements were not continued.
The Indians were the next to advance the study of trigonometry. They developed their own sine tables,
using the Greek half-angle formula. Later, the cosine table was also constructed. Techniques of
approximation to a relatively high accuracy were also introduced.
The Indian works were translated and read by the Islamic mathematicians, who also worked on
trigonometry. Similar to the Greeks and Indians, they related trigonometry and astronomy. The Indian sine
was used, as well as the chord. The cosine was also formally introduced, by Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn
Jabir al-Battani.
The tangent function resurfaced; and the cotangent, cosecant and secant functions were introduced.
Although their definitions were initially geometric, it was soon realised that they were the reciprocal
functions of tangent, sine and cosine respectively. Highly accurate tables were developed for the
trigonometric functions. The triple-angle formulae, already derived, was used for this.

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TRGONOMETRY
3.1

BA101/CHAPTER 3

UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTAL OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

3.1.1 Reviewing Trigonometic Ratios

For any right angle triangle, we can use the simple trigonometric ratios.
Sin = opposite
hypotenuse
SOH

b
hypotenuse

Cos = adjacent
hypotenuse
COH

c
opposite

Tan = Sin
Cos
Tan = opposite
adjacent
TOA

a adjacent

cosecant = cosec = 1
secant

= sec

cotangent = cot

sin
= 1
cos
= 1
tan

-theta variable for angle

Capital letter is always used to label the angle.
The name for the side that is opposite to the angle has the corresponding letter in small case.

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

EXAMPLE 3.11
Referring to Figure 2.11, find the values of:

4 cm

2 cm

sin 30o, cos 30o and tan 30o.

30
3.464 cm

SOLUTION:
sin 30o

Figure 2.11

2
4

= 0.5
cos 30o

3.464
4

= 0.866
tan 30o

2
3.464

= 0.577
Note:
You can find tan 30o using the formula tan

i.e. tan 30o

sin
cos

4
3.464

2
4

4 3.464
2
=
3.464
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TRGONOMETRY

BA101/CHAPTER 3
= 0.577

EXAMPLE 3.12
Afiq is standing 54 m from a building. The angle of elevation of the top of the building from Afiq is
80o. Determine the height of the building.
SOLUTION:
In order to solve this problem, you should draw a triangle to help you. Based on the information
given in the question, you should be able to draw a triangle like

Therefore, tan 80o =

h
54

h
80o

= 54 x tan 80o
54m

= 306.25 m

Afiq

Figure 5.12

Therefore, the height of the building is 306.25 m.

EXAMPLE 3.13
Fill in Table 2.1 based on the information given in Figure 2.14.

30

45

60

sin
cos
tan

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BA101/CHAPTER 3
Cosec
Sec
cot

SOLUTION:

30
1/2
3/ 2
1 / 3
2
2/3
3

sin
cos
tan
Cosec
Sec
cot

45
1 /2
1 / 2
1
2
2
1

60
3 / 2
1/2
3
2/3
2
1/3

EXAMPLE 3.14
Determine the values of cosec A, sec A, and cot A from the triangles shown in Figure 2.15.

a)

b)
10
13
6

A
12

8
A

Figure 2.15

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

SOLUTION:

a)

1
sin A

cos ecA

1
6
10

1
8
10

10
5

6
3

10

1
6
8

8
4

6
3

1
sin A

cos ecA

1
cos A

sec A

1
5
13

1
12
13

13
5

13
12

1
tan A

cot A

5
4

1
tan A

cot A

b)

1
cos A

sec A

1
5
12

12
5

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

EXAMPLE 3.15
Use your scientific calculator to find the values of
a)

sec 150o

a)

sec 150o

b)

cosec 225o

c)

cot 300o

SOLUTION :-

1
Kos 150o

= -1.1547

b)

cosec 225o

1
Sin 225o

= -1.4142

c)

cot 300o

1
Tan 300o

= -0.5774

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

3.1.2 INVERSE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

There are cases when the three sides of a triangle are given, but the angles are not known. In
order to solve this problem, we have to learn about inverse of trigonometric functions. If a is the
opposite side, b is the adjacent side, and h is the hypotenus, then we declare the inverse of
trigonometric functions as :Symbol

Di sebut sebagai

= sin-1

a
h

Inverse of sine

= cos-1

b
h

Inverse of cosine

= tan-1

a
b

Inverse of
tangent

You can use your scientific calculator to help you to find the inverse of trigonometric
functions. Let us look at the example below :-

= sin-1 (0.5) = 30o

So easy .

Just press the button on the calculator

= cos-1 (0.62) = 51.684o

= tan-1 (1.5) = 56.31o

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

EXAMPLE 3.16
Determine the values of :a)

sin = 0.7071

c)

tan = 0.4663

b)

cos = 0.7986

d)

cot = 0.4663

a)

sin = 0.7071

SOLUTION :-

Just press the

button on the
calculator

= sin-1 0.7071
= 45o

b)

cos = 0.7986
= cos-1 0.7986

= 37o
c)

tan = 0.4663
= tan-1 0.4663

= 25o

d)

cot = 0.4663
1
= 0.4663
tan
0.4663 tan = 1
tan =

1
0.4663
= tan-1

1
0.4663

= 65o

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

ACTIVITY 3A
TEST YOURSELF BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION..!
1. Based on Figure 2.16, find :4

a)

sin o

b)

cos o

c)

tan o

d)

sin o

e)

cos o

f)

tan o

Figure 2.16

2. A painter places a ladder of 4m length leaning against a wall at a height of 3.4m. The angle of
elevation of the ladder against the wall is 50o. How far is the ladder from the base of the wall?

3. Use your scientific calculator to find the value of :a)

sin = 0.4226
b)

cot = 1.0000

c)
cos = 0.8660
4. Based on Figure 2.17, find the value of
:a)

cos
10

b)
c)

sec
cot

d)

cosec

6
Figure 2.17

5. Use your scientific calculator to find the values of sine, cosine, secant, and cotangent of each
of the following angles :a)
3.1o
b)
47.4o
c)
65.7o

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

FEEDBACK FOR ACTIVITY 3A

1.

a)

4
@ 0.8
5

b)

3
@ 0.6
5

c)

4
@1.33
3

d)

3
@ 0.6
5

e)

4
@ 0.8
5

f)

3
@ 0.75
4

2. 2.571m
3.

a) 25o

4. a)

5.

11

b) 45o

3
5

b)

5
3

a)

sin 3.1o

b)

sin 47.4o
= 0.7361
cos 47.4o
= 0.6769
o
sec 47.4
= 1.4774
cot 47.4o
= 0.9195

c)

sin 65.7o
= 0.9114
cos 65.7o
= 0.4115
Sec 65.7o
= 2.43
o
cot 65.7
= 0.4515

c) 30o

c)

3
4

d)

5
4

= 0.0541
cos 3.1o
= 0.9985
o
sec 3.1 = 1.0015
cot 3.1o= 18.464

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

3.1.3 TRIGONOMETRIC QUADRANTS

Up to this point, we have learnt about the six trigonometric functions and how to calculate their
values. However, we have only discussed about this using acute angles, i.e., angle between 0o and
90o. What about angles that are larger than 90o? Angles between 90o and 180oare called obtuse
angles, and angles between 180o and 360o are called reflex angles.
In order to understand how to find the values of trigonometric functions involving larger angles
better, we will have to look at the following example. Starting from the positive end of the x-axis,
we can draw a full circle if we rotate a straight line around the Origin in anti-clockwise direction. A
full circle is 360o and if we split a circle into 4 equal parts (called quardrants), each quadrant will
take 90o.
90 o
Quadrant 2

Quadrant 1

180 o

0 o, 360 o

Quadrant 3

Quadrant 4
270 o

Angles are considered as positive if we rotate in the anti-clockwise direction, and negative if we
rotate in the clockwise direction. If you want to find the trigonometric functions of angles that are
larger than 90 o, we can convert these angles to acute angles using the formula given in Figure
2.18. The converted angles are called base angles. Once you have done that, you can now look
for the answers using the methods discussed in the earlier parts. Lets look at the following
examples to try to understand how to convert angles to base angles.

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

Quadrant 1

Quadrant 2
y

Base angle for is

x
Base angle for is = 180 -

Quadrant 3

Quadrant 4
y

EXAMPLE 3.17

Find the base angle for

a) = 135o
b) = -130o
o
c) = 240
d) = 650o

SOLUTION :a)

135o is in Quadrant 2:Base angle for is

= 180o -

= 180o - 135o

135

Base angle for is

Base angle for is

o
= =45

- 180

= 360 -

Figure 2.18

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b)

BA101/CHAPTER 3
Y

130o is in Quadrant 3 : = 180o -

-130

= 180o 130o
= 50o
Therefore, the base angle is 50o.
c)

240o is in Quadrant 3 : = - 180o

= 240o 180o
= 60o
Therefore, the base angle is 60o.

y
o

240

If we rotate more than one full circle, we may get angles that are larger than 360o. For these
angles, we will have to convert them back to angles between 0 o dan 360o first (called similar
angles) before we convert them to base angles. For example, if we rotate 400o, it is similar to
rotating only (400o- 360o ) 40o and if we rotate 700o, it is similar to rotating only (700o- 360o ) 340o.
Lets look at the following examples:

EXAMPLE 3.18
Find the similar angles and base angles for :a) 685o
SOLUTION :a) The position of is as shown in Figure:The similar angle is
= 685o 360o
= 325o
The base angle is
= 360o 325o

y
o

685

= 35o

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

b) The similar angle

= -(380o 360o)
= -20o
The base angle is
= 20o

y
o

-380 x

We have now learnt how to convert angles larger than 90o back to acute angles. Why is this
important? This is because it will be very useful when we want to find the trigonometric functions of
these angles. Trigonometric functions of acute angles are always positive, but they are not so for
obtuse angles and reflex angles. For these angles we will have to determine whether their
trigonometric functions are positive or negative by using the following methods.
1. In Quadrant 1, where 0o< <90o, both x and y are positive.
y

Therefore:-

P(x,y)
r

Note: All are positive when x is in Quadrant 1.

2. In Quadrant 2, where 90o< <180o, x is negative and y is positive.
P(x,y)

Therefore,

y
sin =
= sin
r
x
cos =
= -cos
r
y
tan =
= -tan
x
Note: Only sine is positive.
3.

15

In Quadrant 2, where 180o< <270o, x and y are negative.

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

y
r
= -sin

sin

x
=
r
= -cos

cos

y
=
x

tan

= tan

P(x,y)

Note: Only tangent is positive.

4. In Quadrant 2, where 270o< <360o, x is positive and y is negative.

y
r
= -sin

sin

kos

x
r
= kos

tan

y
x
= -tan

Note: Only cosine is positive.

In summary, lets look at Figure 2.20.
Quadrant 2

Quadrant 1

SINE (+)
o

180

TANGENT (+)
Quadrant 3

COSI
270

Quadrant 4

Figure 2.20

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

EXAMPLE 3.19
Determine the values of :a) sin 108o
b) cos 253o
c) tan 203o 46
d) cos (-255o)
SOLUTION :a)

108o is in Quadrant 2. The base angle is: = 180o - 108o

= 72o
Therefore, sin 108o = + sin 72o because sine is positive in Quadrant 2.
sin 108o = sin 72o
= 0.9511
o
b)
253 is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is: = 253o - 180o
= 73o
Therefore, cos 253o = - cos 73o because cosine is negative in Quadrant 3.
cos 253o = - cos 73o
= -0.2924

c)

203o 46 is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is:-.

= 203o 46 - 180o

= 23o 46
Therefore, tan 203o 46 = + tan 23o 46 because tangent is negative in Quadrant 3.
tan 203o 46 = 0.4404
d)
(-225o) is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is: = 255o - 180o
= 75o
Therefore, cos (-225o) = - kos 75o because cosine is negative in Quadrant 3.
cos (-225o) = - kos 75o
= -0.2588

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EXAMPLE 3.20

BA101/CHAPTER 3

Given that sin = - sin 48o. This means that is in Quadrant 3 or Quadrant 4. Find the
values of .

SOLUTION :Because sin = - sin 48o, the base angle is 48o. The answer is:
In Quadrant 3
Y
(S)

In Quadrant 4
Y
(A)

48

48

(T)

(C)

= 180o + 48o
= 228o

= 360o + 48o
= 312o

= 228o dan 312o

EXAMPLE 3.21
Given that cos y = 0.8660 dan 0o y 360o . Find the possible values of y.

SOLUTION :-

Given that cos y = 0.8660,

30 y

using the calculator :

or

y = cos-1 0.8660

= 30o ( maka cos y = cos 30o)

y

Therefore, the base angle is 30o.

30

y is in Quadrant 1 and Quadrant 4.

y = 30o dan 330o

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

ACTIVITY 3B
Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently
TEST YOURSELF BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION..!
a. Find the similar angles for the following angles :a)
470o
b)
-520o
b. Find the values of :a)
sin 258o b)
d)

sin 213o 20

cos 217o
e)

c)
c)

780o

tan 238o

tan 256.7o

f)

cos 305.3o

c. Given that cos = 0.3082 and 0 o 360 o , find the values of .

d.
e. Given that tan = -1.048 and 0 o 360 o ., find the values of .

FEEDBACK

2.28

a)

110o

b)

2.29

a)

-0.9781 b)

-0.7986 c)

1.600

d)

-0.5495 e)

4.230

f)

2.30

= 72o 3 dan 287o 57

2.31

= 133o 39 dan 313o 39

19

-160o

c)

60o

0.5779

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

SELF ASSESSMENT 1

Congratulations to you for making it so far. You are very close to mastering this
unit. Attempt all questions in this section and check your solutions with the
answers provided in SOLUTIONS TO SELF ASSESSMENT given after this.
1.

2.

3.

Find the values of sin , cos dan tan given that :

12
a)
sin , and is in Quadrant 1.
13
2
, and is in Quadrant 2.
b)
tan
3
Using your scientific calculator, find the sine, cosine dan tangent values of the following:a)

5.2 o

b)

21.4 o

c)

76.5 o

d)

93.7 o

A ladder 9m length is leaning against a vertical wall. The angle of elevation of the ladder is 60 o . How
far is the foot of the ladder from the wall?

9m

60

4.

20

On a particularly very hot day, the shadow of a tower is 67.2m long. The angle of elevation of the
sun viewed from the ground is . If the height of the tower is 80m, what is the value of ?
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TRGONOMETRY
5.

Find the value of where 0 360 o

a) sin

6.

BA101/CHAPTER 3

0.2

c) 4 tan 2 1

b) cos 2 0.5592

a) Given that the angle A is obtuse and cos A =

2
, find the values of
3

sec A, cosec A dan cot A.

b) If sin 45 o = 0.707 and cos 45 o = 0.707, find the values of
tan 45 o , cot 45 o , sec 45 o and cosec 45 o .
If sin

2
= 0.866 and cos
3
2
2
tan , cot
3
3

2
= -0.5, find the values of
3
2
2
, sec dan cosec .
3
3

7. Find the similar angles for :a)

8.

425 o

b)

-390 o

c)

-1090 o

b)

-900 o

c)

165 o

c)

cos 210 o

Find the base angles for :a)

9.

10.

Determine the following values :a)

sin 150 o

b)

tan 110 o

d)

cosec 350 o

e)

cot 300 o

Find the solutions for where 0 o < < 360 o :a)

sin = 0.6428
b)
cos = -0.6428
c)

21

-290 o

tan = 0.5

d)

sn = -0.9421

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

SOLUTIONS TO SELF ASSESSMENT 1

1.

2.

3.

cos

b)

cos

a)

0.0906, 0.9959, 0.0910

b)

0.3649, 0.9311, 0.3919

c)

0.9724, 0.2334, 4.1653

d)

0.9979, -0.0645, -15.464

3
13

13

4.5m
50 o

5.

a)

214.59 o , 325.41 o

b)

30 o , 60 o

c)

166 o , 346 o

a)

3 5 2 5
,
,
2 3
5
b)

7.

, sin

4.

6.

1, 1, 1.41, 1.41

-1.73, -0.578, -2, 1.15

8.

a) 65 o

b)

-30 o

c)

-10 o

9.

a) 0.5

b)

-2.747

c)

-0.866

e)

-0.5773

d)-5.760
10.

22

5
12
, tan
13
5

a)

a)

40 o , 140 o

b)

c)

26 o 34 , 206 o 34

130 o , 230 o
d)

250 o 24, 289 o 36

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3.2

BA101/CHAPTER 3

APPLY TROGONOMETRIC EQUATION AND IDENTITIES

3.2.1 PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

The identity:

sinx + cosx = 1
can be used to derive two more important identities:

By dividing each of these terms by sinx, we can derive a second identity:

1 + cotx = cosecx

By dividing (*) by cosx, we arrive at the third (and final) identity:

tanx + 1 = secx

These identities work for any angle x (measure in either degrees or radians).

3.2.2 COMPOUND ANGLE

Derivation of sin ( + )
We have, for any angles and , that

How do we derive this identity? It is tricky, so follow closely.

Suppose we have the unit circle shown below. The two points

and

are on the

circle.

We can get the coordinates of L and K in terms of the angles and .For the triangle

, we

have that

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Thus the coordinates of L are

. In the same way as above, we can see that the

coordinates of K are
calculating

. The identity for

in two ways. Using the distance formula (i.e.

or

The second way we can determine

Equating our two values for

Now let

But

24

is now determined by

), we can find

is by using the cosine rule for

, we have

. Then

. Thus

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Derivation of sin ( )
We can use

to show that

We know that

and

Therefore,

Derivation 0f cos ( + )
We can use

to show that

We know that

Therefore,

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

Derivation of cos ( )
We found this identity in our derivation of the

identity. We can also use the fact that

to derive that

As

we have that

Derivation 0f sin 2
We know that

When

26

, we have that

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Derivation 0f cos 2
We know that

When

, we have that

However, we can also write

and

by using

Activity 1: The

identity

Use

to show that:

Problem-solving strategy for identities

The most important thing to remember when asked to prove identities is:
A suggestion for proving identities: It is usually much easier simplifying the more complex side
of an identity to get the simpler side than the other way round.

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

Tip:
When proving trigonometric identities, never assume that the left hand side is equal to the right
hand side. You need to show that both sides are equal.
Example 1: Trigonometric identities 1
Question
Prove that

without using a calculator.

Answer
Identify a strategy
We only know the exact values of the trig functions for a few special angles (
etc.). We can see that
to express

. Thus we can use our double-angle identity for

in terms of known trig function values.

Execute strategy

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Example 2: Trigonometric identities 2

Question
Deduce a formula for
Hint: Use the formulae for

in terms of

and

and

Answer
Identify a strategy
We can express

in terms of cosines and sines, and then use the double-angle

formulae for these. We then manipulate the resulting expression in order to get it in terms of
and

Execute strategy

Example 3: Trigonometric identities 3

Question
Prove that

In fact, this identity is not valid for all values of . Which values are those?

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

Answer
Identify a strategy
The right-hand side (RHS) of the identity cannot be simplified. Thus we should try simplify the
left-hand side (LHS). We can also notice that the trig function on the RHS does not have a
dependence. Thus we will need to use the double-angle formulae to simplify the
on the LHS. We know that

and

is undefined for some angles . Thus the identity is

also undefined for these , and hence is not valid for these angles. Also, for some , we might
have division by zero in the LHS, which is not allowed. Thus the identity won't hold for these
angles also.
Execute the strategy

We know that

is undefined when

, where n is an integer. The LHS is

undefined when

. Thus we need to solve this equation.

The above has solutions when

, which occurs when

an integer. These are the same values when

. This is true when

, where n is

is undefined. It also has solutions when

, and thus
. To summarise, the identity is not valid

when

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

Example 4: Trigonometric equations

Question
Solve the following equation for y without using a calculator:

Answer
Identify a strategy
Before we are able to solve the equation, we first need to simplify the left-hand side. We do this
by using the double-angle formulae.
Execute the strategy

3.2.3 DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS

Proof
The double-angle formulas are proved from the sum formulas by putting = . We
have

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sin 2 = sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
= 2 sin cos .
cos 2 = cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin
cos 2

= cos sin . . . . . . . (1)

This is the first of the three versions of cos 2 . To derive the second version, in line (1)
use this Pythagorean identity:
sin = 1 cos .
Line (1) then becomes
cos 2

= cos (1 cos )
= cos 1 + cos .

cos 2

= 2 cos 1. . . . . . . . . . (2)
To derive the third version, in line (1) use this Pythagorean identity:

cos = 1 sin .
We have
cos 2

= 1 sin sin ;.

cos 2

= 1 2 sin . . . . . . . . . . (3)
These are the three forms of cos 2 .

Halfangle formulas
. . . . . . . (2')
. . . . . . . (3')
Whether we call the variable or does not matter. What matters is the form.
Proof
Now, is half of 2 . Therefore, in line (2), we will put 2 = , so that

becomes :
2

cos = 2 cos , we will have the half-angle

2
Formula for the cosine.
So, on transposing 1 and exchanging sides, we have

2 cos =
(1 + cos )
2

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

comes from putting 2 = in line (3). On

2
Transposing, line (3) becomes

2 sin =
.
2
cos

This is the halfangle formula for the sine.

SUMMARY FORMULA OF TROGONOMETRIC EQUATION AND IDENTITIES
Pythagorean identities
The identity:

sinx + cosx = 1

1 + cotx = cosecx

tanx + 1 = secx

Double Angle

Compound Angle
sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB
tan(A + B) = tanA + tanB
1 - tanAtanB

sin(A - B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB

cos(A - B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
tan(A - B) = tanA - tanB
1 + tanAtanB

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HAND- OUT (For class-room activity)

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

3.3 APPLY SINE AND COSINE RULES

3.3.1 THE SINE RULE

For any ABC, the sine rule is given by

a
Sin A

b
Sin B

c
sin C

The sine rule can also be expressed in the inverted form, i.e.
Sin A
a

Sin B =
b

Sin C
c

EXAMPLE 1
C
4cm
A

The above diagram shows a triangle ABC. Given that sin A=1/4, sin B=1/3 and AC= 4cm,
find the length of CB.
Solution
Using the sine rule,
CB = AC
sinA sinB
CB = 4
(1/4) (1/3)
CB = 4/(1/3)x(1/4)
= 12x(1/4)
= 3 cm

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EXAMPLE 2
In the triangle ABC, given that a = 5cm, b = 3 cm and
Solution
Using the inverted form of sine rule,
Sin A
= Sin B
a
b
Sin A = Sin 30
5
3
Sin A
= Sin 30 x 5
3
= 0.8333
A = sin-1 0.8333
= 56.44

B=30, find the acute

A.

EXAMPLE 3
R
30
110

Q
P
The above diagram shows the triangle PQR. Solve the triangle.
Solution
(a) Using the sine rule,
RQ
= PQ
=
Sin P
Sin R
RQ
= 6 =
Sin 110
Sin 30
RQ
= PQ
x Sin 110
=
Sin 30
= 11.28 cm
Hence, the length of RQ is 11.28 cm.
(b)

36

Q =180 - <P - <R

=180 - 110 - 30
= 40
Hence, the angle RQP is 40

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

(c) Using the sine rule

RP
= PQ
Sin Q
Sin R

RP
=
Sin 40
RP
=

6
=
Sin 30
6
x Sin 40 =
Sin 30
= 7.71 cm

3.3.3

THE COSINE RULE

For any ABC, the cosine rule is given by:

a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cosA
b2 = a2 + c2- 2ac cosB
c2 = a 2+ b2 - 2ab cosC

EXAMPLE 1
C
4cm
A

B
6cm
The above diagram shows ABC . Given that cos A = , AC = 4cm and AB=6cm, find :
i.)
the length of BC.
ii.)
CAB
Solution
i)

37

BC2=AC2+AB2 2(AC)(AB)cos A
a2 = 42+62-2(4)(6)(1/4)
= 40
a =40
= 6.32 cm

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TRGONOMETRY
ii)

BA101/CHAPTER 3

CAB = acute angle A

Cos A =
A = cos-1 (1/4)
= 75.52 or 7531

EXAMPLE 2

A
8 cm
8249

10 cm

In the ABC, AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm, and

i)
the length of AC
ii)
the acute angle ACB
Solution
i)

ii)

38

C
ABC = 8249. Find :

Using the cosine rule

b2 = a2 + c2- 2ac cosB
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 -2(AB)(BC)cos B
AC2 = 82 + 102 -2(8)(10)cos 8249
= 144
AC =144
= 12 cm
2
c = a 2+ b2 2ab cosC
82 = 10 2+ 122 2(10)(12) cosC
64 = 100 + 144 240 cos C
240 cos C = 100 + 144 64
cos C = 180/240
C = cos-1 (180/240)
C = 41.41 or 4125

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SUMMARY FORMULA OF TRIANGLE SOLUTION

The Sine Rule
The sine rule is an important rule relating the sides and angles of any triangle (it doesn't have to
be right-angled!):
If a, b and c are the lengths of the sides opposite the
angles A, B and C in a triangle, then:

a = b = c
sinA sinB sinC

If you wanted to find an angle, you can write this as:

sinA = sinB = sinC
a
b
c
The Cosine Rule
This also works in any triangle:
a2 = b2+ c2 - 2bc cosA
b2 = a2+ c2 2ac cosB
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2abcosC

The area of a triangle

A= ab sinC (using the above notation).
This formula is useful if you don't know the height of a triangle (since you need to know the
height for base height).

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BA101/CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.3
1. In the triangle ABC, BC = 6 cm, AC=8 cm and AB=9cm. Find angle ABC.
A
9cm

8cm
?

6cm

2. In ABC, given that <ABC = 130, AB=6 cm and BC= 8 cm, find the length of B.
A
?

6cm
130
B

8cm

3.

B
5cm
5

8cm

120

In the above diagram show the triangle ABC.Solve the Triangle.

Q

4.

58

p = 132.8mm

72 21
P

The above diagram shows the triangle PQR. Solve the triangle.

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ANSWER
1. B=59.03

2. b=12.72 cm

3.

b=12.72cm , c=11.36cm , B= 37.58

4. P= 49.65 , r=166.05cm , q=147.78cm

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Success is not
the key to
happiness.
Happiness is the
key to success.
If you love what
you are doing,
you will be
successful.

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