Bernoullis Equation2015

IT Carlow 4th Year
Assessment Submission Form
Student Name
Greice Kelly Brito
Student Number
C00187430
Course, Year & Group
Civil Engineering, Y4
Subject
Hydraulics
Lecturer
Shane
Date Submitted
Assessment Title
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ITCarlow
4thYear
CivilEng
Hydraulics - Lab. Bernoullis Equation
Signed.
Date
Table of Contents
Objective.................................................................................................................. 3
Apparatus................................................................................................................. 3
Procedure.................................................................................................................. 5
Results..................................................................................................................... 6
Graphs..................................................................................................................... 8
Questions................................................................................................................ 10
Risk assessment........................................................................................................ 11
References:............................................................................................................. 11
Greice Kelly C00187430
Lecturer: Shane Murray
Page 2
ITCarlow
4thYear
CivilEng
Bernoullis Equation
Objective
The objective of the experiment is to understand Bernoullis equation & to demonstrate its
limitations.
Apparatus
Figure 1 Components of flow measurements apparatus
General
The venture-meter is used to measure the rate of flow in a pipe. The first practical venturemeter was described by Clemens Herschel, a hydraulic engineer working in New England, in
1887. The venture-meter generally consists of:
An inlet section followed by a convergent cone;
A throat; and
A gradually divergent diffuser cone which has an angle of between 5 or 7 degree.
The convergent cone has a rather sharp angle of about 20 0, because here the fluid is being
accelerated from Section 1 to Section 2 (See Figure 1 above).
The divergent cone section converts the high kinetic energy at the throat back into pressure
energy at the downstream end of the venture-meter. For this section the taper must be more
Page 3
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
gradual so as not to allow separation of flow from the walls. Otherwise, this separation would
result in a large dissipative loss in energy head which would mean that venture-meters would
not be very practical for flow measurement in pipes.
Theory
For the horizontal venture meter in Fig 1, Bernoullis equation indicates that the total head
(H), that is the local static heads plus dynamic head, is the same at each of the 3 locations 1, 2
& 3. Therefore:
2
2
2
1 1
z1 2 2 z 2 3 3 z 3
g 2g
g 2g
H = g 2g
(1)
As horizontal pipe
z1 = z2 = z3
Therefore (1) becomes
2
2
2
1 1
2 2 3 3
g 2g g 2g g 2g
H=
(2)
The purpose of the experiment is to show that equation (2) is approximately, but not exactly,
true. The static heads are measured by the piezometer tubes shown in Fig 1. The dynamic
heads are calculated from the volume flow rate (Q) & the relevant pipe diameters.
If V is the volume of water collected in a time t, then the volume flow rate Q is given by:
Q Actual
V
t
(3)
QActual is related to the local speed (v) by the formula:

QActual = Av
A
where
d
4
(4)
(5)
Q Actual
A
Continuity Equation
Q1 = Q2
A
v 2 1 v1
A2
v1A1 = v2A2
(6)
Sub (6) into (2) & rearranging
Page 4
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
1
2
22
12
g g
2g
2g
1 2
2 12
h1 h 2 2
g
2g
2
h1 h 2
A1
v1 1 2
A2

2g
2g h 1 h 2
A1

v1
A2
A
2g h1 h 2 1 1
A 2
2g h 1 h 2
1 2
A 2
1 1
A 2
Or
1 2
2g h 1 h 2
A 2
1 1
A 2
QTheoretical = v1A1 =
2g h 1 h 2
A1
A 2
1 1
A 2
QTh = KTh hn
The actual discharge can be written as

QAct = CD QTh
Or
QAct = CD KTh hn
Note: CD can be obtained by plotting QAct against QTh
Page 5
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
QAct
Slope = CD
QTh
Procedure
1. Slowly & carefully open the inlet & outlet valves until the rota meter shows a high
reading. Induce any air, which may be trapped in the flexible hose or in the
connections to the piezometer tubes, to rise to the top of the piezometer tubes, from
where it may be expelled through the bleed valves.
2. Ensure that the static heads remain within the ranges of the piezometer tubes.
3. With a stopwatch, measure the time to collect a given volume of water in the flow
measurement tank.
4. Also record the piezometer readings at 1, 2 & 3.
5. Repeat this procedure for a number of lower equally spaced rota meter readings.
Note: It is imperative that care & accuracy are enforced in the measurement of discharge, as
any error will be squared when the velocity heads are calculate
Results
Required Data
D1
D2
D3
=
=
=
26mm
16mm
26mm
A1
0.000531
m2.
A2
0.0002011
m2.
A3
0.000531
m2.
Calculations
V (l)
35
25
25
25
25
10
15
t (s)
79
67
74
89.43
111.61
55.29
124.16
h1 (mm)
63
374
290
256
208
168
136
110
Page 6
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
h2 (mm)
63
152
138
124
114
102
92
88
h3 (mm)
63
298
250
212
180
148
132
100
Table.1
QActual
(m3/s)
0.000
0.0004
43
0.0003
73
0.0003
38
0.0002
80
0.000223
99
0.0001
81
0.00012
1
v1 (m/s)
0.000
0.834
0.703
0.636
0.526
0.422
0.341
0.228
v2 (m/s)
0.000
2.203
1.855
1.680
1.390
1.114
0.899
0.601
v3 (m/s)
0.000
0.834
0.703
0.526
0.422
0.341
0.228
0.000
0.0355
0.0252
0.0206
0.0141
0.00907
0.0059
1
0.00264
0.000
0.247
0.175
0.144
0.0985
0.0632
0.0412
0.0184
0.000
0.0355
0.0252
0.0206
0.0141
0.00907
0.0059
0.0026
H1 (m)
0.063
0.374
0.290
0.256
0.208
0.168
0.136
0.110
H2 (m)
0.063
0.152
0.138
0.148
0.114
0.102
0.0920
0.0880
H3 (m)
0.063
0.298
0.250
0.212
0.180
0.148
0.132
0.100
H1
- H2
0.000
(m)
0.222
0.152
0.1080
0.0939
0.0659
0.0440
0.0220
(
m)
(
m)
0.636
Page 7
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
H1
- H3
0.000
(m)
0.076
0.04
0.044
0.028
0.02
0.004
0.01
QTheoretical
(m3/s)
0.0004
53
0.0003
75
0.0003
50
0.0002
95
0.000247
0.0002
02
0.00014
3
0.000
Table.2
Graphs
1. Plot Qactual (on the y axis) verses Qtheoretical (on the x axis). Draw best LINE for each
set of results and get equation of the LINE.
Theoretical Discharge Vs Actual Discharge

0
0
0
0
f(x) = 0.96x
R = 1
0
QActual0 (m3/s)
QActual (m3/s)
0
Linear (QActual (m3/s))
0
0
0
0
0.000000 0.000100 0.000200 0.000300 0.000400 0.000500
Q Theoretical (m3/s)
Page 8
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
v22
2g
2. Plot H1 H2 (on the y axis) verses

(on the x axis). Draw best LINE for
each set of results and get equation of the LINE.
H1 - H2 Vs v22/2g
0.25
f(x) = 0.88x
R = 0.99
0.2
0.15
H1 - H2 (m)
H1-H2 (m)
Linear (H1 - H2 (m))
0.1
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
V22/2g (m)
v32
2g
3. Plot H1 H3 (on the y axis) verses

(on the x axis). Draw best LINE for
each set of results and get equation of the LINE.
Page 9
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
H1 - H3 Vs v32/2g
0.08
0.07
f(x) = 1.98x
R = 0.98
0.06
0.05
H1-H3 (m)
0.04 H1 - H3 (m)
Linear (H1 - H3 (m))
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
v32/2g (m)
4. Plot H1,H2 &H3 (on the y axis) verses Qactual (on the x axis). Draw best
CURVEfor each set of results and get equation of the LINE.
H1, H2 &H3 vs Qactual

H1 (m)
0.400
Power (H1 (m))
0.350
f(x) = 1143137.62x^2 + 175.02x + 0.07

R
f(x)==1496.24 x^0.94
R = 0.97
f(x) = 675332.58x^2
0.06
Power (H1 (m)) + 231.69x + Polynomial
(H1 (m))
R = 1
0.300
Power (H1 (m))
0.250
H1,H2 & H2 (m)
H2 (m)
Power (H1 (m))
0.200
0.150
f(x) = 163660.15x^2
+ 128.16x + H3
0.07
Polynomial (H2 (m))
(m)
R = 0.98
0.100
0.050
Polynomial (H30.000
(m))
Qactual (m3/s)
Questions
1. What conclusions may be drawn from the graphs?
In graph 1 which show compression between Q actual & Qtheoratical points on the graph shows
that there is very small difference between Q actual & Qtheoratical and the difference which is
Page 10
ITCarlow
4thYear
CivilEng
showing it may be because of human error or for the fact that the Q theorectical does not
consider loses in the system, but even though the R value is very close to best fit line which
proves the results are quite accurate and proves the theory.
In graph 2 its shows that the difference of pressure in H1 and H2 is huge because of the
diameter, shows the difference in pressure changes, between H1 and H2 due to the change in pipe
diameter. As bigger is the velocity in the pipe bigger is the difference between the two pressure heads.
When velocity is smaller in a pipe it will have a higher pressure than a pipe with a smaller diameter
and greater velocity. This is due to the fact that as the velocity passes from a larger pipe down to a
smaller pipe, the velocity will increase causing the pressure to decrease. This relates to the continuity
equation as the flow in both pipes must equal. If the pressure in one pipe is lower than the pressure in
another pipe than the velocity, in the pipe with low pressure, must be higher than the velocity of the
pipe with the higher pressure. We also can see that as the velocity increases, the difference in pressure
head will become greater H1 and H2.
Graph 3 shows us that pressure at H1 and H2 is nearly same because of the same diameter of
pipes and its shows the points nearly close on the best fit line and whatever the difference in
pressure is coming its because of human error or the friction loss which is ignored.
2. How do the experimental results compare with theoretical results? If they differ, why?
The experimental results are very close to the theoretical result and whatever the
difference is showing in the experimental result is because of human judgment error or the
friction loss because of the surface of the material of the pipe which is not taken into account.
But overall theory proofs the experimental results. Variations of water quality down through the
years may consists of larger or smaller water molecules which would alternate the flow through the
pipe.
3. What suggestions do you have for improving the apparatus?

Do not round the time values. Try to take the best reading of the head as possible. And
also the tube used to read the volume might give a small error, according to the thickness of
the tube.
4. What would the impact be if the Venturi-meter was not horizontal?
If the Venturimeter is placed off horizontal, there would be is a change to the gravitational
potential energy of the fluid passing through the venturimeter and if the total energy of the fluid is to
remain constant (assuming no head loss), the kinetic energy of the fluid must change and
consequently the speed of the fluid must change.
Risk assessment
Prior to any lab work starting, a risk assessment has to be carried out to include all
identified hazards associated with the various procedures and how each hazard can be
mitigated.
Page 11
ITCarlow
CivilEng
4thYear
HAZARD
RISK
PREVENTION
SLIPS, TRIPS AND

FALLS
Low
CLEAN WORK AREA, PROPER P.P.E.
INJURY TO BACK,
HANDS AND LEGS
Very Low
PROPER MANUAL HANDLING
ABRASION TO HANDS
Low
PROPER MANUAL HANDLING/P.P.E.
References:
http://www.infoescola.com/fisica/equacao-de-bernoulli/
http://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica_dos_fluidos/A_equa
%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Bernoulli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle
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IT Carlow 4th Year

Assessment Submission Form

Greice Kelly Brito

Course, Year & Group

FOR OFFICIAL USE

Level (Ord/ Level

I declare that all material in this submission

I have cited the sources of all quotations,

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

Figure 1 Components of flow measurements apparatus

Lecturer: Shane Murray

QActual is related to the local speed (v) by the formula:

Sub (6) into (2) & rearranging

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

The actual discharge can be written as

Note: CD can be obtained by plotting QAct against QTh

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

Theoretical Discharge Vs Actual Discharge

Linear (QActual (m3/s))

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

2. Plot H1 H2 (on the y axis) verses

Linear (H1 - H2 (m))

3. Plot H1 H3 (on the y axis) verses

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

Linear (H1 - H3 (m))

H1, H2 &H3 vs Qactual

Power (H1 (m))

f(x) = 1143137.62x^2 + 175.02x + 0.07

Power (H1 (m))

Lecturer: Shane Murray

3. What suggestions do you have for improving the apparatus?

Lecturer: Shane Murray

SLIPS, TRIPS AND

CLEAN WORK AREA, PROPER P.P.E.

PROPER MANUAL HANDLING

PROPER MANUAL HANDLING/P.P.E.

Greice Kelly C00187430

Lecturer: Shane Murray

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